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#ifndef SOUNDCARD_H
#define SOUNDCARD_H
/*
 * Copyright by Hannu Savolainen 1993-1997
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
 * met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2.
 * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
 * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
 * and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY
 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
 * WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
 * DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
 * ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
 * SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
 * CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 */


/*
 * OSS interface version. With versions earlier than 3.6 this value is
 * an integer with value less than 361. In versions 3.6 and later
 * it's a six digit hexadecimal value. For example value
 * of 0x030600 represents OSS version 3.6.0.
 * Use ioctl(fd, OSS_GETVERSION, &int) to get the version number of
 * the currently active driver.
 */
#define SOUND_VERSION	0x030802
#define OPEN_SOUND_SYSTEM

/* In Linux we need to be prepared for cross compiling */
#include <linux/ioctl.h>

/* Endian macros. */
#ifdef __KERNEL__
#  include <asm/byteorder.h>
#else
#  include <endian.h>
#endif

/*
 *	Supported card ID numbers (Should be somewhere else?)
 */

#define SNDCARD_ADLIB		1
#define SNDCARD_SB		2
#define SNDCARD_PAS		3
#define SNDCARD_GUS		4
#define SNDCARD_MPU401		5
#define SNDCARD_SB16		6
#define SNDCARD_SB16MIDI	7
#define SNDCARD_UART6850	8
#define SNDCARD_GUS16		9
#define SNDCARD_MSS		10
#define SNDCARD_PSS     	11
#define SNDCARD_SSCAPE		12
#define SNDCARD_PSS_MPU     	13
#define SNDCARD_PSS_MSS     	14
#define SNDCARD_SSCAPE_MSS	15
#define SNDCARD_TRXPRO		16
#define SNDCARD_TRXPRO_SB	17
#define SNDCARD_TRXPRO_MPU	18
#define SNDCARD_MAD16		19
#define SNDCARD_MAD16_MPU	20
#define SNDCARD_CS4232		21
#define SNDCARD_CS4232_MPU	22
#define SNDCARD_MAUI		23
#define SNDCARD_PSEUDO_MSS	24
#define SNDCARD_GUSPNP		25
#define SNDCARD_UART401		26
/* Sound card numbers 27 to N are reserved. Don't add more numbers here. */

/***********************************
 * IOCTL Commands for /dev/sequencer
 */

#ifndef _SIOWR
#if defined(_IOWR) && (defined(_AIX) || (!defined(sun) && !defined(sparc) && !defined(__sparc__) && !defined(__INCioctlh) && !defined(__Lynx__)))
/* Use already defined ioctl defines if they exist (except with Sun or Sparc) */
#define	SIOCPARM_MASK	IOCPARM_MASK
#define	SIOC_VOID	IOC_VOID
#define	SIOC_OUT	IOC_OUT
#define	SIOC_IN		IOC_IN
#define	SIOC_INOUT	IOC_INOUT
#define _SIOC_SIZE	_IOC_SIZE
#define _SIOC_DIR	_IOC_DIR
#define _SIOC_NONE	_IOC_NONE
#define _SIOC_READ	_IOC_READ
#define _SIOC_WRITE	_IOC_WRITE
#define	_SIO		_IO
#define	_SIOR		_IOR
#define	_SIOW		_IOW
#define	_SIOWR		_IOWR
#else

/* Ioctl's have the command encoded in the lower word,
 * and the size of any in or out parameters in the upper
 * word.  The high 2 bits of the upper word are used
 * to encode the in/out status of the parameter; for now
 * we restrict parameters to at most 8191 bytes.
 */
/* #define	SIOCTYPE		(0xff<<8) */
#define	SIOCPARM_MASK	0x1fff		/* parameters must be < 8192 bytes */
#define	SIOC_VOID	0x00000000	/* no parameters */
#define	SIOC_OUT	0x20000000	/* copy out parameters */
#define	SIOC_IN		0x40000000	/* copy in parameters */
#define	SIOC_INOUT	(SIOC_IN|SIOC_OUT)
/* the 0x20000000 is so we can distinguish new ioctl's from old */
#define	_SIO(x,y)	((int)(SIOC_VOID|(x<<8)|y))
#define	_SIOR(x,y,t)	((int)(SIOC_OUT|((sizeof(t)&SIOCPARM_MASK)<<16)|(x<<8)|y))
#define	_SIOW(x,y,t)	((int)(SIOC_IN|((sizeof(t)&SIOCPARM_MASK)<<16)|(x<<8)|y))
/* this should be _SIORW, but stdio got there first */
#define	_SIOWR(x,y,t)	((int)(SIOC_INOUT|((sizeof(t)&SIOCPARM_MASK)<<16)|(x<<8)|y))
#define _SIOC_SIZE(x)	((x>>16)&SIOCPARM_MASK)	
#define _SIOC_DIR(x)	(x & 0xf0000000)
#define _SIOC_NONE	SIOC_VOID
#define _SIOC_READ	SIOC_OUT
#define _SIOC_WRITE	SIOC_IN
#  endif /* _IOWR */
#endif  /* !_SIOWR */

#define SNDCTL_SEQ_RESET		_SIO  ('Q', 0)
#define SNDCTL_SEQ_SYNC			_SIO  ('Q', 1)
#define SNDCTL_SYNTH_INFO		_SIOWR('Q', 2, struct synth_info)
#define SNDCTL_SEQ_CTRLRATE		_SIOWR('Q', 3, int)	/* Set/get timer resolution (HZ) */
#define SNDCTL_SEQ_GETOUTCOUNT		_SIOR ('Q', 4, int)
#define SNDCTL_SEQ_GETINCOUNT		_SIOR ('Q', 5, int)
#define SNDCTL_SEQ_PERCMODE		_SIOW ('Q', 6, int)
#define SNDCTL_FM_LOAD_INSTR		_SIOW ('Q', 7, struct sbi_instrument)	/* Obsolete. Don't use!!!!!! */
#define SNDCTL_SEQ_TESTMIDI		_SIOW ('Q', 8, int)
#define SNDCTL_SEQ_RESETSAMPLES		_SIOW ('Q', 9, int)
#define SNDCTL_SEQ_NRSYNTHS		_SIOR ('Q',10, int)
#define SNDCTL_SEQ_NRMIDIS		_SIOR ('Q',11, int)
#define SNDCTL_MIDI_INFO		_SIOWR('Q',12, struct midi_info)
#define SNDCTL_SEQ_THRESHOLD		_SIOW ('Q',13, int)
#define SNDCTL_SYNTH_MEMAVL		_SIOWR('Q',14, int)	/* in=dev#, out=memsize */
#define SNDCTL_FM_4OP_ENABLE		_SIOW ('Q',15, int)	/* in=dev# */
#define SNDCTL_SEQ_PANIC		_SIO  ('Q',17)
#define SNDCTL_SEQ_OUTOFBAND		_SIOW ('Q',18, struct seq_event_rec)
#define SNDCTL_SEQ_GETTIME		_SIOR ('Q',19, int)
#define SNDCTL_SYNTH_ID			_SIOWR('Q',20, struct synth_info)
#define SNDCTL_SYNTH_CONTROL		_SIOWR('Q',21, struct synth_control)
#define SNDCTL_SYNTH_REMOVESAMPLE	_SIOWR('Q',22, struct remove_sample)

typedef struct synth_control
{
	int devno;	/* Synthesizer # */
	char data[4000]; /* Device spesific command/data record */
}synth_control;

typedef struct remove_sample
{
	int devno;	/* Synthesizer # */
	int bankno;	/* MIDI bank # (0=General MIDI) */
	int instrno;	/* MIDI instrument number */
} remove_sample;

typedef struct seq_event_rec {
		unsigned char arr[8];
} seq_event_rec;

#define SNDCTL_TMR_TIMEBASE		_SIOWR('T', 1, int)
#define SNDCTL_TMR_START		_SIO  ('T', 2)
#define SNDCTL_TMR_STOP			_SIO  ('T', 3)
#define SNDCTL_TMR_CONTINUE		_SIO  ('T', 4)
#define SNDCTL_TMR_TEMPO		_SIOWR('T', 5, int)
#define SNDCTL_TMR_SOURCE		_SIOWR('T', 6, int)
#	define TMR_INTERNAL		0x00000001
#	define TMR_EXTERNAL		0x00000002
#		define TMR_MODE_MIDI	0x00000010
#		define TMR_MODE_FSK	0x00000020
#		define TMR_MODE_CLS	0x00000040
#		define TMR_MODE_SMPTE	0x00000080
#define SNDCTL_TMR_METRONOME		_SIOW ('T', 7, int)
#define SNDCTL_TMR_SELECT		_SIOW ('T', 8, int)

/*
 * Some big endian/little endian handling macros
 */

#define _LINUX_PATCHKEY_H_INDIRECT
#include <linux/patchkey.h>
#undef _LINUX_PATCHKEY_H_INDIRECT

#if defined(__KERNEL__)
#  if defined(__BIG_ENDIAN)
#    define AFMT_S16_NE AFMT_S16_BE
#  elif defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN)
#    define AFMT_S16_NE AFMT_S16_LE
#  else
#    error "could not determine byte order"
#  endif
#elif defined(__BYTE_ORDER)
#  if __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN
#    define AFMT_S16_NE AFMT_S16_BE
#  elif __BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN
#    define AFMT_S16_NE AFMT_S16_LE
#  else
#    error "could not determine byte order"
#  endif
#endif

/*
 *	Sample loading mechanism for internal synthesizers (/dev/sequencer)
 *	The following patch_info structure has been designed to support
 *	Gravis UltraSound. It tries to be universal format for uploading
 *	sample based patches but is probably too limited.
 *
 *      (PBD) As Hannu guessed, the GUS structure is too limited for 
 *      the WaveFront, but this is the right place for a constant definition.
 */

struct patch_info {
		unsigned short key;		/* Use WAVE_PATCH here */
#define WAVE_PATCH	   _PATCHKEY(0x04)
#define GUS_PATCH	   WAVE_PATCH
#define WAVEFRONT_PATCH    _PATCHKEY(0x06)

		short device_no;	/* Synthesizer number */
		short instr_no;		/* Midi pgm# */

		unsigned int mode;
/*
 * The least significant byte has the same format than the GUS .PAT
 * files
 */
#define WAVE_16_BITS	0x01	/* bit 0 = 8 or 16 bit wave data. */
#define WAVE_UNSIGNED	0x02	/* bit 1 = Signed - Unsigned data. */
#define WAVE_LOOPING	0x04	/* bit 2 = looping enabled-1. */
#define WAVE_BIDIR_LOOP	0x08	/* bit 3 = Set is bidirectional looping. */
#define WAVE_LOOP_BACK	0x10	/* bit 4 = Set is looping backward. */
#define WAVE_SUSTAIN_ON	0x20	/* bit 5 = Turn sustaining on. (Env. pts. 3)*/
#define WAVE_ENVELOPES	0x40	/* bit 6 = Enable envelopes - 1 */
#define WAVE_FAST_RELEASE 0x80	/* bit 7 = Shut off immediately after note off */
				/* 	(use the env_rate/env_offs fields). */
/* Linux specific bits */
#define WAVE_VIBRATO	0x00010000	/* The vibrato info is valid */
#define WAVE_TREMOLO	0x00020000	/* The tremolo info is valid */
#define WAVE_SCALE	0x00040000	/* The scaling info is valid */
#define WAVE_FRACTIONS	0x00080000	/* Fraction information is valid */
/* Reserved bits */
#define WAVE_ROM	0x40000000	/* For future use */
#define WAVE_MULAW	0x20000000	/* For future use */
/* Other bits must be zeroed */

		int len;	/* Size of the wave data in bytes */
		int loop_start, loop_end; /* Byte offsets from the beginning */

/* 
 * The base_freq and base_note fields are used when computing the
 * playback speed for a note. The base_note defines the tone frequency
 * which is heard if the sample is played using the base_freq as the
 * playback speed.
 *
 * The low_note and high_note fields define the minimum and maximum note
 * frequencies for which this sample is valid. It is possible to define
 * more than one samples for an instrument number at the same time. The
 * low_note and high_note fields are used to select the most suitable one.
 *
 * The fields base_note, high_note and low_note should contain
 * the note frequency multiplied by 1000. For example value for the
 * middle A is 440*1000.
 */

		unsigned int base_freq;
		unsigned int base_note;
		unsigned int high_note;
		unsigned int low_note;
		int panning;	/* -128=left, 127=right */
		int detuning;

/*	New fields introduced in version 1.99.5	*/

       /* Envelope. Enabled by mode bit WAVE_ENVELOPES	*/
		unsigned char	env_rate[ 6 ];	 /* GUS HW ramping rate */
		unsigned char	env_offset[ 6 ]; /* 255 == 100% */

	/* 
	 * The tremolo, vibrato and scale info are not supported yet.
	 * Enable by setting the mode bits WAVE_TREMOLO, WAVE_VIBRATO or
	 * WAVE_SCALE
	 */

		unsigned char	tremolo_sweep;
		unsigned char	tremolo_rate;
		unsigned char	tremolo_depth;
	
		unsigned char	vibrato_sweep;
		unsigned char	vibrato_rate;
		unsigned char	vibrato_depth;

		int		scale_frequency;
		unsigned int	scale_factor;		/* from 0 to 2048 or 0 to 2 */
	
	        int		volume;
		int		fractions;
		int		reserved1;
	        int		spare[2];
		char data[1];	/* The waveform data starts here */
	};

struct sysex_info {
		short key;		/* Use SYSEX_PATCH or MAUI_PATCH here */
#define SYSEX_PATCH	_PATCHKEY(0x05)
#define MAUI_PATCH	_PATCHKEY(0x06)
		short device_no;	/* Synthesizer number */
		int len;	/* Size of the sysex data in bytes */
		unsigned char data[1];	/* Sysex data starts here */
	};

/*
 * /dev/sequencer input events.
 *
 * The data written to the /dev/sequencer is a stream of events. Events
 * are records of 4 or 8 bytes. The first byte defines the size. 
 * Any number of events can be written with a write call. There
 * is a set of macros for sending these events. Use these macros if you
 * want to maximize portability of your program.
 *
 * Events SEQ_WAIT, SEQ_MIDIPUTC and SEQ_ECHO. Are also input events.
 * (All input events are currently 4 bytes long. Be prepared to support
 * 8 byte events also. If you receive any event having first byte >= 128,
 * it's a 8 byte event.
 *
 * The events are documented at the end of this file.
 *
 * Normal events (4 bytes)
 * There is also a 8 byte version of most of the 4 byte events. The
 * 8 byte one is recommended.
 */
#define SEQ_NOTEOFF		0
#define SEQ_FMNOTEOFF		SEQ_NOTEOFF	/* Just old name */
#define SEQ_NOTEON		1
#define	SEQ_FMNOTEON		SEQ_NOTEON
#define SEQ_WAIT		TMR_WAIT_ABS
#define SEQ_PGMCHANGE		3
#define SEQ_FMPGMCHANGE		SEQ_PGMCHANGE
#define SEQ_SYNCTIMER		TMR_START
#define SEQ_MIDIPUTC		5
#define SEQ_DRUMON		6	/*** OBSOLETE ***/
#define SEQ_DRUMOFF		7	/*** OBSOLETE ***/
#define SEQ_ECHO		TMR_ECHO	/* For synching programs with output */
#define SEQ_AFTERTOUCH		9
#define SEQ_CONTROLLER		10

/*******************************************
 *	Midi controller numbers
 *******************************************
 * Controllers 0 to 31 (0x00 to 0x1f) and
 * 32 to 63 (0x20 to 0x3f) are continuous
 * controllers.
 * In the MIDI 1.0 these controllers are sent using
 * two messages. Controller numbers 0 to 31 are used
 * to send the MSB and the controller numbers 32 to 63
 * are for the LSB. Note that just 7 bits are used in MIDI bytes.
 */

#define	   CTL_BANK_SELECT		0x00
#define	   CTL_MODWHEEL			0x01
#define    CTL_BREATH			0x02
/*		undefined		0x03 */
#define    CTL_FOOT			0x04
#define    CTL_PORTAMENTO_TIME		0x05
#define    CTL_DATA_ENTRY		0x06
#define    CTL_MAIN_VOLUME		0x07
#define    CTL_BALANCE			0x08
/*		undefined		0x09 */
#define    CTL_PAN			0x0a
#define    CTL_EXPRESSION		0x0b
/*		undefined		0x0c */
/*		undefined		0x0d */
/*		undefined		0x0e */
/*		undefined		0x0f */
#define    CTL_GENERAL_PURPOSE1	0x10
#define    CTL_GENERAL_PURPOSE2	0x11
#define    CTL_GENERAL_PURPOSE3	0x12
#define    CTL_GENERAL_PURPOSE4	0x13
/*		undefined		0x14 - 0x1f */

/*		undefined		0x20 */
/* The controller numbers 0x21 to 0x3f are reserved for the */
/* least significant bytes of the controllers 0x00 to 0x1f. */
/* These controllers are not recognised by the driver. */

/* Controllers 64 to 69 (0x40 to 0x45) are on/off switches. */
/* 0=OFF and 127=ON (intermediate values are possible) */
#define    CTL_DAMPER_PEDAL		0x40
#define    CTL_SUSTAIN			0x40	/* Alias */
#define    CTL_HOLD			0x40	/* Alias */
#define    CTL_PORTAMENTO		0x41
#define    CTL_SOSTENUTO		0x42
#define    CTL_SOFT_PEDAL		0x43
/*		undefined		0x44 */
#define    CTL_HOLD2			0x45
/*		undefined		0x46 - 0x4f */

#define    CTL_GENERAL_PURPOSE5	0x50
#define    CTL_GENERAL_PURPOSE6	0x51
#define    CTL_GENERAL_PURPOSE7	0x52
#define    CTL_GENERAL_PURPOSE8	0x53
/*		undefined		0x54 - 0x5a */
#define    CTL_EXT_EFF_DEPTH		0x5b
#define    CTL_TREMOLO_DEPTH		0x5c
#define    CTL_CHORUS_DEPTH		0x5d
#define    CTL_DETUNE_DEPTH		0x5e
#define    CTL_CELESTE_DEPTH		0x5e	/* Alias for the above one */
#define    CTL_PHASER_DEPTH		0x5f
#define    CTL_DATA_INCREMENT		0x60
#define    CTL_DATA_DECREMENT		0x61
#define    CTL_NONREG_PARM_NUM_LSB	0x62
#define    CTL_NONREG_PARM_NUM_MSB	0x63
#define    CTL_REGIST_PARM_NUM_LSB	0x64
#define    CTL_REGIST_PARM_NUM_MSB	0x65
/*		undefined		0x66 - 0x78 */
/*		reserved		0x79 - 0x7f */

/* Pseudo controllers (not midi compatible) */
#define    CTRL_PITCH_BENDER		255
#define    CTRL_PITCH_BENDER_RANGE	254
#define    CTRL_EXPRESSION		253	/* Obsolete */
#define    CTRL_MAIN_VOLUME		252	/* Obsolete */
#define SEQ_BALANCE		11
#define SEQ_VOLMODE             12

/*
 * Volume mode decides how volumes are used
 */

#define VOL_METHOD_ADAGIO	1
#define VOL_METHOD_LINEAR	2

/*
 * Note! SEQ_WAIT, SEQ_MIDIPUTC and SEQ_ECHO are used also as
 *	 input events.
 */

/*
 * Event codes 0xf0 to 0xfc are reserved for future extensions.
 */

#define SEQ_FULLSIZE		0xfd	/* Long events */
/*
 *	SEQ_FULLSIZE events are used for loading patches/samples to the
 *	synthesizer devices. These events are passed directly to the driver
 *	of the associated synthesizer device. There is no limit to the size
 *	of the extended events. These events are not queued but executed
 *	immediately when the write() is called (execution can take several
 *	seconds of time). 
 *
 *	When a SEQ_FULLSIZE message is written to the device, it must
 *	be written using exactly one write() call. Other events cannot
 *	be mixed to the same write.
 *	
 *	For FM synths (YM3812/OPL3) use struct sbi_instrument and write it to the 
 *	/dev/sequencer. Don't write other data together with the instrument structure
 *	Set the key field of the structure to FM_PATCH. The device field is used to
 *	route the patch to the corresponding device.
 *
 *	For wave table use struct patch_info. Initialize the key field
 *      to WAVE_PATCH.
 */
#define SEQ_PRIVATE		0xfe	/* Low level HW dependent events (8 bytes) */
#define SEQ_EXTENDED		0xff	/* Extended events (8 bytes) OBSOLETE */

/*
 * Record for FM patches
 */

typedef unsigned char sbi_instr_data[32];

struct sbi_instrument {
		unsigned short	key;	/* FM_PATCH or OPL3_PATCH */
#define FM_PATCH	_PATCHKEY(0x01)
#define OPL3_PATCH	_PATCHKEY(0x03)
		short		device;		/*	Synth# (0-4)	*/
		int 		channel;	/*	Program# to be initialized 	*/
		sbi_instr_data	operators;	/*	Register settings for operator cells (.SBI format)	*/
	};

struct synth_info {	/* Read only */
		char	name[30];
		int	device;		/* 0-N. INITIALIZE BEFORE CALLING */
		int	synth_type;
#define SYNTH_TYPE_FM			0
#define SYNTH_TYPE_SAMPLE		1
#define SYNTH_TYPE_MIDI			2	/* Midi interface */

		int	synth_subtype;
#define FM_TYPE_ADLIB			0x00
#define FM_TYPE_OPL3			0x01
#define MIDI_TYPE_MPU401		0x401

#define SAMPLE_TYPE_BASIC		0x10
#define SAMPLE_TYPE_GUS			SAMPLE_TYPE_BASIC
#define SAMPLE_TYPE_WAVEFRONT           0x11

		int	perc_mode;	/* No longer supported */
		int	nr_voices;
		int	nr_drums;	/* Obsolete field */
		int	instr_bank_size;
		unsigned int	capabilities;	
#define SYNTH_CAP_PERCMODE		0x00000001 /* No longer used */
#define SYNTH_CAP_OPL3			0x00000002 /* Set if OPL3 supported */
#define SYNTH_CAP_INPUT			0x00000004 /* Input (MIDI) device */
		int	dummies[19];	/* Reserve space */
	};

struct sound_timer_info {
		char name[32];
		int caps;
	};

#define MIDI_CAP_MPU401		1		/* MPU-401 intelligent mode */

struct midi_info {
		char		name[30];
		int		device;		/* 0-N. INITIALIZE BEFORE CALLING */
		unsigned int	capabilities;	/* To be defined later */
		int		dev_type;
		int		dummies[18];	/* Reserve space */
	};

/********************************************
 * ioctl commands for the /dev/midi##
 */
typedef struct {
		unsigned char cmd;
		char nr_args, nr_returns;
		unsigned char data[30];
	} mpu_command_rec;

#define SNDCTL_MIDI_PRETIME		_SIOWR('m', 0, int)
#define SNDCTL_MIDI_MPUMODE		_SIOWR('m', 1, int)
#define SNDCTL_MIDI_MPUCMD		_SIOWR('m', 2, mpu_command_rec)

/********************************************
 * IOCTL commands for /dev/dsp and /dev/audio
 */

#define SNDCTL_DSP_RESET		_SIO  ('P', 0)
#define SNDCTL_DSP_SYNC			_SIO  ('P', 1)
#define SNDCTL_DSP_SPEED		_SIOWR('P', 2, int)
#define SNDCTL_DSP_STEREO		_SIOWR('P', 3, int)
#define SNDCTL_DSP_GETBLKSIZE		_SIOWR('P', 4, int)
#define SNDCTL_DSP_SAMPLESIZE		SNDCTL_DSP_SETFMT
#define SNDCTL_DSP_CHANNELS		_SIOWR('P', 6, int)
#define SOUND_PCM_WRITE_CHANNELS	SNDCTL_DSP_CHANNELS
#define SOUND_PCM_WRITE_FILTER		_SIOWR('P', 7, int)
#define SNDCTL_DSP_POST			_SIO  ('P', 8)
#define SNDCTL_DSP_SUBDIVIDE		_SIOWR('P', 9, int)
#define SNDCTL_DSP_SETFRAGMENT		_SIOWR('P',10, int)

/*	Audio data formats (Note! U8=8 and S16_LE=16 for compatibility) */
#define SNDCTL_DSP_GETFMTS		_SIOR ('P',11, int) /* Returns a mask */
#define SNDCTL_DSP_SETFMT		_SIOWR('P',5, int) /* Selects ONE fmt*/
#	define AFMT_QUERY		0x00000000	/* Return current fmt */
#	define AFMT_MU_LAW		0x00000001
#	define AFMT_A_LAW		0x00000002
#	define AFMT_IMA_ADPCM		0x00000004
#	define AFMT_U8			0x00000008
#	define AFMT_S16_LE		0x00000010	/* Little endian signed 16*/
#	define AFMT_S16_BE		0x00000020	/* Big endian signed 16 */
#	define AFMT_S8			0x00000040
#	define AFMT_U16_LE		0x00000080	/* Little endian U16 */
#	define AFMT_U16_BE		0x00000100	/* Big endian U16 */
#	define AFMT_MPEG		0x00000200	/* MPEG (2) audio */
#	define AFMT_AC3		0x00000400	/* Dolby Digital AC3 */

/*
 * Buffer status queries.
 */
typedef struct audio_buf_info {
			int fragments;	/* # of available fragments (partially usend ones not counted) */
			int fragstotal;	/* Total # of fragments allocated */
			int fragsize;	/* Size of a fragment in bytes */

			int bytes;	/* Available space in bytes (includes partially used fragments) */
			/* Note! 'bytes' could be more than fragments*fragsize */
		} audio_buf_info;

#define SNDCTL_DSP_GETOSPACE		_SIOR ('P',12, audio_buf_info)
#define SNDCTL_DSP_GETISPACE		_SIOR ('P',13, audio_buf_info)
#define SNDCTL_DSP_NONBLOCK		_SIO  ('P',14)
#define SNDCTL_DSP_GETCAPS		_SIOR ('P',15, int)
#	define DSP_CAP_REVISION		0x000000ff	/* Bits for revision level (0 to 255) */
#	define DSP_CAP_DUPLEX		0x00000100	/* Full duplex record/playback */
#	define DSP_CAP_REALTIME		0x00000200	/* Real time capability */
#	define DSP_CAP_BATCH		0x00000400	/* Device has some kind of */
							/* internal buffers which may */
							/* cause some delays and */
							/* decrease precision of timing */
#	define DSP_CAP_COPROC		0x00000800	/* Has a coprocessor */
							/* Sometimes it's a DSP */
							/* but usually not */
#	define DSP_CAP_TRIGGER		0x00001000	/* Supports SETTRIGGER */
#	define DSP_CAP_MMAP		0x00002000	/* Supports mmap() */
#	define DSP_CAP_MULTI		0x00004000	/* support multiple open */
#	define DSP_CAP_BIND		0x00008000	/* channel binding to front/rear/cneter/lfe */


#define SNDCTL_DSP_GETTRIGGER		_SIOR ('P',16, int)
#define SNDCTL_DSP_SETTRIGGER		_SIOW ('P',16, int)
#	define PCM_ENABLE_INPUT		0x00000001
#	define PCM_ENABLE_OUTPUT		0x00000002

typedef struct count_info {
		int bytes;	/* Total # of bytes processed */
		int blocks;	/* # of fragment transitions since last time */
		int ptr;	/* Current DMA pointer value */
	} count_info;

#define SNDCTL_DSP_GETIPTR		_SIOR ('P',17, count_info)
#define SNDCTL_DSP_GETOPTR		_SIOR ('P',18, count_info)

typedef struct buffmem_desc {
		unsigned *buffer;
		int size;
	} buffmem_desc;
#define SNDCTL_DSP_MAPINBUF		_SIOR ('P', 19, buffmem_desc)
#define SNDCTL_DSP_MAPOUTBUF		_SIOR ('P', 20, buffmem_desc)
#define SNDCTL_DSP_SETSYNCRO		_SIO  ('P', 21)
#define SNDCTL_DSP_SETDUPLEX		_SIO  ('P', 22)
#define SNDCTL_DSP_GETODELAY		_SIOR ('P', 23, int)

#define SNDCTL_DSP_GETCHANNELMASK		_SIOWR('P', 64, int)
#define SNDCTL_DSP_BIND_CHANNEL		_SIOWR('P', 65, int)
#	define DSP_BIND_QUERY		0x00000000
#	define DSP_BIND_FRONT		0x00000001
#	define DSP_BIND_SURR		0x00000002
#	define DSP_BIND_CENTER_LFE	0x00000004
#	define DSP_BIND_HANDSET		0x00000008
#	define DSP_BIND_MIC		0x00000010
#	define DSP_BIND_MODEM1		0x00000020
#	define DSP_BIND_MODEM2		0x00000040
#	define DSP_BIND_I2S		0x00000080
#	define DSP_BIND_SPDIF		0x00000100

#define SNDCTL_DSP_SETSPDIF		_SIOW ('P', 66, int)
#define SNDCTL_DSP_GETSPDIF		_SIOR ('P', 67, int)
#	define SPDIF_PRO	0x0001
#	define SPDIF_N_AUD	0x0002
#	define SPDIF_COPY	0x0004
#	define SPDIF_PRE	0x0008
#	define SPDIF_CC		0x07f0
#	define SPDIF_L		0x0800
#	define SPDIF_DRS	0x4000
#	define SPDIF_V		0x8000

/*
 * Application's profile defines the way how playback underrun situations should be handled.
 * 
 *	APF_NORMAL (the default) and APF_NETWORK make the driver to cleanup the
 *	playback buffer whenever an underrun occurs. This consumes some time
 *	prevents looping the existing buffer.
 *	APF_CPUINTENS is intended to be set by CPU intensive applications which
 *	are likely to run out of time occasionally. In this mode the buffer cleanup is
 *	disabled which saves CPU time but also let's the previous buffer content to
 *	be played during the "pause" after the underrun.
 */
#define SNDCTL_DSP_PROFILE		_SIOW ('P', 23, int)
#define	  APF_NORMAL	0	/* Normal applications */
#define	  APF_NETWORK	1	/* Underruns probably caused by an "external" delay */
#define   APF_CPUINTENS 2	/* Underruns probably caused by "overheating" the CPU */

#define SOUND_PCM_READ_RATE		_SIOR ('P', 2, int)
#define SOUND_PCM_READ_CHANNELS		_SIOR ('P', 6, int)
#define SOUND_PCM_READ_BITS		_SIOR ('P', 5, int)
#define SOUND_PCM_READ_FILTER		_SIOR ('P', 7, int)

/* Some alias names */
#define SOUND_PCM_WRITE_BITS		SNDCTL_DSP_SETFMT
#define SOUND_PCM_WRITE_RATE		SNDCTL_DSP_SPEED
#define SOUND_PCM_POST			SNDCTL_DSP_POST
#define SOUND_PCM_RESET			SNDCTL_DSP_RESET
#define SOUND_PCM_SYNC			SNDCTL_DSP_SYNC
#define SOUND_PCM_SUBDIVIDE		SNDCTL_DSP_SUBDIVIDE
#define SOUND_PCM_SETFRAGMENT		SNDCTL_DSP_SETFRAGMENT
#define SOUND_PCM_GETFMTS		SNDCTL_DSP_GETFMTS
#define SOUND_PCM_SETFMT		SNDCTL_DSP_SETFMT
#define SOUND_PCM_GETOSPACE		SNDCTL_DSP_GETOSPACE
#define SOUND_PCM_GETISPACE		SNDCTL_DSP_GETISPACE
#define SOUND_PCM_NONBLOCK		SNDCTL_DSP_NONBLOCK
#define SOUND_PCM_GETCAPS		SNDCTL_DSP_GETCAPS
#define SOUND_PCM_GETTRIGGER		SNDCTL_DSP_GETTRIGGER
#define SOUND_PCM_SETTRIGGER		SNDCTL_DSP_SETTRIGGER
#define SOUND_PCM_SETSYNCRO		SNDCTL_DSP_SETSYNCRO
#define SOUND_PCM_GETIPTR		SNDCTL_DSP_GETIPTR
#define SOUND_PCM_GETOPTR		SNDCTL_DSP_GETOPTR
#define SOUND_PCM_MAPINBUF		SNDCTL_DSP_MAPINBUF
#define SOUND_PCM_MAPOUTBUF		SNDCTL_DSP_MAPOUTBUF

/*
 * ioctl calls to be used in communication with coprocessors and
 * DSP chips.
 */

typedef struct copr_buffer {
		int command;	/* Set to 0 if not used */
		int flags;
#define CPF_NONE		0x0000
#define CPF_FIRST		0x0001	/* First block */
#define CPF_LAST		0x0002	/* Last block */
		int len;
		int offs;	/* If required by the device (0 if not used) */

		unsigned char data[4000]; /* NOTE! 4000 is not 4k */
	} copr_buffer;

typedef struct copr_debug_buf {
		int command;	/* Used internally. Set to 0 */
		int parm1;
		int parm2;
		int flags;	
		int len;	/* Length of data in bytes */
	} copr_debug_buf;

typedef struct copr_msg {
		int len;
		unsigned char data[4000];
	} copr_msg;

#define SNDCTL_COPR_RESET             _SIO  ('C',  0)
#define SNDCTL_COPR_LOAD	      _SIOWR('C',  1, copr_buffer)
#define SNDCTL_COPR_RDATA	      _SIOWR('C',  2, copr_debug_buf)
#define SNDCTL_COPR_RCODE	      _SIOWR('C',  3, copr_debug_buf)
#define SNDCTL_COPR_WDATA	      _SIOW ('C',  4, copr_debug_buf)
#define SNDCTL_COPR_WCODE	      _SIOW ('C',  5, copr_debug_buf)
#define SNDCTL_COPR_RUN		      _SIOWR('C',  6, copr_debug_buf)
#define SNDCTL_COPR_HALT	      _SIOWR('C',  7, copr_debug_buf)
#define SNDCTL_COPR_SENDMSG	      _SIOWR('C',  8, copr_msg)
#define SNDCTL_COPR_RCVMSG	      _SIOR ('C',  9, copr_msg)

/*********************************************
 * IOCTL commands for /dev/mixer
 */
	
/* 
 * Mixer devices
 *
 * There can be up to 20 different analog mixer channels. The
 * SOUND_MIXER_NRDEVICES gives the currently supported maximum. 
 * The SOUND_MIXER_READ_DEVMASK returns a bitmask which tells
 * the devices supported by the particular mixer.
 */

#define SOUND_MIXER_NRDEVICES	25
#define SOUND_MIXER_VOLUME	0
#define SOUND_MIXER_BASS	1
#define SOUND_MIXER_TREBLE	2
#define SOUND_MIXER_SYNTH	3
#define SOUND_MIXER_PCM		4
#define SOUND_MIXER_SPEAKER	5
#define SOUND_MIXER_LINE	6
#define SOUND_MIXER_MIC		7
#define SOUND_MIXER_CD		8
#define SOUND_MIXER_IMIX	9	/*  Recording monitor  */
#define SOUND_MIXER_ALTPCM	10
#define SOUND_MIXER_RECLEV	11	/* Recording level */
#define SOUND_MIXER_IGAIN	12	/* Input gain */
#define SOUND_MIXER_OGAIN	13	/* Output gain */
/* 
 * The AD1848 codec and compatibles have three line level inputs
 * (line, aux1 and aux2). Since each card manufacturer have assigned
 * different meanings to these inputs, it's inpractical to assign
 * specific meanings (line, cd, synth etc.) to them.
 */
#define SOUND_MIXER_LINE1	14	/* Input source 1  (aux1) */
#define SOUND_MIXER_LINE2	15	/* Input source 2  (aux2) */
#define SOUND_MIXER_LINE3	16	/* Input source 3  (line) */
#define SOUND_MIXER_DIGITAL1	17	/* Digital (input) 1 */
#define SOUND_MIXER_DIGITAL2	18	/* Digital (input) 2 */
#define SOUND_MIXER_DIGITAL3	19	/* Digital (input) 3 */
#define SOUND_MIXER_PHONEIN	20	/* Phone input */
#define SOUND_MIXER_PHONEOUT	21	/* Phone output */
#define SOUND_MIXER_VIDEO	22	/* Video/TV (audio) in */
#define SOUND_MIXER_RADIO	23	/* Radio in */
#define SOUND_MIXER_MONITOR	24	/* Monitor (usually mic) volume */

/* Some on/off settings (SOUND_SPECIAL_MIN - SOUND_SPECIAL_MAX) */
/* Not counted to SOUND_MIXER_NRDEVICES, but use the same number space */
#define SOUND_ONOFF_MIN		28
#define SOUND_ONOFF_MAX		30

/* Note!	Number 31 cannot be used since the sign bit is reserved */
#define SOUND_MIXER_NONE	31

/*
 * The following unsupported macros are no longer functional.
 * Use SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE# macros in future.
 */
#define SOUND_MIXER_ENHANCE	SOUND_MIXER_NONE
#define SOUND_MIXER_MUTE	SOUND_MIXER_NONE
#define SOUND_MIXER_LOUD	SOUND_MIXER_NONE


#define SOUND_DEVICE_LABELS	{"Vol  ", "Bass ", "Trebl", "Synth", "Pcm  ", "Spkr ", "Line ", \
				 "Mic  ", "CD   ", "Mix  ", "Pcm2 ", "Rec  ", "IGain", "OGain", \
				 "Line1", "Line2", "Line3", "Digital1", "Digital2", "Digital3", \
				 "PhoneIn", "PhoneOut", "Video", "Radio", "Monitor"}

#define SOUND_DEVICE_NAMES	{"vol", "bass", "treble", "synth", "pcm", "speaker", "line", \
				 "mic", "cd", "mix", "pcm2", "rec", "igain", "ogain", \
				 "line1", "line2", "line3", "dig1", "dig2", "dig3", \
				 "phin", "phout", "video", "radio", "monitor"}

/*	Device bitmask identifiers	*/

#define SOUND_MIXER_RECSRC	0xff	/* Arg contains a bit for each recording source */
#define SOUND_MIXER_DEVMASK	0xfe	/* Arg contains a bit for each supported device */
#define SOUND_MIXER_RECMASK	0xfd	/* Arg contains a bit for each supported recording source */
#define SOUND_MIXER_CAPS	0xfc
#	define SOUND_CAP_EXCL_INPUT	0x00000001	/* Only one recording source at a time */
#define SOUND_MIXER_STEREODEVS	0xfb	/* Mixer channels supporting stereo */
#define SOUND_MIXER_OUTSRC	0xfa	/* Arg contains a bit for each input source to output */
#define SOUND_MIXER_OUTMASK	0xf9	/* Arg contains a bit for each supported input source to output */

/*	Device mask bits	*/

#define SOUND_MASK_VOLUME	(1 << SOUND_MIXER_VOLUME)
#define SOUND_MASK_BASS		(1 << SOUND_MIXER_BASS)
#define SOUND_MASK_TREBLE	(1 << SOUND_MIXER_TREBLE)
#define SOUND_MASK_SYNTH	(1 << SOUND_MIXER_SYNTH)
#define SOUND_MASK_PCM		(1 << SOUND_MIXER_PCM)
#define SOUND_MASK_SPEAKER	(1 << SOUND_MIXER_SPEAKER)
#define SOUND_MASK_LINE		(1 << SOUND_MIXER_LINE)
#define SOUND_MASK_MIC		(1 << SOUND_MIXER_MIC)
#define SOUND_MASK_CD		(1 << SOUND_MIXER_CD)
#define SOUND_MASK_IMIX		(1 << SOUND_MIXER_IMIX)
#define SOUND_MASK_ALTPCM	(1 << SOUND_MIXER_ALTPCM)
#define SOUND_MASK_RECLEV	(1 << SOUND_MIXER_RECLEV)
#define SOUND_MASK_IGAIN	(1 << SOUND_MIXER_IGAIN)
#define SOUND_MASK_OGAIN	(1 << SOUND_MIXER_OGAIN)
#define SOUND_MASK_LINE1	(1 << SOUND_MIXER_LINE1)
#define SOUND_MASK_LINE2	(1 << SOUND_MIXER_LINE2)
#define SOUND_MASK_LINE3	(1 << SOUND_MIXER_LINE3)
#define SOUND_MASK_DIGITAL1	(1 << SOUND_MIXER_DIGITAL1)
#define SOUND_MASK_DIGITAL2	(1 << SOUND_MIXER_DIGITAL2)
#define SOUND_MASK_DIGITAL3	(1 << SOUND_MIXER_DIGITAL3)
#define SOUND_MASK_PHONEIN	(1 << SOUND_MIXER_PHONEIN)
#define SOUND_MASK_PHONEOUT	(1 << SOUND_MIXER_PHONEOUT)
#define SOUND_MASK_RADIO	(1 << SOUND_MIXER_RADIO)
#define SOUND_MASK_VIDEO	(1 << SOUND_MIXER_VIDEO)
#define SOUND_MASK_MONITOR	(1 << SOUND_MIXER_MONITOR)

/* Obsolete macros */
#define SOUND_MASK_MUTE		(1 << SOUND_MIXER_MUTE)
#define SOUND_MASK_ENHANCE	(1 << SOUND_MIXER_ENHANCE)
#define SOUND_MASK_LOUD		(1 << SOUND_MIXER_LOUD)

#define MIXER_READ(dev)		_SIOR('M', dev, int)
#define SOUND_MIXER_READ_VOLUME		MIXER_READ(SOUND_MIXER_VOLUME)
#define SOUND_MIXER_READ_BASS		MIXER_READ(SOUND_MIXER_BASS)
#define SOUND_MIXER_READ_TREBLE		MIXER_READ(SOUND_MIXER_TREBLE)
#define SOUND_MIXER_READ_SYNTH		MIXER_READ(SOUND_MIXER_SYNTH)
#define SOUND_MIXER_READ_PCM		MIXER_READ(SOUND_MIXER_PCM)
#define SOUND_MIXER_READ_SPEAKER	MIXER_READ(SOUND_MIXER_SPEAKER)
#define SOUND_MIXER_READ_LINE		MIXER_READ(SOUND_MIXER_LINE)
#define SOUND_MIXER_READ_MIC		MIXER_READ(SOUND_MIXER_MIC)
#define SOUND_MIXER_READ_CD		MIXER_READ(SOUND_MIXER_CD)
#define SOUND_MIXER_READ_IMIX		MIXER_READ(SOUND_MIXER_IMIX)
#define SOUND_MIXER_READ_ALTPCM		MIXER_READ(SOUND_MIXER_ALTPCM)
#define SOUND_MIXER_READ_RECLEV		MIXER_READ(SOUND_MIXER_RECLEV)
#define SOUND_MIXER_READ_IGAIN		MIXER_READ(SOUND_MIXER_IGAIN)
#define SOUND_MIXER_READ_OGAIN		MIXER_READ(SOUND_MIXER_OGAIN)
#define SOUND_MIXER_READ_LINE1		MIXER_READ(SOUND_MIXER_LINE1)
#define SOUND_MIXER_READ_LINE2		MIXER_READ(SOUND_MIXER_LINE2)
#define SOUND_MIXER_READ_LINE3		MIXER_READ(SOUND_MIXER_LINE3)

/* Obsolete macros */
#define SOUND_MIXER_READ_MUTE		MIXER_READ(SOUND_MIXER_MUTE)
#define SOUND_MIXER_READ_ENHANCE	MIXER_READ(SOUND_MIXER_ENHANCE)
#define SOUND_MIXER_READ_LOUD		MIXER_READ(SOUND_MIXER_LOUD)

#define SOUND_MIXER_READ_RECSRC		MIXER_READ(SOUND_MIXER_RECSRC)
#define SOUND_MIXER_READ_DEVMASK	MIXER_READ(SOUND_MIXER_DEVMASK)
#define SOUND_MIXER_READ_RECMASK	MIXER_READ(SOUND_MIXER_RECMASK)
#define SOUND_MIXER_READ_STEREODEVS	MIXER_READ(SOUND_MIXER_STEREODEVS)
#define SOUND_MIXER_READ_CAPS		MIXER_READ(SOUND_MIXER_CAPS)

#define MIXER_WRITE(dev)		_SIOWR('M', dev, int)
#define SOUND_MIXER_WRITE_VOLUME	MIXER_WRITE(SOUND_MIXER_VOLUME)
#define SOUND_MIXER_WRITE_BASS		MIXER_WRITE(SOUND_MIXER_BASS)
#define SOUND_MIXER_WRITE_TREBLE	MIXER_WRITE(SOUND_MIXER_TREBLE)
#define SOUND_MIXER_WRITE_SYNTH		MIXER_WRITE(SOUND_MIXER_SYNTH)
#define SOUND_MIXER_WRITE_PCM		MIXER_WRITE(SOUND_MIXER_PCM)
#define SOUND_MIXER_WRITE_SPEAKER	MIXER_WRITE(SOUND_MIXER_SPEAKER)
#define SOUND_MIXER_WRITE_LINE		MIXER_WRITE(SOUND_MIXER_LINE)
#define SOUND_MIXER_WRITE_MIC		MIXER_WRITE(SOUND_MIXER_MIC)
#define SOUND_MIXER_WRITE_CD		MIXER_WRITE(SOUND_MIXER_CD)
#define SOUND_MIXER_WRITE_IMIX		MIXER_WRITE(SOUND_MIXER_IMIX)
#define SOUND_MIXER_WRITE_ALTPCM	MIXER_WRITE(SOUND_MIXER_ALTPCM)
#define SOUND_MIXER_WRITE_RECLEV	MIXER_WRITE(SOUND_MIXER_RECLEV)
#define SOUND_MIXER_WRITE_IGAIN		MIXER_WRITE(SOUND_MIXER_IGAIN)
#define SOUND_MIXER_WRITE_OGAIN		MIXER_WRITE(SOUND_MIXER_OGAIN)
#define SOUND_MIXER_WRITE_LINE1		MIXER_WRITE(SOUND_MIXER_LINE1)
#define SOUND_MIXER_WRITE_LINE2		MIXER_WRITE(SOUND_MIXER_LINE2)
#define SOUND_MIXER_WRITE_LINE3		MIXER_WRITE(SOUND_MIXER_LINE3)

/* Obsolete macros */
#define SOUND_MIXER_WRITE_MUTE		MIXER_WRITE(SOUND_MIXER_MUTE)
#define SOUND_MIXER_WRITE_ENHANCE	MIXER_WRITE(SOUND_MIXER_ENHANCE)
#define SOUND_MIXER_WRITE_LOUD		MIXER_WRITE(SOUND_MIXER_LOUD)

#define SOUND_MIXER_WRITE_RECSRC	MIXER_WRITE(SOUND_MIXER_RECSRC)

typedef struct mixer_info
{
  char id[16];
  char name[32];
  int  modify_counter;
  int fillers[10];
} mixer_info;

typedef struct _old_mixer_info /* Obsolete */
{
  char id[16];
  char name[32];
} _old_mixer_info;

#define SOUND_MIXER_INFO		_SIOR ('M', 101, mixer_info)
#define SOUND_OLD_MIXER_INFO		_SIOR ('M', 101, _old_mixer_info)

/*
 * A mechanism for accessing "proprietary" mixer features. This method
 * permits passing 128 bytes of arbitrary data between a mixer application
 * and the mixer driver. Interpretation of the record is defined by
 * the particular mixer driver.
 */
typedef unsigned char mixer_record[128];

#define SOUND_MIXER_ACCESS		_SIOWR('M', 102, mixer_record)

/*
 * Two ioctls for special souncard function
 */
#define SOUND_MIXER_AGC  _SIOWR('M', 103, int)
#define SOUND_MIXER_3DSE  _SIOWR('M', 104, int)

/*
 * The SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE# commands can be redefined by low level drivers.
 * These features can be used when accessing device specific features.
 */
#define SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE1		_SIOWR('M', 111, int)
#define SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE2		_SIOWR('M', 112, int)
#define SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE3		_SIOWR('M', 113, int)
#define SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE4		_SIOWR('M', 114, int)
#define SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE5		_SIOWR('M', 115, int)

/*
 * SOUND_MIXER_GETLEVELS and SOUND_MIXER_SETLEVELS calls can be used
 * for querying current mixer settings from the driver and for loading
 * default volume settings _prior_ activating the mixer (loading
 * doesn't affect current state of the mixer hardware). These calls
 * are for internal use only.
 */

typedef struct mixer_vol_table {
  int num;	/* Index to volume table */
  char name[32];
  int levels[32];
} mixer_vol_table;

#define SOUND_MIXER_GETLEVELS		_SIOWR('M', 116, mixer_vol_table)
#define SOUND_MIXER_SETLEVELS		_SIOWR('M', 117, mixer_vol_table)

/* 
 * An ioctl for identifying the driver version. It will return value
 * of the SOUND_VERSION macro used when compiling the driver.
 * This call was introduced in OSS version 3.6 and it will not work
 * with earlier versions (returns EINVAL).
 */
#define OSS_GETVERSION			_SIOR ('M', 118, int)

/*
 * Level 2 event types for /dev/sequencer
 */

/*
 * The 4 most significant bits of byte 0 specify the class of
 * the event: 
 *
 *	0x8X = system level events,
 *	0x9X = device/port specific events, event[1] = device/port,
 *		The last 4 bits give the subtype:
 *			0x02	= Channel event (event[3] = chn).
 *			0x01	= note event (event[4] = note).
 *			(0x01 is not used alone but always with bit 0x02).
 *	       event[2] = MIDI message code (0x80=note off etc.)
 *
 */

#define EV_SEQ_LOCAL		0x80
#define EV_TIMING		0x81
#define EV_CHN_COMMON		0x92
#define EV_CHN_VOICE		0x93
#define EV_SYSEX		0x94
/*
 * Event types 200 to 220 are reserved for application use.
 * These numbers will not be used by the driver.
 */

/*
 * Events for event type EV_CHN_VOICE
 */

#define MIDI_NOTEOFF		0x80
#define MIDI_NOTEON		0x90
#define MIDI_KEY_PRESSURE	0xA0

/*
 * Events for event type EV_CHN_COMMON
 */

#define MIDI_CTL_CHANGE		0xB0
#define MIDI_PGM_CHANGE		0xC0
#define MIDI_CHN_PRESSURE	0xD0
#define MIDI_PITCH_BEND		0xE0

#define MIDI_SYSTEM_PREFIX	0xF0

/*
 * Timer event types
 */
#define TMR_WAIT_REL		1	/* Time relative to the prev time */
#define TMR_WAIT_ABS		2	/* Absolute time since TMR_START */
#define TMR_STOP		3
#define TMR_START		4
#define TMR_CONTINUE		5
#define TMR_TEMPO		6
#define TMR_ECHO		8
#define TMR_CLOCK		9	/* MIDI clock */
#define TMR_SPP			10	/* Song position pointer */
#define TMR_TIMESIG		11	/* Time signature */

/*
 *	Local event types
 */
#define LOCL_STARTAUDIO		1

#if !defined(__KERNEL__) || defined(USE_SEQ_MACROS)
/*
 *	Some convenience macros to simplify programming of the
 *	/dev/sequencer interface
 *
 *	This is a legacy interface for applications written against
 *	the OSSlib-3.8 style interface. It is no longer possible
 *	to actually link against OSSlib with this header, but we
 *	still provide these macros for programs using them.
 *
 *	If you want to use OSSlib, it is recommended that you get
 *	the GPL version of OSS-4.x and build against that version
 *	of the header.
 *
 *	We redefine the extern keyword so that make headers_check
 *	does not complain about SEQ_USE_EXTBUF.
 */
#define SEQ_DECLAREBUF()		SEQ_USE_EXTBUF()

void seqbuf_dump(void);	/* This function must be provided by programs */

#define SEQ_PM_DEFINES int __foo_bar___

#define SEQ_LOAD_GMINSTR(dev, instr)
#define SEQ_LOAD_GMDRUM(dev, drum)

#define _SEQ_EXTERN extern
#define SEQ_USE_EXTBUF() \
		_SEQ_EXTERN unsigned char _seqbuf[]; \
		_SEQ_EXTERN int _seqbuflen; _SEQ_EXTERN int _seqbufptr

#ifndef USE_SIMPLE_MACROS
/* Sample seqbuf_dump() implementation:
 *
 *	SEQ_DEFINEBUF (2048);	-- Defines a buffer for 2048 bytes
 *
 *	int seqfd;		-- The file descriptor for /dev/sequencer.
 *
 *	void
 *	seqbuf_dump ()
 *	{
 *	  if (_seqbufptr)
 *	    if (write (seqfd, _seqbuf, _seqbufptr) == -1)
 *	      {
 *		perror ("write /dev/sequencer");
 *		exit (-1);
 *	      }
 *	  _seqbufptr = 0;
 *	}
 */

#define SEQ_DEFINEBUF(len)		unsigned char _seqbuf[len]; int _seqbuflen = len;int _seqbufptr = 0
#define _SEQ_NEEDBUF(len)		if ((_seqbufptr+(len)) > _seqbuflen) seqbuf_dump()
#define _SEQ_ADVBUF(len)		_seqbufptr += len
#define SEQ_DUMPBUF			seqbuf_dump
#else
/*
 * This variation of the sequencer macros is used just to format one event
 * using fixed buffer.
 * 
 * The program using the macro library must define the following macros before
 * using this library.
 *
 * #define _seqbuf 		 name of the buffer (unsigned char[]) 
 * #define _SEQ_ADVBUF(len)	 If the applic needs to know the exact
 *				 size of the event, this macro can be used.
 *				 Otherwise this must be defined as empty.
 * #define _seqbufptr		 Define the name of index variable or 0 if
 *				 not required. 
 */
#define _SEQ_NEEDBUF(len)	/* empty */
#endif

#define SEQ_VOLUME_MODE(dev, mode)	{_SEQ_NEEDBUF(8);\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr] = SEQ_EXTENDED;\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+1] = SEQ_VOLMODE;\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+2] = (dev);\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+3] = (mode);\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+4] = 0;\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+5] = 0;\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+6] = 0;\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+7] = 0;\
					_SEQ_ADVBUF(8);}

/*
 * Midi voice messages
 */

#define _CHN_VOICE(dev, event, chn, note, parm) \
					{_SEQ_NEEDBUF(8);\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr] = EV_CHN_VOICE;\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+1] = (dev);\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+2] = (event);\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+3] = (chn);\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+4] = (note);\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+5] = (parm);\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+6] = (0);\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+7] = 0;\
					_SEQ_ADVBUF(8);}

#define SEQ_START_NOTE(dev, chn, note, vol) \
		_CHN_VOICE(dev, MIDI_NOTEON, chn, note, vol)

#define SEQ_STOP_NOTE(dev, chn, note, vol) \
		_CHN_VOICE(dev, MIDI_NOTEOFF, chn, note, vol)

#define SEQ_KEY_PRESSURE(dev, chn, note, pressure) \
		_CHN_VOICE(dev, MIDI_KEY_PRESSURE, chn, note, pressure)

/*
 * Midi channel messages
 */

#define _CHN_COMMON(dev, event, chn, p1, p2, w14) \
					{_SEQ_NEEDBUF(8);\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr] = EV_CHN_COMMON;\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+1] = (dev);\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+2] = (event);\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+3] = (chn);\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+4] = (p1);\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+5] = (p2);\
					*(short *)&_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+6] = (w14);\
					_SEQ_ADVBUF(8);}
/*
 * SEQ_SYSEX permits sending of sysex messages. (It may look that it permits
 * sending any MIDI bytes but it's absolutely not possible. Trying to do
 * so _will_ cause problems with MPU401 intelligent mode).
 *
 * Sysex messages are sent in blocks of 1 to 6 bytes. Longer messages must be 
 * sent by calling SEQ_SYSEX() several times (there must be no other events
 * between them). First sysex fragment must have 0xf0 in the first byte
 * and the last byte (buf[len-1] of the last fragment must be 0xf7. No byte
 * between these sysex start and end markers cannot be larger than 0x7f. Also
 * lengths of each fragments (except the last one) must be 6.
 *
 * Breaking the above rules may work with some MIDI ports but is likely to
 * cause fatal problems with some other devices (such as MPU401).
 */
#define SEQ_SYSEX(dev, buf, len) \
					{int ii, ll=(len); \
					 unsigned char *bufp=buf;\
					 if (ll>6)ll=6;\
					_SEQ_NEEDBUF(8);\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr] = EV_SYSEX;\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+1] = (dev);\
					for(ii=0;ii<ll;ii++)\
					   _seqbuf[_seqbufptr+ii+2] = bufp[ii];\
					for(ii=ll;ii<6;ii++)\
					   _seqbuf[_seqbufptr+ii+2] = 0xff;\
					_SEQ_ADVBUF(8);}

#define SEQ_CHN_PRESSURE(dev, chn, pressure) \
		_CHN_COMMON(dev, MIDI_CHN_PRESSURE, chn, pressure, 0, 0)

#define SEQ_SET_PATCH SEQ_PGM_CHANGE
#define SEQ_PGM_CHANGE(dev, chn, patch) \
		_CHN_COMMON(dev, MIDI_PGM_CHANGE, chn, patch, 0, 0)

#define SEQ_CONTROL(dev, chn, controller, value) \
		_CHN_COMMON(dev, MIDI_CTL_CHANGE, chn, controller, 0, value)

#define SEQ_BENDER(dev, chn, value) \
		_CHN_COMMON(dev, MIDI_PITCH_BEND, chn, 0, 0, value)


#define SEQ_V2_X_CONTROL(dev, voice, controller, value)	{_SEQ_NEEDBUF(8);\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr] = SEQ_EXTENDED;\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+1] = SEQ_CONTROLLER;\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+2] = (dev);\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+3] = (voice);\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+4] = (controller);\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+5] = ((value)&0xff);\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+6] = ((value>>8)&0xff);\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+7] = 0;\
					_SEQ_ADVBUF(8);}
/*
 * The following 5 macros are incorrectly implemented and obsolete.
 * Use SEQ_BENDER and SEQ_CONTROL (with proper controller) instead.
 */
#define SEQ_PITCHBEND(dev, voice, value) SEQ_V2_X_CONTROL(dev, voice, CTRL_PITCH_BENDER, value)
#define SEQ_BENDER_RANGE(dev, voice, value) SEQ_V2_X_CONTROL(dev, voice, CTRL_PITCH_BENDER_RANGE, value)
#define SEQ_EXPRESSION(dev, voice, value) SEQ_CONTROL(dev, voice, CTL_EXPRESSION, value*128)
#define SEQ_MAIN_VOLUME(dev, voice, value) SEQ_CONTROL(dev, voice, CTL_MAIN_VOLUME, (value*16383)/100)
#define SEQ_PANNING(dev, voice, pos) SEQ_CONTROL(dev, voice, CTL_PAN, (pos+128) / 2)

/*
 * Timing and synchronization macros
 */

#define _TIMER_EVENT(ev, parm)		{_SEQ_NEEDBUF(8);\
				 	_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+0] = EV_TIMING; \
				 	_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+1] = (ev); \
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+2] = 0;\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+3] = 0;\
				 	*(unsigned int *)&_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+4] = (parm); \
					_SEQ_ADVBUF(8);}

#define SEQ_START_TIMER()		_TIMER_EVENT(TMR_START, 0)
#define SEQ_STOP_TIMER()		_TIMER_EVENT(TMR_STOP, 0)
#define SEQ_CONTINUE_TIMER()		_TIMER_EVENT(TMR_CONTINUE, 0)
#define SEQ_WAIT_TIME(ticks)		_TIMER_EVENT(TMR_WAIT_ABS, ticks)
#define SEQ_DELTA_TIME(ticks)		_TIMER_EVENT(TMR_WAIT_REL, ticks)
#define SEQ_ECHO_BACK(key)		_TIMER_EVENT(TMR_ECHO, key)
#define SEQ_SET_TEMPO(value)		_TIMER_EVENT(TMR_TEMPO, value)
#define SEQ_SONGPOS(pos)		_TIMER_EVENT(TMR_SPP, pos)
#define SEQ_TIME_SIGNATURE(sig)		_TIMER_EVENT(TMR_TIMESIG, sig)

/*
 * Local control events
 */

#define _LOCAL_EVENT(ev, parm)		{_SEQ_NEEDBUF(8);\
				 	_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+0] = EV_SEQ_LOCAL; \
				 	_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+1] = (ev); \
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+2] = 0;\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+3] = 0;\
				 	*(unsigned int *)&_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+4] = (parm); \
					_SEQ_ADVBUF(8);}

#define SEQ_PLAYAUDIO(devmask)		_LOCAL_EVENT(LOCL_STARTAUDIO, devmask)
/*
 * Events for the level 1 interface only 
 */

#define SEQ_MIDIOUT(device, byte)	{_SEQ_NEEDBUF(4);\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr] = SEQ_MIDIPUTC;\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+1] = (byte);\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+2] = (device);\
					_seqbuf[_seqbufptr+3] = 0;\
					_SEQ_ADVBUF(4);}

/*
 * Patch loading.
 */
#define SEQ_WRPATCH(patchx, len) \
		{if (_seqbufptr) SEQ_DUMPBUF();\
		 if (write(seqfd, (char*)(patchx), len)==-1) \
		    perror("Write patch: /dev/sequencer");}
#define SEQ_WRPATCH2(patchx, len) \
		(SEQ_DUMPBUF(), write(seqfd, (char*)(patchx), len))

#endif
#endif
de and can interfere with legacy drivers. strict (default): access to resources claimed by ACPI is denied; legacy drivers trying to access reserved resources will fail to bind to device using them. lax: access to resources claimed by ACPI is allowed; legacy drivers trying to access reserved resources will bind successfully but a warning message is logged. no: ACPI OperationRegions are not marked as reserved, no further checks are performed. acpi_no_memhotplug [ACPI] Disable memory hotplug. Useful for kdump kernels. add_efi_memmap [EFI; X86] Include EFI memory map in kernel's map of available physical RAM. agp= [AGP] { off | try_unsupported } off: disable AGP support try_unsupported: try to drive unsupported chipsets (may crash computer or cause data corruption) ALSA [HW,ALSA] See Documentation/sound/alsa/alsa-parameters.txt alignment= [KNL,ARM] Allow the default userspace alignment fault handler behaviour to be specified. Bit 0 enables warnings, bit 1 enables fixups, and bit 2 sends a segfault. align_va_addr= [X86-64] Align virtual addresses by clearing slice [14:12] when allocating a VMA at process creation time. This option gives you up to 3% performance improvement on AMD F15h machines (where it is enabled by default) for a CPU-intensive style benchmark, and it can vary highly in a microbenchmark depending on workload and compiler. 32: only for 32-bit processes 64: only for 64-bit processes on: enable for both 32- and 64-bit processes off: disable for both 32- and 64-bit processes alloc_snapshot [FTRACE] Allocate the ftrace snapshot buffer on boot up when the main buffer is allocated. This is handy if debugging and you need to use tracing_snapshot() on boot up, and do not want to use tracing_snapshot_alloc() as it needs to be done where GFP_KERNEL allocations are allowed. amd_iommu= [HW,X86-64] Pass parameters to the AMD IOMMU driver in the system. Possible values are: fullflush - enable flushing of IO/TLB entries when they are unmapped. Otherwise they are flushed before they will be reused, which is a lot of faster off - do not initialize any AMD IOMMU found in the system force_isolation - Force device isolation for all devices. The IOMMU driver is not allowed anymore to lift isolation requirements as needed. This option does not override iommu=pt amd_iommu_dump= [HW,X86-64] Enable AMD IOMMU driver option to dump the ACPI table for AMD IOMMU. With this option enabled, AMD IOMMU driver will print ACPI tables for AMD IOMMU during IOMMU initialization. amijoy.map= [HW,JOY] Amiga joystick support Map of devices attached to JOY0DAT and JOY1DAT Format: <a>,<b> See also Documentation/input/joystick.txt analog.map= [HW,JOY] Analog joystick and gamepad support Specifies type or capabilities of an analog joystick connected to one of 16 gameports Format: <type1>,<type2>,..<type16> apc= [HW,SPARC] Power management functions (SPARCstation-4/5 + deriv.) Format: noidle Disable APC CPU standby support. SPARCstation-Fox does not play well with APC CPU idle - disable it if you have APC and your system crashes randomly. apic= [APIC,X86-32] Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller Change the output verbosity whilst booting Format: { quiet (default) | verbose | debug } Change the amount of debugging information output when initialising the APIC and IO-APIC components. autoconf= [IPV6] See Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt. show_lapic= [APIC,X86] Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller Limit apic dumping. The parameter defines the maximal number of local apics being dumped. Also it is possible to set it to "all" by meaning -- no limit here. Format: { 1 (default) | 2 | ... | all }. The parameter valid if only apic=debug or apic=verbose is specified. Example: apic=debug show_lapic=all apm= [APM] Advanced Power Management See header of arch/x86/kernel/apm_32.c. arcrimi= [HW,NET] ARCnet - "RIM I" (entirely mem-mapped) cards Format: <io>,<irq>,<nodeID> ataflop= [HW,M68k] atarimouse= [HW,MOUSE] Atari Mouse atkbd.extra= [HW] Enable extra LEDs and keys on IBM RapidAccess, EzKey and similar keyboards atkbd.reset= [HW] Reset keyboard during initialization atkbd.set= [HW] Select keyboard code set Format: <int> (2 = AT (default), 3 = PS/2) atkbd.scroll= [HW] Enable scroll wheel on MS Office and similar keyboards atkbd.softraw= [HW] Choose between synthetic and real raw mode Format: <bool> (0 = real, 1 = synthetic (default)) atkbd.softrepeat= [HW] Use software keyboard repeat audit= [KNL] Enable the audit sub-system Format: { "0" | "1" } (0 = disabled, 1 = enabled) 0 - kernel audit is disabled and can not be enabled until the next reboot unset - kernel audit is initialized but disabled and will be fully enabled by the userspace auditd. 1 - kernel audit is initialized and partially enabled, storing at most audit_backlog_limit messages in RAM until it is fully enabled by the userspace auditd. Default: unset audit_backlog_limit= [KNL] Set the audit queue size limit. Format: <int> (must be >=0) Default: 64 baycom_epp= [HW,AX25] Format: <io>,<mode> baycom_par= [HW,AX25] BayCom Parallel Port AX.25 Modem Format: <io>,<mode> See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_par.c. baycom_ser_fdx= [HW,AX25] BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Full Duplex Mode) Format: <io>,<irq>,<mode>[,<baud>] See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_fdx.c. baycom_ser_hdx= [HW,AX25] BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Half Duplex Mode) Format: <io>,<irq>,<mode> See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_hdx.c. blkdevparts= Manual partition parsing of block device(s) for embedded devices based on command line input. See Documentation/block/cmdline-partition.txt boot_delay= Milliseconds to delay each printk during boot. Values larger than 10 seconds (10000) are changed to no delay (0). Format: integer bootmem_debug [KNL] Enable bootmem allocator debug messages. bttv.card= [HW,V4L] bttv (bt848 + bt878 based grabber cards) bttv.radio= Most important insmod options are available as kernel args too. bttv.pll= See Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Insmod-options bttv.tuner= bulk_remove=off [PPC] This parameter disables the use of the pSeries firmware feature for flushing multiple hpte entries at a time. c101= [NET] Moxa C101 synchronous serial card cachesize= [BUGS=X86-32] Override level 2 CPU cache size detection. Sometimes CPU hardware bugs make them report the cache size incorrectly. The kernel will attempt work arounds to fix known problems, but for some CPUs it is not possible to determine what the correct size should be. This option provides an override for these situations. ccw_timeout_log [S390] See Documentation/s390/CommonIO for details. cgroup_disable= [KNL] Disable a particular controller Format: {name of the controller(s) to disable} The effects of cgroup_disable=foo are: - foo isn't auto-mounted if you mount all cgroups in a single hierarchy - foo isn't visible as an individually mountable subsystem {Currently only "memory" controller deal with this and cut the overhead, others just disable the usage. So only cgroup_disable=memory is actually worthy} checkreqprot [SELINUX] Set initial checkreqprot flag value. Format: { "0" | "1" } See security/selinux/Kconfig help text. 0 -- check protection applied by kernel (includes any implied execute protection). 1 -- check protection requested by application. Default value is set via a kernel config option. Value can be changed at runtime via /selinux/checkreqprot. cio_ignore= [S390] See Documentation/s390/CommonIO for details. clk_ignore_unused [CLK] Keep all clocks already enabled by bootloader on, even if no driver has claimed them. This is useful for debug and development, but should not be needed on a platform with proper driver support. For more information, see Documentation/clk.txt. clock= [BUGS=X86-32, HW] gettimeofday clocksource override. [Deprecated] Forces specified clocksource (if available) to be used when calculating gettimeofday(). If specified clocksource is not available, it defaults to PIT. Format: { pit | tsc | cyclone | pmtmr } clocksource= Override the default clocksource Format: <string> Override the default clocksource and use the clocksource with the name specified. Some clocksource names to choose from, depending on the platform: [all] jiffies (this is the base, fallback clocksource) [ACPI] acpi_pm [ARM] imx_timer1,OSTS,netx_timer,mpu_timer2, pxa_timer,timer3,32k_counter,timer0_1 [AVR32] avr32 [X86-32] pit,hpet,tsc; scx200_hrt on Geode; cyclone on IBM x440 [MIPS] MIPS [PARISC] cr16 [S390] tod [SH] SuperH [SPARC64] tick [X86-64] hpet,tsc clearcpuid=BITNUM [X86] Disable CPUID feature X for the kernel. See arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h for the valid bit numbers. Note the Linux specific bits are not necessarily stable over kernel options, but the vendor specific ones should be. Also note that user programs calling CPUID directly or using the feature without checking anything will still see it. This just prevents it from being used by the kernel or shown in /proc/cpuinfo. Also note the kernel might malfunction if you disable some critical bits. cma=nn[MG] [ARM,KNL] Sets the size of kernel global memory area for contiguous memory allocations. For more information, see include/linux/dma-contiguous.h cmo_free_hint= [PPC] Format: { yes | no } Specify whether pages are marked as being inactive when they are freed. This is used in CMO environments to determine OS memory pressure for page stealing by a hypervisor. Default: yes coherent_pool=nn[KMG] [ARM,KNL] Sets the size of memory pool for coherent, atomic dma allocations, by default set to 256K. code_bytes [X86] How many bytes of object code to print in an oops report. Range: 0 - 8192 Default: 64 com20020= [HW,NET] ARCnet - COM20020 chipset Format: <io>[,<irq>[,<nodeID>[,<backplane>[,<ckp>[,<timeout>]]]]] com90io= [HW,NET] ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (IO-mapped buffers) Format: <io>[,<irq>] com90xx= [HW,NET] ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (memory-mapped buffers) Format: <io>[,<irq>[,<memstart>]] condev= [HW,S390] console device conmode= console= [KNL] Output console device and options. tty<n> Use the virtual console device <n>. ttyS<n>[,options] ttyUSB0[,options] Use the specified serial port. The options are of the form "bbbbpnf", where "bbbb" is the baud rate, "p" is parity ("n", "o", or "e"), "n" is number of bits, and "f" is flow control ("r" for RTS or omit it). Default is "9600n8". See Documentation/serial-console.txt for more information. See Documentation/networking/netconsole.txt for an alternative. uart[8250],io,<addr>[,options] uart[8250],mmio,<addr>[,options] Start an early, polled-mode console on the 8250/16550 UART at the specified I/O port or MMIO address, switching to the matching ttyS device later. The options are the same as for ttyS, above. hvc<n> Use the hypervisor console device <n>. This is for both Xen and PowerPC hypervisors. If the device connected to the port is not a TTY but a braille device, prepend "brl," before the device type, for instance console=brl,ttyS0 For now, only VisioBraille is supported. consoleblank= [KNL] The console blank (screen saver) timeout in seconds. Defaults to 10*60 = 10mins. A value of 0 disables the blank timer. coredump_filter= [KNL] Change the default value for /proc/<pid>/coredump_filter. See also Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt. cpuidle.off=1 [CPU_IDLE] disable the cpuidle sub-system cpcihp_generic= [HW,PCI] Generic port I/O CompactPCI driver Format: <first_slot>,<last_slot>,<port>,<enum_bit>[,<debug>] crashkernel=size[KMG][@offset[KMG]] [KNL] Using kexec, Linux can switch to a 'crash kernel' upon panic. This parameter reserves the physical memory region [offset, offset + size] for that kernel image. If '@offset' is omitted, then a suitable offset is selected automatically. Check Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt for further details. crashkernel=range1:size1[,range2:size2,...][@offset] [KNL] Same as above, but depends on the memory in the running system. The syntax of range is start-[end] where start and end are both a memory unit (amount[KMG]). See also Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt for an example. crashkernel=size[KMG],high [KNL, x86_64] range could be above 4G. Allow kernel to allocate physical memory region from top, so could be above 4G if system have more than 4G ram installed. Otherwise memory region will be allocated below 4G, if available. It will be ignored if crashkernel=X is specified. crashkernel=size[KMG],low [KNL, x86_64] range under 4G. When crashkernel=X,high is passed, kernel could allocate physical memory region above 4G, that cause second kernel crash on system that require some amount of low memory, e.g. swiotlb requires at least 64M+32K low memory. Kernel would try to allocate 72M below 4G automatically. This one let user to specify own low range under 4G for second kernel instead. 0: to disable low allocation. It will be ignored when crashkernel=X,high is not used or memory reserved is below 4G. cs89x0_dma= [HW,NET] Format: <dma> cs89x0_media= [HW,NET] Format: { rj45 | aui | bnc } dasd= [HW,NET] See header of drivers/s390/block/dasd_devmap.c. db9.dev[2|3]= [HW,JOY] Multisystem joystick support via parallel port (one device per port) Format: <port#>,<type> See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt ddebug_query= [KNL,DYNAMIC_DEBUG] Enable debug messages at early boot time. See Documentation/dynamic-debug-howto.txt for details. Deprecated, see dyndbg. debug [KNL] Enable kernel debugging (events log level). debug_locks_verbose= [KNL] verbose self-tests Format=<0|1> Print debugging info while doing the locking API self-tests. We default to 0 (no extra messages), setting it to 1 will print _a lot_ more information - normally only useful to kernel developers. debug_objects [KNL] Enable object debugging no_debug_objects [KNL] Disable object debugging debug_guardpage_minorder= [KNL] When CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC is set, this parameter allows control of the order of pages that will be intentionally kept free (and hence protected) by the buddy allocator. Bigger value increase the probability of catching random memory corruption, but reduce the amount of memory for normal system use. The maximum possible value is MAX_ORDER/2. Setting this parameter to 1 or 2 should be enough to identify most random memory corruption problems caused by bugs in kernel or driver code when a CPU writes to (or reads from) a random memory location. Note that there exists a class of memory corruptions problems caused by buggy H/W or F/W or by drivers badly programing DMA (basically when memory is written at bus level and the CPU MMU is bypassed) which are not detectable by CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC, hence this option will not help tracking down these problems. debugpat [X86] Enable PAT debugging decnet.addr= [HW,NET] Format: <area>[,<node>] See also Documentation/networking/decnet.txt. default_hugepagesz= [same as hugepagesz=] The size of the default HugeTLB page size. This is the size represented by the legacy /proc/ hugepages APIs, used for SHM, and default size when mounting hugetlbfs filesystems. Defaults to the default architecture's huge page size if not specified. dhash_entries= [KNL] Set number of hash buckets for dentry cache. digi= [HW,SERIAL] IO parameters + enable/disable command. digiepca= [HW,SERIAL] See drivers/char/README.epca and Documentation/serial/digiepca.txt. disable= [IPV6] See Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt. disable_cpu_apicid= [X86,APIC,SMP] Format: <int> The number of initial APIC ID for the corresponding CPU to be disabled at boot, mostly used for the kdump 2nd kernel to disable BSP to wake up multiple CPUs without causing system reset or hang due to sending INIT from AP to BSP. disable_ddw [PPC/PSERIES] Disable Dynamic DMA Window support. Use this if to workaround buggy firmware. disable_ipv6= [IPV6] See Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt. disable_mtrr_cleanup [X86] The kernel tries to adjust MTRR layout from continuous to discrete, to make X server driver able to add WB entry later. This parameter disables that. disable_mtrr_trim [X86, Intel and AMD only] By default the kernel will trim any uncacheable memory out of your available memory pool based on MTRR settings. This parameter disables that behavior, possibly causing your machine to run very slowly. disable_timer_pin_1 [X86] Disable PIN 1 of APIC timer Can be useful to work around chipset bugs. dma_debug=off If the kernel is compiled with DMA_API_DEBUG support, this option disables the debugging code at boot. dma_debug_entries=<number> This option allows to tune the number of preallocated entries for DMA-API debugging code. One entry is required per DMA-API allocation. Use this if the DMA-API debugging code disables itself because the architectural default is too low. dma_debug_driver=<driver_name> With this option the DMA-API debugging driver filter feature can be enabled at boot time. Just pass the driver to filter for as the parameter. The filter can be disabled or changed to another driver later using sysfs. drm_kms_helper.edid_firmware=[<connector>:]<file> Broken monitors, graphic adapters and KVMs may send no or incorrect EDID data sets. This parameter allows to specify an EDID data set in the /lib/firmware directory that is used instead. Generic built-in EDID data sets are used, if one of edid/1024x768.bin, edid/1280x1024.bin, edid/1680x1050.bin, or edid/1920x1080.bin is given and no file with the same name exists. Details and instructions how to build your own EDID data are available in Documentation/EDID/HOWTO.txt. An EDID data set will only be used for a particular connector, if its name and a colon are prepended to the EDID name. dscc4.setup= [NET] dyndbg[="val"] [KNL,DYNAMIC_DEBUG] module.dyndbg[="val"] Enable debug messages at boot time. See Documentation/dynamic-debug-howto.txt for details. earlycon= [KNL] Output early console device and options. uart[8250],io,<addr>[,options] uart[8250],mmio,<addr>[,options] uart[8250],mmio32,<addr>[,options] Start an early, polled-mode console on the 8250/16550 UART at the specified I/O port or MMIO address. MMIO inter-register address stride is either 8-bit (mmio) or 32-bit (mmio32). The options are the same as for ttyS, above. earlyprintk= [X86,SH,BLACKFIN,ARM] earlyprintk=vga earlyprintk=efi earlyprintk=xen earlyprintk=serial[,ttySn[,baudrate]] earlyprintk=serial[,0x...[,baudrate]] earlyprintk=ttySn[,baudrate] earlyprintk=dbgp[debugController#] earlyprintk is useful when the kernel crashes before the normal console is initialized. It is not enabled by default because it has some cosmetic problems. Append ",keep" to not disable it when the real console takes over. Only one of vga, efi, serial, or usb debug port can be used at a time. Currently only ttyS0 and ttyS1 may be specified by name. Other I/O ports may be explicitly specified on some architectures (x86 and arm at least) by replacing ttySn with an I/O port address, like this: earlyprintk=serial,0x1008,115200 You can find the port for a given device in /proc/tty/driver/serial: 2: uart:ST16650V2 port:00001008 irq:18 ... Interaction with the standard serial driver is not very good. The VGA and EFI output is eventually overwritten by the real console. The xen output can only be used by Xen PV guests. edac_report= [HW,EDAC] Control how to report EDAC event Format: {"on" | "off" | "force"} on: enable EDAC to report H/W event. May be overridden by other higher priority error reporting module. off: disable H/W event reporting through EDAC. force: enforce the use of EDAC to report H/W event. default: on. ekgdboc= [X86,KGDB] Allow early kernel console debugging ekgdboc=kbd This is designed to be used in conjunction with the boot argument: earlyprintk=vga edd= [EDD] Format: {"off" | "on" | "skip[mbr]"} efi= [EFI] Format: { "old_map" } old_map [X86-64]: switch to the old ioremap-based EFI runtime services mapping. 32-bit still uses this one by default. efi_no_storage_paranoia [EFI; X86] Using this parameter you can use more than 50% of your efi variable storage. Use this parameter only if you are really sure that your UEFI does sane gc and fulfills the spec otherwise your board may brick. eisa_irq_edge= [PARISC,HW] See header of drivers/parisc/eisa.c. elanfreq= [X86-32] See comment before function elanfreq_setup() in arch/x86/kernel/cpu/cpufreq/elanfreq.c. elevator= [IOSCHED] Format: {"cfq" | "deadline" | "noop"} See Documentation/block/cfq-iosched.txt and Documentation/block/deadline-iosched.txt for details. elfcorehdr=[size[KMG]@]offset[KMG] [IA64,PPC,SH,X86,S390] Specifies physical address of start of kernel core image elf header and optionally the size. Generally kexec loader will pass this option to capture kernel. See Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt for details. enable_mtrr_cleanup [X86] The kernel tries to adjust MTRR layout from continuous to discrete, to make X server driver able to add WB entry later. This parameter enables that. enable_timer_pin_1 [X86] Enable PIN 1 of APIC timer Can be useful to work around chipset bugs (in particular on some ATI chipsets). The kernel tries to set a reasonable default. enforcing [SELINUX] Set initial enforcing status. Format: {"0" | "1"} See security/selinux/Kconfig help text. 0 -- permissive (log only, no denials). 1 -- enforcing (deny and log). Default value is 0. Value can be changed at runtime via /selinux/enforce. erst_disable [ACPI] Disable Error Record Serialization Table (ERST) support. ether= [HW,NET] Ethernet cards parameters This option is obsoleted by the "netdev=" option, which has equivalent usage. See its documentation for details. evm= [EVM] Format: { "fix" } Permit 'security.evm' to be updated regardless of current integrity status. failslab= fail_page_alloc= fail_make_request=[KNL] General fault injection mechanism. Format: <interval>,<probability>,<space>,<times> See also Documentation/fault-injection/. floppy= [HW] See Documentation/blockdev/floppy.txt. force_pal_cache_flush [IA-64] Avoid check_sal_cache_flush which may hang on buggy SAL_CACHE_FLUSH implementations. Using this parameter will force ia64_sal_cache_flush to call ia64_pal_cache_flush instead of SAL_CACHE_FLUSH. ftrace=[tracer] [FTRACE] will set and start the specified tracer as early as possible in order to facilitate early boot debugging. ftrace_dump_on_oops[=orig_cpu] [FTRACE] will dump the trace buffers on oops. If no parameter is passed, ftrace will dump buffers of all CPUs, but if you pass orig_cpu, it will dump only the buffer of the CPU that triggered the oops. ftrace_filter=[function-list] [FTRACE] Limit the functions traced by the function tracer at boot up. function-list is a comma separated list of functions. This list can be changed at run time by the set_ftrace_filter file in the debugfs tracing directory. ftrace_notrace=[function-list] [FTRACE] Do not trace the functions specified in function-list. This list can be changed at run time by the set_ftrace_notrace file in the debugfs tracing directory. ftrace_graph_filter=[function-list] [FTRACE] Limit the top level callers functions traced by the function graph tracer at boot up. function-list is a comma separated list of functions that can be changed at run time by the set_graph_function file in the debugfs tracing directory. gamecon.map[2|3]= [HW,JOY] Multisystem joystick and NES/SNES/PSX pad support via parallel port (up to 5 devices per port) Format: <port#>,<pad1>,<pad2>,<pad3>,<pad4>,<pad5> See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt gamma= [HW,DRM] gart_fix_e820= [X86_64] disable the fix e820 for K8 GART Format: off | on default: on gcov_persist= [GCOV] When non-zero (default), profiling data for kernel modules is saved and remains accessible via debugfs, even when the module is unloaded/reloaded. When zero, profiling data is discarded and associated debugfs files are removed at module unload time. gpt [EFI] Forces disk with valid GPT signature but invalid Protective MBR to be treated as GPT. If the primary GPT is corrupted, it enables the backup/alternate GPT to be used instead. grcan.enable0= [HW] Configuration of physical interface 0. Determines the "Enable 0" bit of the configuration register. Format: 0 | 1 Default: 0 grcan.enable1= [HW] Configuration of physical interface 1. Determines the "Enable 0" bit of the configuration register. Format: 0 | 1 Default: 0 grcan.select= [HW] Select which physical interface to use. Format: 0 | 1 Default: 0 grcan.txsize= [HW] Sets the size of the tx buffer. Format: <unsigned int> such that (txsize & ~0x1fffc0) == 0. Default: 1024 grcan.rxsize= [HW] Sets the size of the rx buffer. Format: <unsigned int> such that (rxsize & ~0x1fffc0) == 0. Default: 1024 hashdist= [KNL,NUMA] Large hashes allocated during boot are distributed across NUMA nodes. Defaults on for 64-bit NUMA, off otherwise. Format: 0 | 1 (for off | on) hcl= [IA-64] SGI's Hardware Graph compatibility layer hd= [EIDE] (E)IDE hard drive subsystem geometry Format: <cyl>,<head>,<sect> hest_disable [ACPI] Disable Hardware Error Source Table (HEST) support; corresponding firmware-first mode error processing logic will be disabled. highmem=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT] forces the highmem zone to have an exact size of <nn>. This works even on boxes that have no highmem otherwise. This also works to reduce highmem size on bigger boxes. highres= [KNL] Enable/disable high resolution timer mode. Valid parameters: "on", "off" Default: "on" hisax= [HW,ISDN] See Documentation/isdn/README.HiSax. hlt [BUGS=ARM,SH] hpet= [X86-32,HPET] option to control HPET usage Format: { enable (default) | disable | force | verbose } disable: disable HPET and use PIT instead force: allow force enabled of undocumented chips (ICH4, VIA, nVidia) verbose: show contents of HPET registers during setup hpet_mmap= [X86, HPET_MMAP] Allow userspace to mmap HPET registers. Default set by CONFIG_HPET_MMAP_DEFAULT. hugepages= [HW,X86-32,IA-64] HugeTLB pages to allocate at boot. hugepagesz= [HW,IA-64,PPC,X86-64] The size of the HugeTLB pages. On x86-64 and powerpc, this option can be specified multiple times interleaved with hugepages= to reserve huge pages of different sizes. Valid pages sizes on x86-64 are 2M (when the CPU supports "pse") and 1G (when the CPU supports the "pdpe1gb" cpuinfo flag) Note that 1GB pages can only be allocated at boot time using hugepages= and not freed afterwards. hvc_iucv= [S390] Number of z/VM IUCV hypervisor console (HVC) terminal devices. Valid values: 0..8 hvc_iucv_allow= [S390] Comma-separated list of z/VM user IDs. If specified, z/VM IUCV HVC accepts connections from listed z/VM user IDs only. hwthread_map= [METAG] Comma-separated list of Linux cpu id to hardware thread id mappings. Format: <cpu>:<hwthread> keep_bootcon [KNL] Do not unregister boot console at start. This is only useful for debugging when something happens in the window between unregistering the boot console and initializing the real console. i2c_bus= [HW] Override the default board specific I2C bus speed or register an additional I2C bus that is not registered from board initialization code. Format: <bus_id>,<clkrate> i8042.debug [HW] Toggle i8042 debug mode i8042.direct [HW] Put keyboard port into non-translated mode i8042.dumbkbd [HW] Pretend that controller can only read data from keyboard and cannot control its state (Don't attempt to blink the leds) i8042.noaux [HW] Don't check for auxiliary (== mouse) port i8042.nokbd [HW] Don't check/create keyboard port i8042.noloop [HW] Disable the AUX Loopback command while probing for the AUX port i8042.nomux [HW] Don't check presence of an active multiplexing controller i8042.nopnp [HW] Don't use ACPIPnP / PnPBIOS to discover KBD/AUX controllers i8042.notimeout [HW] Ignore timeout condition signalled by controller i8042.reset [HW] Reset the controller during init and cleanup i8042.unlock [HW] Unlock (ignore) the keylock i810= [HW,DRM] i8k.ignore_dmi [HW] Continue probing hardware even if DMI data indicates that the driver is running on unsupported hardware. i8k.force [HW] Activate i8k driver even if SMM BIOS signature does not match list of supported models. i8k.power_status [HW] Report power status in /proc/i8k (disabled by default) i8k.restricted [HW] Allow controlling fans only if SYS_ADMIN capability is set. i915.invert_brightness= [DRM] Invert the sense of the variable that is used to set the brightness of the panel backlight. Normally a brightness value of 0 indicates backlight switched off, and the maximum of the brightness value sets the backlight to maximum brightness. If this parameter is set to 0 (default) and the machine requires it, or this parameter is set to 1, a brightness value of 0 sets the backlight to maximum brightness, and the maximum of the brightness value switches the backlight off. -1 -- never invert brightness 0 -- machine default 1 -- force brightness inversion icn= [HW,ISDN] Format: <io>[,<membase>[,<icn_id>[,<icn_id2>]]] ide-core.nodma= [HW] (E)IDE subsystem Format: =0.0 to prevent dma on hda, =0.1 hdb =1.0 hdc .vlb_clock .pci_clock .noflush .nohpa .noprobe .nowerr .cdrom .chs .ignore_cable are additional options See Documentation/ide/ide.txt. ide-pci-generic.all-generic-ide [HW] (E)IDE subsystem Claim all unknown PCI IDE storage controllers. idle= [X86] Format: idle=poll, idle=halt, idle=nomwait Poll forces a polling idle loop that can slightly improve the performance of waking up a idle CPU, but will use a lot of power and make the system run hot. Not recommended. idle=halt: Halt is forced to be used for CPU idle. In such case C2/C3 won't be used again. idle=nomwait: Disable mwait for CPU C-states ignore_loglevel [KNL] Ignore loglevel setting - this will print /all/ kernel messages to the console. Useful for debugging. We also add it as printk module parameter, so users could change it dynamically, usually by /sys/module/printk/parameters/ignore_loglevel. ihash_entries= [KNL] Set number of hash buckets for inode cache. ima_appraise= [IMA] appraise integrity measurements Format: { "off" | "enforce" | "fix" } default: "enforce" ima_appraise_tcb [IMA] The builtin appraise policy appraises all files owned by uid=0. ima_hash= [IMA] Format: { md5 | sha1 | rmd160 | sha256 | sha384 | sha512 | ... } default: "sha1" The list of supported hash algorithms is defined in crypto/hash_info.h. ima_tcb [IMA] Load a policy which meets the needs of the Trusted Computing Base. This means IMA will measure all programs exec'd, files mmap'd for exec, and all files opened for read by uid=0. ima_template= [IMA] Select one of defined IMA measurements template formats. Formats: { "ima" | "ima-ng" } Default: "ima-ng" init= [KNL] Format: <full_path> Run specified binary instead of /sbin/init as init process. initcall_debug [KNL] Trace initcalls as they are executed. Useful for working out where the kernel is dying during startup. initrd= [BOOT] Specify the location of the initial ramdisk inport.irq= [HW] Inport (ATI XL and Microsoft) busmouse driver Format: <irq> int_pln_enable [x86] Enable power limit notification interrupt integrity_audit=[IMA] Format: { "0" | "1" } 0 -- basic integrity auditing messages. (Default) 1 -- additional integrity auditing messages. intel_iommu= [DMAR] Intel IOMMU driver (DMAR) option on Enable intel iommu driver. off Disable intel iommu driver. igfx_off [Default Off] By default, gfx is mapped as normal device. If a gfx device has a dedicated DMAR unit, the DMAR unit is bypassed by not enabling DMAR with this option. In this case, gfx device will use physical address for DMA. forcedac [x86_64] With this option iommu will not optimize to look for io virtual address below 32-bit forcing dual address cycle on pci bus for cards supporting greater than 32-bit addressing. The default is to look for translation below 32-bit and if not available then look in the higher range. strict [Default Off] With this option on every unmap_single operation will result in a hardware IOTLB flush operation as opposed to batching them for performance. sp_off [Default Off] By default, super page will be supported if Intel IOMMU has the capability. With this option, super page will not be supported. intel_idle.max_cstate= [KNL,HW,ACPI,X86] 0 disables intel_idle and fall back on acpi_idle. 1 to 6 specify maximum depth of C-state. intel_pstate= [X86] disable Do not enable intel_pstate as the default scaling driver for the supported processors intremap= [X86-64, Intel-IOMMU] on enable Interrupt Remapping (default) off disable Interrupt Remapping nosid disable Source ID checking no_x2apic_optout BIOS x2APIC opt-out request will be ignored iomem= Disable strict checking of access to MMIO memory strict regions from userspace. relaxed iommu= [x86] off force noforce biomerge panic nopanic merge nomerge forcesac soft pt [x86, IA-64] io7= [HW] IO7 for Marvel based alpha systems See comment before marvel_specify_io7 in arch/alpha/kernel/core_marvel.c. io_delay= [X86] I/O delay method 0x80 Standard port 0x80 based delay 0xed Alternate port 0xed based delay (needed on some systems) udelay Simple two microseconds delay none No delay ip= [IP_PNP] See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt. ip2= [HW] Set IO/IRQ pairs for up to 4 IntelliPort boards See comment before ip2_setup() in drivers/char/ip2/ip2base.c. irqfixup [HW] When an interrupt is not handled search all handlers for it. Intended to get systems with badly broken firmware running. irqpoll [HW] When an interrupt is not handled search all handlers for it. Also check all handlers each timer interrupt. Intended to get systems with badly broken firmware running. isapnp= [ISAPNP] Format: <RDP>,<reset>,<pci_scan>,<verbosity> isolcpus= [KNL,SMP] Isolate CPUs from the general scheduler. Format: <cpu number>,...,<cpu number> or <cpu number>-<cpu number> (must be a positive range in ascending order) or a mixture <cpu number>,...,<cpu number>-<cpu number> This option can be used to specify one or more CPUs to isolate from the general SMP balancing and scheduling algorithms. You can move a process onto or off an "isolated" CPU via the CPU affinity syscalls or cpuset. <cpu number> begins at 0 and the maximum value is "number of CPUs in system - 1". This option is the preferred way to isolate CPUs. The alternative -- manually setting the CPU mask of all tasks in the system -- can cause problems and suboptimal load balancer performance. iucv= [HW,NET] ivrs_ioapic [HW,X86_64] Provide an override to the IOAPIC-ID<->DEVICE-ID mapping provided in the IVRS ACPI table. For example, to map IOAPIC-ID decimal 10 to PCI device 00:14.0 write the parameter as: ivrs_ioapic[10]=00:14.0 ivrs_hpet [HW,X86_64] Provide an override to the HPET-ID<->DEVICE-ID mapping provided in the IVRS ACPI table. For example, to map HPET-ID decimal 0 to PCI device 00:14.0 write the parameter as: ivrs_hpet[0]=00:14.0 js= [HW,JOY] Analog joystick See Documentation/input/joystick.txt. keepinitrd [HW,ARM] kernelcore=nn[KMG] [KNL,X86,IA-64,PPC] This parameter specifies the amount of memory usable by the kernel for non-movable allocations. The requested amount is spread evenly throughout all nodes in the system. The remaining memory in each node is used for Movable pages. In the event, a node is too small to have both kernelcore and Movable pages, kernelcore pages will take priority and other nodes will have a larger number of Movable pages. The Movable zone is used for the allocation of pages that may be reclaimed or moved by the page migration subsystem. This means that HugeTLB pages may not be allocated from this zone. Note that allocations like PTEs-from-HighMem still use the HighMem zone if it exists, and the Normal zone if it does not. kgdbdbgp= [KGDB,HW] kgdb over EHCI usb debug port. Format: <Controller#>[,poll interval] The controller # is the number of the ehci usb debug port as it is probed via PCI. The poll interval is optional and is the number seconds in between each poll cycle to the debug port in case you need the functionality for interrupting the kernel with gdb or control-c on the dbgp connection. When not using this parameter you use sysrq-g to break into the kernel debugger. kgdboc= [KGDB,HW] kgdb over consoles. Requires a tty driver that supports console polling, or a supported polling keyboard driver (non-usb). Serial only format: <serial_device>[,baud] keyboard only format: kbd keyboard and serial format: kbd,<serial_device>[,baud] Optional Kernel mode setting: kms, kbd format: kms,kbd kms, kbd and serial format: kms,kbd,<ser_dev>[,baud] kgdbwait [KGDB] Stop kernel execution and enter the kernel debugger at the earliest opportunity. kmac= [MIPS] korina ethernet MAC address. Configure the RouterBoard 532 series on-chip Ethernet adapter MAC address. kmemleak= [KNL] Boot-time kmemleak enable/disable Valid arguments: on, off Default: on kmemcheck= [X86] Boot-time kmemcheck enable/disable/one-shot mode Valid arguments: 0, 1, 2 kmemcheck=0 (disabled) kmemcheck=1 (enabled) kmemcheck=2 (one-shot mode) Default: 2 (one-shot mode) kstack=N [X86] Print N words from the kernel stack in oops dumps. kvm.ignore_msrs=[KVM] Ignore guest accesses to unhandled MSRs. Default is 0 (don't ignore, but inject #GP) kvm.mmu_audit= [KVM] This is a R/W parameter which allows audit KVM MMU at runtime. Default is 0 (off) kvm-amd.nested= [KVM,AMD] Allow nested virtualization in KVM/SVM. Default is 1 (enabled) kvm-amd.npt= [KVM,AMD] Disable nested paging (virtualized MMU) for all guests. Default is 1 (enabled) if in 64-bit or 32-bit PAE mode. kvm-intel.ept= [KVM,Intel] Disable extended page tables (virtualized MMU) support on capable Intel chips. Default is 1 (enabled) kvm-intel.emulate_invalid_guest_state= [KVM,Intel] Enable emulation of invalid guest states Default is 0 (disabled) kvm-intel.flexpriority= [KVM,Intel] Disable FlexPriority feature (TPR shadow). Default is 1 (enabled) kvm-intel.nested= [KVM,Intel] Enable VMX nesting (nVMX). Default is 0 (disabled) kvm-intel.unrestricted_guest= [KVM,Intel] Disable unrestricted guest feature (virtualized real and unpaged mode) on capable Intel chips. Default is 1 (enabled) kvm-intel.vpid= [KVM,Intel] Disable Virtual Processor Identification feature (tagged TLBs) on capable Intel chips. Default is 1 (enabled) l2cr= [PPC] l3cr= [PPC] lapic [X86-32,APIC] Enable the local APIC even if BIOS disabled it. lapic= [x86,APIC] "notscdeadline" Do not use TSC deadline value for LAPIC timer one-shot implementation. Default back to the programmable timer unit in the LAPIC. lapic_timer_c2_ok [X86,APIC] trust the local apic timer in C2 power state. libata.dma= [LIBATA] DMA control libata.dma=0 Disable all PATA and SATA DMA libata.dma=1 PATA and SATA Disk DMA only libata.dma=2 ATAPI (CDROM) DMA only libata.dma=4 Compact Flash DMA only Combinations also work, so libata.dma=3 enables DMA for disks and CDROMs, but not CFs. libata.ignore_hpa= [LIBATA] Ignore HPA limit libata.ignore_hpa=0 keep BIOS limits (default) libata.ignore_hpa=1 ignore limits, using full disk libata.noacpi [LIBATA] Disables use of ACPI in libata suspend/resume when set. Format: <int> libata.force= [LIBATA] Force configurations. The format is comma separated list of "[ID:]VAL" where ID is PORT[.DEVICE]. PORT and DEVICE are decimal numbers matching port, link or device. Basically, it matches the ATA ID string printed on console by libata. If the whole ID part is omitted, the last PORT and DEVICE values are used. If ID hasn't been specified yet, the configuration applies to all ports, links and devices. If only DEVICE is omitted, the parameter applies to the port and all links and devices behind it. DEVICE number of 0 either selects the first device or the first fan-out link behind PMP device. It does not select the host link. DEVICE number of 15 selects the host link and device attached to it. The VAL specifies the configuration to force. As long as there's no ambiguity shortcut notation is allowed. For example, both 1.5 and 1.5G would work for 1.5Gbps. The following configurations can be forced. * Cable type: 40c, 80c, short40c, unk, ign or sata. Any ID with matching PORT is used. * SATA link speed limit: 1.5Gbps or 3.0Gbps. * Transfer mode: pio[0-7], mwdma[0-4] and udma[0-7]. udma[/][16,25,33,44,66,100,133] notation is also allowed. * [no]ncq: Turn on or off NCQ. * nohrst, nosrst, norst: suppress hard, soft and both resets. * rstonce: only attempt one reset during hot-unplug link recovery * dump_id: dump IDENTIFY data. * atapi_dmadir: Enable ATAPI DMADIR bridge support * disable: Disable this device. If there are multiple matching configurations changing the same attribute, the last one is used. memblock=debug [KNL] Enable memblock debug messages. load_ramdisk= [RAM] List of ramdisks to load from floppy See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt. lockd.nlm_grace_period=P [NFS] Assign grace period. Format: <integer> lockd.nlm_tcpport=N [NFS] Assign TCP port. Format: <integer> lockd.nlm_timeout=T [NFS] Assign timeout value. Format: <integer> lockd.nlm_udpport=M [NFS] Assign UDP port. Format: <integer> logibm.irq= [HW,MOUSE] Logitech Bus Mouse Driver Format: <irq> loglevel= All Kernel Messages with a loglevel smaller than the console loglevel will be printed to the console. It can also be changed with klogd or other programs. The loglevels are defined as follows: 0 (KERN_EMERG) system is unusable 1 (KERN_ALERT) action must be taken immediately 2 (KERN_CRIT) critical conditions 3 (KERN_ERR) error conditions 4 (KERN_WARNING) warning conditions 5 (KERN_NOTICE) normal but significant condition 6 (KERN_INFO) informational 7 (KERN_DEBUG) debug-level messages log_buf_len=n[KMG] Sets the size of the printk ring buffer, in bytes. n must be a power of two. The default size is set in the kernel config file. logo.nologo [FB] Disables display of the built-in Linux logo. This may be used to provide more screen space for kernel log messages and is useful when debugging kernel boot problems. lp=0 [LP] Specify parallel ports to use, e.g, lp=port[,port...] lp=none,parport0 (lp0 not configured, lp1 uses lp=reset first parallel port). 'lp=0' disables the lp=auto printer driver. 'lp=reset' (which can be specified in addition to the ports) causes attached printers to be reset. Using lp=port1,port2,... specifies the parallel ports to associate lp devices with, starting with lp0. A port specification may be 'none' to skip that lp device, or a parport name such as 'parport0'. Specifying 'lp=auto' instead of a port specification list means that device IDs from each port should be examined, to see if an IEEE 1284-compliant printer is attached; if so, the driver will manage that printer. See also header of drivers/char/lp.c. lpj=n [KNL] Sets loops_per_jiffy to given constant, thus avoiding time-consuming boot-time autodetection (up to 250 ms per CPU). 0 enables autodetection (default). To determine the correct value for your kernel, boot with normal autodetection and see what value is printed. Note that on SMP systems the preset will be applied to all CPUs, which is likely to cause problems if your CPUs need significantly divergent settings. An incorrect value will cause delays in the kernel to be wrong, leading to unpredictable I/O errors and other breakage. Although unlikely, in the extreme case this might damage your hardware. ltpc= [NET] Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma> machvec= [IA-64] Force the use of a particular machine-vector (machvec) in a generic kernel. Example: machvec=hpzx1_swiotlb machtype= [Loongson] Share the same kernel image file between different yeeloong laptop. Example: machtype=lemote-yeeloong-2f-7inch max_addr=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT,ia64] All physical memory greater than or equal to this physical address is ignored. maxcpus= [SMP] Maximum number of processors that an SMP kernel should make use of. maxcpus=n : n >= 0 limits the kernel to using 'n' processors. n=0 is a special case, it is equivalent to "nosmp", which also disables the IO APIC. max_loop= [LOOP] The number of loop block devices that get (loop.max_loop) unconditionally pre-created at init time. The default number is configured by BLK_DEV_LOOP_MIN_COUNT. Instead of statically allocating a predefined number, loop devices can be requested on-demand with the /dev/loop-control interface. mce [X86-32] Machine Check Exception mce=option [X86-64] See Documentation/x86/x86_64/boot-options.txt md= [HW] RAID subsystems devices and level See Documentation/md.txt. mdacon= [MDA] Format: <first>,<last> Specifies range of consoles to be captured by the MDA. mem=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT] Force usage of a specific amount of memory Amount of memory to be used when the kernel is not able to see the whole system memory or for test. [X86] Work as limiting max address. Use together with memmap= to avoid physical address space collisions. Without memmap= PCI devices could be placed at addresses belonging to unused RAM. mem=nopentium [BUGS=X86-32] Disable usage of 4MB pages for kernel memory. memchunk=nn[KMG] [KNL,SH] Allow user to override the default size for per-device physically contiguous DMA buffers. memmap=exactmap [KNL,X86] Enable setting of an exact E820 memory map, as specified by the user. Such memmap=exactmap lines can be constructed based on BIOS output or other requirements. See the memmap=nn@ss option description. memmap=nn[KMG]@ss[KMG] [KNL] Force usage of a specific region of memory. Region of memory to be used is from ss to ss+nn. memmap=nn[KMG]#ss[KMG] [KNL,ACPI] Mark specific memory as ACPI data. Region of memory to be marked is from ss to ss+nn. memmap=nn[KMG]$ss[KMG] [KNL,ACPI] Mark specific memory as reserved. Region of memory to be reserved is from ss to ss+nn. Example: Exclude memory from 0x18690000-0x1869ffff memmap=64K$0x18690000 or memmap=0x10000$0x18690000 memory_corruption_check=0/1 [X86] Some BIOSes seem to corrupt the first 64k of memory when doing things like suspend/resume. Setting this option will scan the memory looking for corruption. Enabling this will both detect corruption and prevent the kernel from using the memory being corrupted. However, its intended as a diagnostic tool; if repeatable BIOS-originated corruption always affects the same memory, you can use memmap= to prevent the kernel from using that memory. memory_corruption_check_size=size [X86] By default it checks for corruption in the low 64k, making this memory unavailable for normal use. Use this parameter to scan for corruption in more or less memory. memory_corruption_check_period=seconds [X86] By default it checks for corruption every 60 seconds. Use this parameter to check at some other rate. 0 disables periodic checking. memtest= [KNL,X86] Enable memtest Format: <integer> default : 0 <disable> Specifies the number of memtest passes to be performed. Each pass selects another test pattern from a given set of patterns. Memtest fills the memory with this pattern, validates memory contents and reserves bad memory regions that are detected. meye.*= [HW] Set MotionEye Camera parameters See Documentation/video4linux/meye.txt. mfgpt_irq= [IA-32] Specify the IRQ to use for the Multi-Function General Purpose Timers on AMD Geode platforms. mfgptfix [X86-32] Fix MFGPT timers on AMD Geode platforms when the BIOS has incorrectly applied a workaround. TinyBIOS version 0.98 is known to be affected, 0.99 fixes the problem by letting the user disable the workaround. mga= [HW,DRM] min_addr=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT,ia64] All physical memory below this physical address is ignored. mini2440= [ARM,HW,KNL] Format:[0..2][b][c][t] Default: "0tb" MINI2440 configuration specification: 0 - The attached screen is the 3.5" TFT 1 - The attached screen is the 7" TFT 2 - The VGA Shield is attached (1024x768) Leaving out the screen size parameter will not load the TFT driver, and the framebuffer will be left unconfigured. b - Enable backlight. The TFT backlight pin will be linked to the kernel VESA blanking code and a GPIO LED. This parameter is not necessary when using the VGA shield. c - Enable the s3c camera interface. t - Reserved for enabling touchscreen support. The touchscreen support is not enabled in the mainstream kernel as of 2.6.30, a preliminary port can be found in the "bleeding edge" mini2440 support kernel at http://repo.or.cz/w/linux-2.6/mini2440.git mminit_loglevel= [KNL] When CONFIG_DEBUG_MEMORY_INIT is set, this parameter allows control of the logging verbosity for the additional memory initialisation checks. A value of 0 disables mminit logging and a level of 4 will log everything. Information is printed at KERN_DEBUG so loglevel=8 may also need to be specified. module.sig_enforce [KNL] When CONFIG_MODULE_SIG is set, this means that modules without (valid) signatures will fail to load. Note that if CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_FORCE is set, that is always true, so this option does nothing. mousedev.tap_time= [MOUSE] Maximum time between finger touching and leaving touchpad surface for touch to be considered a tap and be reported as a left button click (for touchpads working in absolute mode only). Format: <msecs> mousedev.xres= [MOUSE] Horizontal screen resolution, used for devices reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets mousedev.yres= [MOUSE] Vertical screen resolution, used for devices reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets movablecore=nn[KMG] [KNL,X86,IA-64,PPC] This parameter is similar to kernelcore except it specifies the amount of memory used for migratable allocations. If both kernelcore and movablecore is specified, then kernelcore will be at *least* the specified value but may be more. If movablecore on its own is specified, the administrator must be careful that the amount of memory usable for all allocations is not too small. movable_node [KNL,X86] Boot-time switch to enable the effects of CONFIG_MOVABLE_NODE=y. See mm/Kconfig for details. MTD_Partition= [MTD] Format: <name>,<region-number>,<size>,<offset> MTD_Region= [MTD] Format: <name>,<region-number>[,<base>,<size>,<buswidth>,<altbuswidth>] mtdparts= [MTD] See drivers/mtd/cmdlinepart.c. multitce=off [PPC] This parameter disables the use of the pSeries firmware feature for updating multiple TCE entries at a time. onenand.bdry= [HW,MTD] Flex-OneNAND Boundary Configuration Format: [die0_boundary][,die0_lock][,die1_boundary][,die1_lock] boundary - index of last SLC block on Flex-OneNAND. The remaining blocks are configured as MLC blocks. lock - Configure if Flex-OneNAND boundary should be locked. Once locked, the boundary cannot be changed. 1 indicates lock status, 0 indicates unlock status. mtdset= [ARM] ARM/S3C2412 JIVE boot control See arch/arm/mach-s3c2412/mach-jive.c mtouchusb.raw_coordinates= [HW] Make the MicroTouch USB driver use raw coordinates ('y', default) or cooked coordinates ('n') mtrr_chunk_size=nn[KMG] [X86] used for mtrr cleanup. It is largest continuous chunk that could hold holes aka. UC entries. mtrr_gran_size=nn[KMG] [X86] Used for mtrr cleanup. It is granularity of mtrr block. Default is 1. Large value could prevent small alignment from using up MTRRs. mtrr_spare_reg_nr=n [X86] Format: <integer> Range: 0,7 : spare reg number Default : 1 Used for mtrr cleanup. It is spare mtrr entries number. Set to 2 or more if your graphical card needs more. n2= [NET] SDL Inc. RISCom/N2 synchronous serial card netdev= [NET] Network devices parameters Format: <irq>,<io>,<mem_start>,<mem_end>,<name> Note that mem_start is often overloaded to mean something different and driver-specific. This usage is only documented in each driver source file if at all. nf_conntrack.acct= [NETFILTER] Enable connection tracking flow accounting 0 to disable accounting 1 to enable accounting Default value is 0. nfsaddrs= [NFS] Deprecated. Use ip= instead. See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt. nfsroot= [NFS] nfs root filesystem for disk-less boxes. See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt. nfsrootdebug [NFS] enable nfsroot debugging messages. See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt. nfs.callback_tcpport= [NFS] set the TCP port on which the NFSv4 callback channel should listen. nfs.cache_getent= [NFS] sets the pathname to the program which is used to update the NFS client cache entries. nfs.cache_getent_timeout= [NFS] sets the timeout after which an attempt to update a cache entry is deemed to have failed. nfs.idmap_cache_timeout= [NFS] set the maximum lifetime for idmapper cache entries. nfs.enable_ino64= [NFS] enable 64-bit inode numbers. If zero, the NFS client will fake up a 32-bit inode number for the readdir() and stat() syscalls instead of returning the full 64-bit number. The default is to return 64-bit inode numbers. nfs.max_session_slots= [NFSv4.1] Sets the maximum number of session slots the client will attempt to negotiate with the server. This limits the number of simultaneous RPC requests that the client can send to the NFSv4.1 server. Note that there is little point in setting this value higher than the max_tcp_slot_table_limit. nfs.nfs4_disable_idmapping= [NFSv4] When set to the default of '1', this option ensures that both the RPC level authentication scheme and the NFS level operations agree to use numeric uids/gids if the mount is using the 'sec=sys' security flavour. In effect it is disabling idmapping, which can make migration from legacy NFSv2/v3 systems to NFSv4 easier. Servers that do not support this mode of operation will be autodetected by the client, and it will fall back to using the idmapper. To turn off this behaviour, set the value to '0'. nfs.nfs4_unique_id= [NFS4] Specify an additional fixed unique ident- ification string that NFSv4 clients can insert into their nfs_client_id4 string. This is typically a UUID that is generated at system install time. nfs.send_implementation_id = [NFSv4.1] Send client implementation identification information in exchange_id requests. If zero, no implementation identification information will be sent. The default is to send the implementation identification information. nfs.recover_lost_locks = [NFSv4] Attempt to recover locks that were lost due to a lease timeout on the server. Please note that doing this risks data corruption, since there are no guarantees that the file will remain unchanged after the locks are lost. If you want to enable the kernel legacy behaviour of attempting to recover these locks, then set this parameter to '1'. The default parameter value of '0' causes the kernel not to attempt recovery of lost locks. nfsd.nfs4_disable_idmapping= [NFSv4] When set to the default of '1', the NFSv4 server will return only numeric uids and gids to clients using auth_sys, and will accept numeric uids and gids from such clients. This is intended to ease migration from NFSv2/v3. objlayoutdriver.osd_login_prog= [NFS] [OBJLAYOUT] sets the pathname to the program which is used to automatically discover and login into new osd-targets. Please see: Documentation/filesystems/pnfs.txt for more explanations nmi_debug= [KNL,AVR32,SH] Specify one or more actions to take when a NMI is triggered. Format: [state][,regs][,debounce][,die] nmi_watchdog= [KNL,BUGS=X86] Debugging features for SMP kernels Format: [panic,][nopanic,][num] Valid num: 0 0 - turn nmi_watchdog off When panic is specified, panic when an NMI watchdog timeout occurs (or 'nopanic' to override the opposite default). This is useful when you use a panic=... timeout and need the box quickly up again. netpoll.carrier_timeout= [NET] Specifies amount of time (in seconds) that netpoll should wait for a carrier. By default netpoll waits 4 seconds. no387 [BUGS=X86-32] Tells the kernel to use the 387 maths emulation library even if a 387 maths coprocessor is present. no_console_suspend [HW] Never suspend the console Disable suspending of consoles during suspend and hibernate operations. Once disabled, debugging messages can reach various consoles while the rest of the system is being put to sleep (ie, while debugging driver suspend/resume hooks). This may not work reliably with all consoles, but is known to work with serial and VGA consoles. To facilitate more flexible debugging, we also add console_suspend, a printk module parameter to control it. Users could use console_suspend (usually /sys/module/printk/parameters/console_suspend) to turn on/off it dynamically. noaliencache [MM, NUMA, SLAB] Disables the allocation of alien caches in the slab allocator. Saves per-node memory, but will impact performance. noalign [KNL,ARM] noapic [SMP,APIC] Tells the kernel to not make use of any IOAPICs that may be present in the system. nokaslr [X86] Disable kernel base offset ASLR (Address Space Layout Randomization) if built into the kernel. noautogroup Disable scheduler automatic task group creation. nobats [PPC] Do not use BATs for mapping kernel lowmem on "Classic" PPC cores. nocache [ARM] noclflush [BUGS=X86] Don't use the CLFLUSH instruction nodelayacct [KNL] Disable per-task delay accounting nodisconnect [HW,SCSI,M68K] Disables SCSI disconnects. nodsp [SH] Disable hardware DSP at boot time. noefi [X86] Disable EFI runtime services support. noexec [IA-64] noexec [X86] On X86-32 available only on PAE configured kernels. noexec=on: enable non-executable mappings (default) noexec=off: disable non-executable mappings nosmap [X86] Disable SMAP (Supervisor Mode Access Prevention) even if it is supported by processor. nosmep [X86] Disable SMEP (Supervisor Mode Execution Prevention) even if it is supported by processor. noexec32 [X86-64] This affects only 32-bit executables. noexec32=on: enable non-executable mappings (default) read doesn't imply executable mappings noexec32=off: disable non-executable mappings read implies executable mappings nofpu [SH] Disable hardware FPU at boot time. nofxsr [BUGS=X86-32] Disables x86 floating point extended register save and restore. The kernel will only save legacy floating-point registers on task switch. noxsave [BUGS=X86] Disables x86 extended register state save and restore using xsave. The kernel will fallback to enabling legacy floating-point and sse state. eagerfpu= [X86] on enable eager fpu restore off disable eager fpu restore auto selects the default scheme, which automatically enables eagerfpu restore for xsaveopt. nohlt [BUGS=ARM,SH] Tells the kernel that the sleep(SH) or wfi(ARM) instruction doesn't work correctly and not to use it. This is also useful when using JTAG debugger. no_file_caps Tells the kernel not to honor file capabilities. The only way then for a file to be executed with privilege is to be setuid root or executed by root. nohalt [IA-64] Tells the kernel not to use the power saving function PAL_HALT_LIGHT when idle. This increases power-consumption. On the positive side, it reduces interrupt wake-up latency, which may improve performance in certain environments such as networked servers or real-time systems. nohz= [KNL] Boottime enable/disable dynamic ticks Valid arguments: on, off Default: on nohz_full= [KNL,BOOT] In kernels built with CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=y, set the specified list of CPUs whose tick will be stopped whenever possible. The boot CPU will be forced outside the range to maintain the timekeeping. The CPUs in this range must also be included in the rcu_nocbs= set. noiotrap [SH] Disables trapped I/O port accesses. noirqdebug [X86-32] Disables the code which attempts to detect and disable unhandled interrupt sources. no_timer_check [X86,APIC] Disables the code which tests for broken timer IRQ sources. noisapnp [ISAPNP] Disables ISA PnP code. noinitrd [RAM] Tells the kernel not to load any configured initial RAM disk. nointremap [X86-64, Intel-IOMMU] Do not enable interrupt remapping. [Deprecated - use intremap=off] nointroute [IA-64] nojitter [IA-64] Disables jitter checking for ITC timers. no-kvmclock [X86,KVM] Disable paravirtualized KVM clock driver no-kvmapf [X86,KVM] Disable paravirtualized asynchronous page fault handling. no-steal-acc [X86,KVM] Disable paravirtualized steal time accounting. steal time is computed, but won't influence scheduler behaviour nolapic [X86-32,APIC] Do not enable or use the local APIC. nolapic_timer [X86-32,APIC] Do not use the local APIC timer. noltlbs [PPC] Do not use large page/tlb entries for kernel lowmem mapping on PPC40x. nomca [IA-64] Disable machine check abort handling nomce [X86-32] Machine Check Exception nomfgpt [X86-32] Disable Multi-Function General Purpose Timer usage (for AMD Geode machines). nonmi_ipi [X86] Disable using NMI IPIs during panic/reboot to shutdown the other cpus. Instead use the REBOOT_VECTOR irq. nomodule Disable module load nopat [X86] Disable PAT (page attribute table extension of pagetables) support. norandmaps Don't use address space randomization. Equivalent to echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space noreplace-paravirt [X86,IA-64,PV_OPS] Don't patch paravirt_ops noreplace-smp [X86-32,SMP] Don't replace SMP instructions with UP alternatives nordrand [X86] Disable the direct use of the RDRAND instruction even if it is supported by the processor. RDRAND is still available to user space applications. noresume [SWSUSP] Disables resume and restores original swap space. no-scroll [VGA] Disables scrollback. This is required for the Braillex ib80-piezo Braille reader made by F.H. Papenmeier (Germany). nosbagart [IA-64] nosep [BUGS=X86-32] Disables x86 SYSENTER/SYSEXIT support. nosmp [SMP] Tells an SMP kernel to act as a UP kernel, and disable the IO APIC. legacy for "maxcpus=0". nosoftlockup [KNL] Disable the soft-lockup detector. nosync [HW,M68K] Disables sync negotiation for all devices. notsc [BUGS=X86-32] Disable Time Stamp Counter nousb [USB] Disable the USB subsystem nowatchdog [KNL] Disable the lockup detector (NMI watchdog). nowb [ARM] nox2apic [X86-64,APIC] Do not enable x2APIC mode. cpu0_hotplug [X86] Turn on CPU0 hotplug feature when CONFIG_BOOTPARAM_HOTPLUG_CPU0 is off. Some features depend on CPU0. Known dependencies are: 1. Resume from suspend/hibernate depends on CPU0. Suspend/hibernate will fail if CPU0 is offline and you need to online CPU0 before suspend/hibernate. 2. PIC interrupts also depend on CPU0. CPU0 can't be removed if a PIC interrupt is detected. It's said poweroff/reboot may depend on CPU0 on some machines although I haven't seen such issues so far after CPU0 is offline on a few tested machines. If the dependencies are under your control, you can turn on cpu0_hotplug. nptcg= [IA-64] Override max number of concurrent global TLB purges which is reported from either PAL_VM_SUMMARY or SAL PALO. nr_cpus= [SMP] Maximum number of processors that an SMP kernel could support. nr_cpus=n : n >= 1 limits the kernel to supporting 'n' processors. Later in runtime you can not use hotplug cpu feature to put more cpu back to online. just like you compile the kernel NR_CPUS=n nr_uarts= [SERIAL] maximum number of UARTs to be registered. numa_balancing= [KNL,X86] Enable or disable automatic NUMA balancing. Allowed values are enable and disable numa_zonelist_order= [KNL, BOOT] Select zonelist order for NUMA. one of ['zone', 'node', 'default'] can be specified This can be set from sysctl after boot. See Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt for details. ohci1394_dma=early [HW] enable debugging via the ohci1394 driver. See Documentation/debugging-via-ohci1394.txt for more info. olpc_ec_timeout= [OLPC] ms delay when issuing EC commands Rather than timing out after 20 ms if an EC command is not properly ACKed, override the length of the timeout. We have interrupts disabled while waiting for the ACK, so if this is set too high interrupts *may* be lost! omap_mux= [OMAP] Override bootloader pin multiplexing. Format: <mux_mode0.mode_name=value>... For example, to override I2C bus2: omap_mux=i2c2_scl.i2c2_scl=0x100,i2c2_sda.i2c2_sda=0x100 oprofile.timer= [HW] Use timer interrupt instead of performance counters oprofile.cpu_type= Force an oprofile cpu type This might be useful if you have an older oprofile userland or if you want common events. Format: { arch_perfmon } arch_perfmon: [X86] Force use of architectural perfmon on Intel CPUs instead of the CPU specific event set. timer: [X86] Force use of architectural NMI timer mode (see also oprofile.timer for generic hr timer mode) [s390] Force legacy basic mode sampling (report cpu_type "timer") oops=panic Always panic on oopses. Default is to just kill the process, but there is a small probability of deadlocking the machine. This will also cause panics on machine check exceptions. Useful together with panic=30 to trigger a reboot. OSS [HW,OSS] See Documentation/sound/oss/oss-parameters.txt panic= [KNL] Kernel behaviour on panic: delay <timeout> timeout > 0: seconds before rebooting timeout = 0: wait forever timeout < 0: reboot immediately Format: <timeout> parkbd.port= [HW] Parallel port number the keyboard adapter is connected to, default is 0. Format: <parport#> parkbd.mode= [HW] Parallel port keyboard adapter mode of operation, 0 for XT, 1 for AT (default is AT). Format: <mode> parport= [HW,PPT] Specify parallel ports. 0 disables. Format: { 0 | auto | 0xBBB[,IRQ[,DMA]] } Use 'auto' to force the driver to use any IRQ/DMA settings detected (the default is to ignore detected IRQ/DMA settings because of possible conflicts). You can specify the base address, IRQ, and DMA settings; IRQ and DMA should be numbers, or 'auto' (for using detected settings on that particular port), or 'nofifo' (to avoid using a FIFO even if it is detected). Parallel ports are assigned in the order they are specified on the command line, starting with parport0. parport_init_mode= [HW,PPT] Configure VIA parallel port to operate in a specific mode. This is necessary on Pegasos computer where firmware has no options for setting up parallel port mode and sets it to spp. Currently this function knows 686a and 8231 chips. Format: [spp|ps2|epp|ecp|ecpepp] pause_on_oops= Halt all CPUs after the first oops has been printed for the specified number of seconds. This is to be used if your oopses keep scrolling off the screen. pcbit= [HW,ISDN] pcd. [PARIDE] See header of drivers/block/paride/pcd.c. See also Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt. pci=option[,option...] [PCI] various PCI subsystem options: earlydump [X86] dump PCI config space before the kernel changes anything off [X86] don't probe for the PCI bus bios [X86-32] force use of PCI BIOS, don't access the hardware directly. Use this if your machine has a non-standard PCI host bridge. nobios [X86-32] disallow use of PCI BIOS, only direct hardware access methods are allowed. Use this if you experience crashes upon bootup and you suspect they are caused by the BIOS. conf1 [X86] Force use of PCI Configuration Mechanism 1. conf2 [X86] Force use of PCI Configuration Mechanism 2. noaer [PCIE] If the PCIEAER kernel config parameter is enabled, this kernel boot option can be used to disable the use of PCIE advanced error reporting. nodomains [PCI] Disable support for multiple PCI root domains (aka PCI segments, in ACPI-speak). nommconf [X86] Disable use of MMCONFIG for PCI Configuration check_enable_amd_mmconf [X86] check for and enable properly configured MMIO access to PCI config space on AMD family 10h CPU nomsi [MSI] If the PCI_MSI kernel config parameter is enabled, this kernel boot option can be used to disable the use of MSI interrupts system-wide. noioapicquirk [APIC] Disable all boot interrupt quirks. Safety option to keep boot IRQs enabled. This should never be necessary. ioapicreroute [APIC] Enable rerouting of boot IRQs to the primary IO-APIC for bridges that cannot disable boot IRQs. This fixes a source of spurious IRQs when the system masks IRQs. noioapicreroute [APIC] Disable workaround that uses the boot IRQ equivalent of an IRQ that connects to a chipset where boot IRQs cannot be disabled. The opposite of ioapicreroute. biosirq [X86-32] Use PCI BIOS calls to get the interrupt routing table. These calls are known to be buggy on several machines and they hang the machine when used, but on other computers it's the only way to get the interrupt routing table. Try this option if the kernel is unable to allocate IRQs or discover secondary PCI buses on your motherboard. rom [X86] Assign address space to expansion ROMs. Use with caution as certain devices share address decoders between ROMs and other resources. norom [X86] Do not assign address space to expansion ROMs that do not already have BIOS assigned address ranges. nobar [X86] Do not assign address space to the BARs that weren't assigned by the BIOS. irqmask=0xMMMM [X86] Set a bit mask of IRQs allowed to be assigned automatically to PCI devices. You can make the kernel exclude IRQs of your ISA cards this way. pirqaddr=0xAAAAA [X86] Specify the physical address of the PIRQ table (normally generated by the BIOS) if it is outside the F0000h-100000h range. lastbus=N [X86] Scan all buses thru bus #N. Can be useful if the kernel is unable to find your secondary buses and you want to tell it explicitly which ones they are. assign-busses [X86] Always assign all PCI bus numbers ourselves, overriding whatever the firmware may have done. usepirqmask [X86] Honor the possible IRQ mask stored in the BIOS $PIR table. This is needed on some systems with broken BIOSes, notably some HP Pavilion N5400 and Omnibook XE3 notebooks. This will have no effect if ACPI IRQ routing is enabled. noacpi [X86] Do not use ACPI for IRQ routing or for PCI scanning. use_crs [X86] Use PCI host bridge window information from ACPI. On BIOSes from 2008 or later, this is enabled by default. If you need to use this, please report a bug. nocrs [X86] Ignore PCI host bridge windows from ACPI. If you need to use this, please report a bug. routeirq Do IRQ routing for all PCI devices. This is normally done in pci_enable_device(), so this option is a temporary workaround for broken drivers that don't call it. skip_isa_align [X86] do not align io start addr, so can handle more pci cards firmware [ARM] Do not re-enumerate the bus but instead just use the configuration from the bootloader. This is currently used on IXP2000 systems where the bus has to be configured a certain way for adjunct CPUs. noearly [X86] Don't do any early type 1 scanning. This might help on some broken boards which machine check when some devices' config space is read. But various workarounds are disabled and some IOMMU drivers will not work. bfsort Sort PCI devices into breadth-first order. This sorting is done to get a device order compatible with older (<= 2.4) kernels. nobfsort Don't sort PCI devices into breadth-first order. pcie_bus_tune_off Disable PCIe MPS (Max Payload Size) tuning and use the BIOS-configured MPS defaults. pcie_bus_safe Set every device's MPS to the largest value supported by all devices below the root complex. pcie_bus_perf Set device MPS to the largest allowable MPS based on its parent bus. Also set MRRS (Max Read Request Size) to the largest supported value (no larger than the MPS that the device or bus can support) for best performance. pcie_bus_peer2peer Set every device's MPS to 128B, which every device is guaranteed to support. This configuration allows peer-to-peer DMA between any pair of devices, possibly at the cost of reduced performance. This also guarantees that hot-added devices will work. cbiosize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is reserved for the CardBus bridge's IO window. The default value is 256 bytes. cbmemsize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is reserved for the CardBus bridge's memory window. The default value is 64 megabytes. resource_alignment= Format: [<order of align>@][<domain>:]<bus>:<slot>.<func>[; ...] Specifies alignment and device to reassign aligned memory resources. If <order of align> is not specified, PAGE_SIZE is used as alignment. PCI-PCI bridge can be specified, if resource windows need to be expanded. ecrc= Enable/disable PCIe ECRC (transaction layer end-to-end CRC checking). bios: Use BIOS/firmware settings. This is the the default. off: Turn ECRC off on: Turn ECRC on. hpiosize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is reserved for hotplug bridge's IO window. Default size is 256 bytes. hpmemsize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is reserved for hotplug bridge's memory window. Default size is 2 megabytes. realloc= Enable/disable reallocating PCI bridge resources if allocations done by BIOS are too small to accommodate resources required by all child devices. off: Turn realloc off on: Turn realloc on realloc same as realloc=on noari do not use PCIe ARI. pcie_scan_all Scan all possible PCIe devices. Otherwise we only look for one device below a PCIe downstream port. pcie_aspm= [PCIE] Forcibly enable or disable PCIe Active State Power Management. off Disable ASPM. force Enable ASPM even on devices that claim not to support it. WARNING: Forcing ASPM on may cause system lockups. pcie_hp= [PCIE] PCI Express Hotplug driver options: nomsi Do not use MSI for PCI Express Native Hotplug (this makes all PCIe ports use INTx for hotplug services). pcie_ports= [PCIE] PCIe ports handling: auto Ask the BIOS whether or not to use native PCIe services associated with PCIe ports (PME, hot-plug, AER). Use them only if that is allowed by the BIOS. native Use native PCIe services associated with PCIe ports unconditionally. compat Treat PCIe ports as PCI-to-PCI bridges, disable the PCIe ports driver. pcie_pme= [PCIE,PM] Native PCIe PME signaling options: nomsi Do not use MSI for native PCIe PME signaling (this makes all PCIe root ports use INTx for all services). pcmv= [HW,PCMCIA] BadgePAD 4 pd. [PARIDE] See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt. pdcchassis= [PARISC,HW] Disable/Enable PDC Chassis Status codes at boot time. Format: { 0 | 1 } See arch/parisc/kernel/pdc_chassis.c percpu_alloc= Select which percpu first chunk allocator to use. Currently supported values are "embed" and "page". Archs may support subset or none of the selections. See comments in mm/percpu.c for details on each allocator. This parameter is primarily for debugging and performance comparison. pf. [PARIDE] See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt. pg. [PARIDE] See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt. pirq= [SMP,APIC] Manual mp-table setup See Documentation/x86/i386/IO-APIC.txt. plip= [PPT,NET] Parallel port network link Format: { parport<nr> | timid | 0 } See also Documentation/parport.txt. pmtmr= [X86] Manual setup of pmtmr I/O Port. Override pmtimer IOPort with a hex value. e.g. pmtmr=0x508 pnp.debug=1 [PNP] Enable PNP debug messages (depends on the CONFIG_PNP_DEBUG_MESSAGES option). Change at run-time via /sys/module/pnp/parameters/debug. We always show current resource usage; turning this on also shows possible settings and some assignment information. pnpacpi= [ACPI] { off } pnpbios= [ISAPNP] { on | off | curr | res | no-curr | no-res } pnp_reserve_irq= [ISAPNP] Exclude IRQs for the autoconfiguration pnp_reserve_dma= [ISAPNP] Exclude DMAs for the autoconfiguration pnp_reserve_io= [ISAPNP] Exclude I/O ports for the autoconfiguration Ranges are in pairs (I/O port base and size). pnp_reserve_mem= [ISAPNP] Exclude memory regions for the autoconfiguration. Ranges are in pairs (memory base and size). ports= [IP_VS_FTP] IPVS ftp helper module Default is 21. Up to 8 (IP_VS_APP_MAX_PORTS) ports may be specified. Format: <port>,<port>.... print-fatal-signals= [KNL] debug: print fatal signals If enabled, warn about various signal handling related application anomalies: too many signals, too many POSIX.1 timers, fatal signals causing a coredump - etc. If you hit the warning due to signal overflow, you might want to try "ulimit -i unlimited". default: off. printk.always_kmsg_dump= Trigger kmsg_dump for cases other than kernel oops or panics Format: <bool> (1/Y/y=enable, 0/N/n=disable) default: disabled printk.time= Show timing data prefixed to each printk message line Format: <bool> (1/Y/y=enable, 0/N/n=disable) processor.max_cstate= [HW,ACPI] Limit processor to maximum C-state max_cstate=9 overrides any DMI blacklist limit. processor.nocst [HW,ACPI] Ignore the _CST method to determine C-states, instead using the legacy FADT method profile= [KNL] Enable kernel profiling via /proc/profile Format: [schedule,]<number> Param: "schedule" - profile schedule points. Param: <number> - step/bucket size as a power of 2 for statistical time based profiling. Param: "sleep" - profile D-state sleeping (millisecs). Requires CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS Param: "kvm" - profile VM exits. prompt_ramdisk= [RAM] List of RAM disks to prompt for floppy disk before loading. See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt. psmouse.proto= [HW,MOUSE] Highest PS2 mouse protocol extension to probe for; one of (bare|imps|exps|lifebook|any). psmouse.rate= [HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse report rate, in reports per second. psmouse.resetafter= [HW,MOUSE] Try to reset the device after so many bad packets (0 = never). psmouse.resolution= [HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse resolution, in dpi. psmouse.smartscroll= [HW,MOUSE] Controls Logitech smartscroll autorepeat. 0 = disabled, 1 = enabled (default). pstore.backend= Specify the name of the pstore backend to use pt. [PARIDE] See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt. pty.legacy_count= [KNL] Number of legacy pty's. Overwrites compiled-in default number. quiet [KNL] Disable most log messages r128= [HW,DRM] raid= [HW,RAID] See Documentation/md.txt. ramdisk_blocksize= [RAM] See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt. ramdisk_size= [RAM] Sizes of RAM disks in kilobytes See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt. rcu_nocbs= [KNL] In kernels built with CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU=y, set the specified list of CPUs to be no-callback CPUs. Invocation of these CPUs' RCU callbacks will be offloaded to "rcuox/N" kthreads created for that purpose, where "x" is "b" for RCU-bh, "p" for RCU-preempt, and "s" for RCU-sched, and "N" is the CPU number. This reduces OS jitter on the offloaded CPUs, which can be useful for HPC and real-time workloads. It can also improve energy efficiency for asymmetric multiprocessors. rcu_nocb_poll [KNL] Rather than requiring that offloaded CPUs (specified by rcu_nocbs= above) explicitly awaken the corresponding "rcuoN" kthreads, make these kthreads poll for callbacks. This improves the real-time response for the offloaded CPUs by relieving them of the need to wake up the corresponding kthread, but degrades energy efficiency by requiring that the kthreads periodically wake up to do the polling. rcutree.blimit= [KNL] Set maximum number of finished RCU callbacks to process in one batch. rcutree.rcu_fanout_leaf= [KNL] Increase the number of CPUs assigned to each leaf rcu_node structure. Useful for very large systems. rcutree.jiffies_till_first_fqs= [KNL] Set delay from grace-period initialization to first attempt to force quiescent states. Units are jiffies, minimum value is zero, and maximum value is HZ. rcutree.jiffies_till_next_fqs= [KNL] Set delay between subsequent attempts to force quiescent states. Units are jiffies, minimum value is one, and maximum value is HZ. rcutree.qhimark= [KNL] Set threshold of queued RCU callbacks beyond which batch limiting is disabled. rcutree.qlowmark= [KNL] Set threshold of queued RCU callbacks below which batch limiting is re-enabled. rcutree.rcu_idle_gp_delay= [KNL] Set wakeup interval for idle CPUs that have RCU callbacks (RCU_FAST_NO_HZ=y). rcutree.rcu_idle_lazy_gp_delay= [KNL] Set wakeup interval for idle CPUs that have only "lazy" RCU callbacks (RCU_FAST_NO_HZ=y). Lazy RCU callbacks are those which RCU can prove do nothing more than free memory. rcutorture.fqs_duration= [KNL] Set duration of force_quiescent_state bursts. rcutorture.fqs_holdoff= [KNL] Set holdoff time within force_quiescent_state bursts. rcutorture.fqs_stutter= [KNL] Set wait time between force_quiescent_state bursts. rcutorture.gp_exp= [KNL] Use expedited update-side primitives. rcutorture.gp_normal= [KNL] Use normal (non-expedited) update-side primitives. If both gp_exp and gp_normal are set, do both. If neither gp_exp nor gp_normal are set, still do both. rcutorture.n_barrier_cbs= [KNL] Set callbacks/threads for rcu_barrier() testing. rcutorture.nfakewriters= [KNL] Set number of concurrent RCU writers. These just stress RCU, they don't participate in the actual test, hence the "fake". rcutorture.nreaders= [KNL] Set number of RCU readers. rcutorture.object_debug= [KNL] Enable debug-object double-call_rcu() testing. rcutorture.onoff_holdoff= [KNL] Set time (s) after boot for CPU-hotplug testing. rcutorture.onoff_interval= [KNL] Set time (s) between CPU-hotplug operations, or zero to disable CPU-hotplug testing. rcutorture.rcutorture_runnable= [BOOT] Start rcutorture running at boot time. rcutorture.shuffle_interval= [KNL] Set task-shuffle interval (s). Shuffling tasks allows some CPUs to go into dyntick-idle mode during the rcutorture test. rcutorture.shutdown_secs= [KNL] Set time (s) after boot system shutdown. This is useful for hands-off automated testing. rcutorture.stall_cpu= [KNL] Duration of CPU stall (s) to test RCU CPU stall warnings, zero to disable. rcutorture.stall_cpu_holdoff= [KNL] Time to wait (s) after boot before inducing stall. rcutorture.stat_interval= [KNL] Time (s) between statistics printk()s. rcutorture.stutter= [KNL] Time (s) to stutter testing, for example, specifying five seconds causes the test to run for five seconds, wait for five seconds, and so on. This tests RCU's ability to transition abruptly to and from idle. rcutorture.test_boost= [KNL] Test RCU priority boosting? 0=no, 1=maybe, 2=yes. "Maybe" means test if the RCU implementation under test support RCU priority boosting. rcutorture.test_boost_duration= [KNL] Duration (s) of each individual boost test. rcutorture.test_boost_interval= [KNL] Interval (s) between each boost test. rcutorture.test_no_idle_hz= [KNL] Test RCU's dyntick-idle handling. See also the rcutorture.shuffle_interval parameter. rcutorture.torture_type= [KNL] Specify the RCU implementation to test. rcutorture.verbose= [KNL] Enable additional printk() statements. rcupdate.rcu_expedited= [KNL] Use expedited grace-period primitives, for example, synchronize_rcu_expedited() instead of synchronize_rcu(). This reduces latency, but can increase CPU utilization, degrade real-time latency, and degrade energy efficiency. rcupdate.rcu_cpu_stall_suppress= [KNL] Suppress RCU CPU stall warning messages. rcupdate.rcu_cpu_stall_timeout= [KNL] Set timeout for RCU CPU stall warning messages. rdinit= [KNL] Format: <full_path> Run specified binary instead of /init from the ramdisk, used for early userspace startup. See initrd. reboot= [KNL] Format (x86 or x86_64): [w[arm] | c[old] | h[ard] | s[oft] | g[pio]] \ [[,]s[mp]#### \ [[,]b[ios] | a[cpi] | k[bd] | t[riple] | e[fi] | p[ci]] \ [[,]f[orce] Where reboot_mode is one of warm (soft) or cold (hard) or gpio, reboot_type is one of bios, acpi, kbd, triple, efi, or pci, reboot_force is either force or not specified, reboot_cpu is s[mp]#### with #### being the processor to be used for rebooting. relax_domain_level= [KNL, SMP] Set scheduler's default relax_domain_level. See Documentation/cgroups/cpusets.txt. reserve= [KNL,BUGS] Force the kernel to ignore some iomem area reservetop= [X86-32] Format: nn[KMG] Reserves a hole at the top of the kernel virtual address space. reservelow= [X86] Format: nn[K] Set the amount of memory to reserve for BIOS at the bottom of the address space. reset_devices [KNL] Force drivers to reset the underlying device during initialization. resume= [SWSUSP] Specify the partition device for software suspend Format: {/dev/<dev> | PARTUUID=<uuid> | <int>:<int> | <hex>} resume_offset= [SWSUSP] Specify the offset from the beginning of the partition given by "resume=" at which the swap header is located, in <PAGE_SIZE> units (needed only for swap files). See Documentation/power/swsusp-and-swap-files.txt resumedelay= [HIBERNATION] Delay (in seconds) to pause before attempting to read the resume files resumewait [HIBERNATION] Wait (indefinitely) for resume device to show up. Useful for devices that are detected asynchronously (e.g. USB and MMC devices). hibernate= [HIBERNATION] noresume Don't check if there's a hibernation image present during boot. nocompress Don't compress/decompress hibernation images. retain_initrd [RAM] Keep initrd memory after extraction rhash_entries= [KNL,NET] Set number of hash buckets for route cache riscom8= [HW,SERIAL] Format: <io_board1>[,<io_board2>[,...<io_boardN>]] ro [KNL] Mount root device read-only on boot root= [KNL] Root filesystem See name_to_dev_t comment in init/do_mounts.c. rootdelay= [KNL] Delay (in seconds) to pause before attempting to mount the root filesystem rootflags= [KNL] Set root filesystem mount option string rootfstype= [KNL] Set root filesystem type rootwait [KNL] Wait (indefinitely) for root device to show up. Useful for devices that are detected asynchronously (e.g. USB and MMC devices). rproc_mem=nn[KMG][@address] [KNL,ARM,CMA] Remoteproc physical memory block. Memory area to be used by remote processor image, managed by CMA. rw [KNL] Mount root device read-write on boot S [KNL] Run init in single mode sa1100ir [NET] See drivers/net/irda/sa1100_ir.c. sbni= [NET] Granch SBNI12 leased line adapter sched_debug [KNL] Enables verbose scheduler debug messages. skew_tick= [KNL] Offset the periodic timer tick per cpu to mitigate xtime_lock contention on larger systems, and/or RCU lock contention on all systems with CONFIG_MAXSMP set. Format: { "0" | "1" } 0 -- disable. (may be 1 via CONFIG_CMDLINE="skew_tick=1" 1 -- enable. Note: increases power consumption, thus should only be enabled if running jitter sensitive (HPC/RT) workloads. security= [SECURITY] Choose a security module to enable at boot. If this boot parameter is not specified, only the first security module asking for security registration will be loaded. An invalid security module name will be treated as if no module has been chosen. selinux= [SELINUX] Disable or enable SELinux at boot time. Format: { "0" | "1" } See security/selinux/Kconfig help text. 0 -- disable. 1 -- enable. Default value is set via kernel config option. If enabled at boot time, /selinux/disable can be used later to disable prior to initial policy load. apparmor= [APPARMOR] Disable or enable AppArmor at boot time Format: { "0" | "1" } See security/apparmor/Kconfig help text 0 -- disable. 1 -- enable. Default value is set via kernel config option. serialnumber [BUGS=X86-32] shapers= [NET] Maximal number of shapers. show_msr= [x86] show boot-time MSR settings Format: { <integer> } Show boot-time (BIOS-initialized) MSR settings. The parameter means the number of CPUs to show, for example 1 means boot CPU only. simeth= [IA-64] simscsi= slram= [HW,MTD] slab_max_order= [MM, SLAB] Determines the maximum allowed order for slabs. A high setting may cause OOMs due to memory fragmentation. Defaults to 1 for systems with more than 32MB of RAM, 0 otherwise. slub_debug[=options[,slabs]] [MM, SLUB] Enabling slub_debug allows one to determine the culprit if slab objects become corrupted. Enabling slub_debug can create guard zones around objects and may poison objects when not in use. Also tracks the last alloc / free. For more information see Documentation/vm/slub.txt. slub_max_order= [MM, SLUB] Determines the maximum allowed order for slabs. A high setting may cause OOMs due to memory fragmentation. For more information see Documentation/vm/slub.txt. slub_min_objects= [MM, SLUB] The minimum number of objects per slab. SLUB will increase the slab order up to slub_max_order to generate a sufficiently large slab able to contain the number of objects indicated. The higher the number of objects the smaller the overhead of tracking slabs and the less frequently locks need to be acquired. For more information see Documentation/vm/slub.txt. slub_min_order= [MM, SLUB] Determines the minimum page order for slabs. Must be lower than slub_max_order. For more information see Documentation/vm/slub.txt. slub_nomerge [MM, SLUB] Disable merging of slabs with similar size. May be necessary if there is some reason to distinguish allocs to different slabs. Debug options disable merging on their own. For more information see Documentation/vm/slub.txt. smart2= [HW] Format: <io1>[,<io2>[,...,<io8>]] smsc-ircc2.nopnp [HW] Don't use PNP to discover SMC devices smsc-ircc2.ircc_cfg= [HW] Device configuration I/O port smsc-ircc2.ircc_sir= [HW] SIR base I/O port smsc-ircc2.ircc_fir= [HW] FIR base I/O port smsc-ircc2.ircc_irq= [HW] IRQ line smsc-ircc2.ircc_dma= [HW] DMA channel smsc-ircc2.ircc_transceiver= [HW] Transceiver type: 0: Toshiba Satellite 1800 (GP data pin select) 1: Fast pin select (default) 2: ATC IRMode softlockup_panic= [KNL] Should the soft-lockup detector generate panics. Format: <integer> sonypi.*= [HW] Sony Programmable I/O Control Device driver See Documentation/laptops/sonypi.txt specialix= [HW,SERIAL] Specialix multi-serial port adapter See Documentation/serial/specialix.txt. spia_io_base= [HW,MTD] spia_fio_base= spia_pedr= spia_peddr= stacktrace [FTRACE] Enabled the stack tracer on boot up. stacktrace_filter=[function-list] [FTRACE] Limit the functions that the stack tracer will trace at boot up. function-list is a comma separated list of functions. This list can be changed at run time by the stack_trace_filter file in the debugfs tracing directory. Note, this enables stack tracing and the stacktrace above is not needed. sti= [PARISC,HW] Format: <num> Set the STI (builtin display/keyboard on the HP-PARISC machines) console (graphic card) which should be used as the initial boot-console. See also comment in drivers/video/console/sticore.c. sti_font= [HW] See comment in drivers/video/console/sticore.c. stifb= [HW] Format: bpp:<bpp1>[:<bpp2>[:<bpp3>...]] sunrpc.min_resvport= sunrpc.max_resvport= [NFS,SUNRPC] SunRPC servers often require that client requests originate from a privileged port (i.e. a port in the range 0 < portnr < 1024). An administrator who wishes to reserve some of these ports for other uses may adjust the range that the kernel's sunrpc client considers to be privileged using these two parameters to set the minimum and maximum port values. sunrpc.pool_mode= [NFS] Control how the NFS server code allocates CPUs to service thread pools. Depending on how many NICs you have and where their interrupts are bound, this option will affect which CPUs will do NFS serving. Note: this parameter cannot be changed while the NFS server is running. auto the server chooses an appropriate mode automatically using heuristics global a single global pool contains all CPUs percpu one pool for each CPU pernode one pool for each NUMA node (equivalent to global on non-NUMA machines) sunrpc.tcp_slot_table_entries= sunrpc.udp_slot_table_entries= [NFS,SUNRPC] Sets the upper limit on the number of simultaneous RPC calls that can be sent from the client to a server. Increasing these values may allow you to improve throughput, but will also increase the amount of memory reserved for use by the client. swapaccount=[0|1] [KNL] Enable accounting of swap in memory resource controller if no parameter or 1 is given or disable it if 0 is given (See Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt) swiotlb= [ARM,IA-64,PPC,MIPS,X86] Format: { <int> | force } <int> -- Number of I/O TLB slabs force -- force using of bounce buffers even if they wouldn't be automatically used by the kernel switches= [HW,M68k] sysfs.deprecated=0|1 [KNL] Enable/disable old style sysfs layout for old udev on older distributions. When this option is enabled very new udev will not work anymore. When this option is disabled (or CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED not compiled) in older udev will not work anymore. Default depends on CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED_V2 set in the kernel configuration. sysrq_always_enabled [KNL] Ignore sysrq setting - this boot parameter will neutralize any effect of /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq. Useful for debugging. tdfx= [HW,DRM] test_suspend= [SUSPEND] Specify "mem" (for Suspend-to-RAM) or "standby" (for standby suspend) as the system sleep state to briefly enter during system startup. The system is woken from this state using a wakeup-capable RTC alarm. thash_entries= [KNL,NET] Set number of hash buckets for TCP connection thermal.act= [HW,ACPI] -1: disable all active trip points in all thermal zones <degrees C>: override all lowest active trip points thermal.crt= [HW,ACPI] -1: disable all critical trip points in all thermal zones <degrees C>: override all critical trip points thermal.nocrt= [HW,ACPI] Set to disable actions on ACPI thermal zone critical and hot trip points. thermal.off= [HW,ACPI] 1: disable ACPI thermal control thermal.psv= [HW,ACPI] -1: disable all passive trip points <degrees C>: override all passive trip points to this value thermal.tzp= [HW,ACPI] Specify global default ACPI thermal zone polling rate <deci-seconds>: poll all this frequency 0: no polling (default) threadirqs [KNL] Force threading of all interrupt handlers except those marked explicitly IRQF_NO_THREAD. tmem [KNL,XEN] Enable the Transcendent memory driver if built-in. tmem.cleancache=0|1 [KNL, XEN] Default is on (1). Disable the usage of the cleancache API to send anonymous pages to the hypervisor. tmem.frontswap=0|1 [KNL, XEN] Default is on (1). Disable the usage of the frontswap API to send swap pages to the hypervisor. If disabled the selfballooning and selfshrinking are force disabled. tmem.selfballooning=0|1 [KNL, XEN] Default is on (1). Disable the driving of swap pages to the hypervisor. tmem.selfshrinking=0|1 [KNL, XEN] Default is on (1). Partial swapoff that immediately transfers pages from Xen hypervisor back to the kernel based on different criteria. topology= [S390] Format: {off | on} Specify if the kernel should make use of the cpu topology information if the hardware supports this. The scheduler will make use of this information and e.g. base its process migration decisions on it. Default is on. tp720= [HW,PS2] tpm_suspend_pcr=[HW,TPM] Format: integer pcr id Specify that at suspend time, the tpm driver should extend the specified pcr with zeros, as a workaround for some chips which fail to flush the last written pcr on TPM_SaveState. This will guarantee that all the other pcrs are saved. trace_buf_size=nn[KMG] [FTRACE] will set tracing buffer size. trace_event=[event-list] [FTRACE] Set and start specified trace events in order to facilitate early boot debugging. See also Documentation/trace/events.txt trace_options=[option-list] [FTRACE] Enable or disable tracer options at boot. The option-list is a comma delimited list of options that can be enabled or disabled just as if you were to echo the option name into /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_options For example, to enable stacktrace option (to dump the stack trace of each event), add to the command line: trace_options=stacktrace See also Documentation/trace/ftrace.txt "trace options" section. traceoff_on_warning [FTRACE] enable this option to disable tracing when a warning is hit. This turns off "tracing_on". Tracing can be enabled again by echoing '1' into the "tracing_on" file located in /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/ This option is useful, as it disables the trace before the WARNING dump is called, which prevents the trace to be filled with content caused by the warning output. This option can also be set at run time via the sysctl option: kernel/traceoff_on_warning transparent_hugepage= [KNL] Format: [always|madvise|never] Can be used to control the default behavior of the system with respect to transparent hugepages. See Documentation/vm/transhuge.txt for more details. tsc= Disable clocksource stability checks for TSC. Format: <string> [x86] reliable: mark tsc clocksource as reliable, this disables clocksource verification at runtime, as well as the stability checks done at bootup. Used to enable high-resolution timer mode on older hardware, and in virtualized environment. [x86] noirqtime: Do not use TSC to do irq accounting. Used to run time disable IRQ_TIME_ACCOUNTING on any platforms where RDTSC is slow and this accounting can add overhead. turbografx.map[2|3]= [HW,JOY] TurboGraFX parallel port interface Format: <port#>,<js1>,<js2>,<js3>,<js4>,<js5>,<js6>,<js7> See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt udbg-immortal [PPC] When debugging early kernel crashes that happen after console_init() and before a proper console driver takes over, this boot options might help "seeing" what's going on. uhash_entries= [KNL,NET] Set number of hash buckets for UDP/UDP-Lite connections uhci-hcd.ignore_oc= [USB] Ignore overcurrent events (default N). Some badly-designed motherboards generate lots of bogus events, for ports that aren't wired to anything. Set this parameter to avoid log spamming. Note that genuine overcurrent events won't be reported either. unknown_nmi_panic [X86] Cause panic on unknown NMI. usbcore.authorized_default= [USB] Default USB device authorization: (default -1 = authorized except for wireless USB, 0 = not authorized, 1 = authorized) usbcore.autosuspend= [USB] The autosuspend time delay (in seconds) used for newly-detected USB devices (default 2). This is the time required before an idle device will be autosuspended. Devices for which the delay is set to a negative value won't be autosuspended at all. usbcore.usbfs_snoop= [USB] Set to log all usbfs traffic (default 0 = off). usbcore.blinkenlights= [USB] Set to cycle leds on hubs (default 0 = off). usbcore.old_scheme_first= [USB] Start with the old device initialization scheme (default 0 = off). usbcore.usbfs_memory_mb= [USB] Memory limit (in MB) for buffers allocated by usbfs (default = 16, 0 = max = 2047). usbcore.use_both_schemes= [USB] Try the other device initialization scheme if the first one fails (default 1 = enabled). usbcore.initial_descriptor_timeout= [USB] Specifies timeout for the initial 64-byte USB_REQ_GET_DESCRIPTOR request in milliseconds (default 5000 = 5.0 seconds). usbhid.mousepoll= [USBHID] The interval which mice are to be polled at. usb-storage.delay_use= [UMS] The delay in seconds before a new device is scanned for Logical Units (default 5). usb-storage.quirks= [UMS] A list of quirks entries to supplement or override the built-in unusual_devs list. List entries are separated by commas. Each entry has the form VID:PID:Flags where VID and PID are Vendor and Product ID values (4-digit hex numbers) and Flags is a set of characters, each corresponding to a common usb-storage quirk flag as follows: a = SANE_SENSE (collect more than 18 bytes of sense data); b = BAD_SENSE (don't collect more than 18 bytes of sense data); c = FIX_CAPACITY (decrease the reported device capacity by one sector); d = NO_READ_DISC_INFO (don't use READ_DISC_INFO command); e = NO_READ_CAPACITY_16 (don't use READ_CAPACITY_16 command); h = CAPACITY_HEURISTICS (decrease the reported device capacity by one sector if the number is odd); i = IGNORE_DEVICE (don't bind to this device); l = NOT_LOCKABLE (don't try to lock and unlock ejectable media); m = MAX_SECTORS_64 (don't transfer more than 64 sectors = 32 KB at a time); n = INITIAL_READ10 (force a retry of the initial READ(10) command); o = CAPACITY_OK (accept the capacity reported by the device); p = WRITE_CACHE (the device cache is ON by default); r = IGNORE_RESIDUE (the device reports bogus residue values); s = SINGLE_LUN (the device has only one Logical Unit); w = NO_WP_DETECT (don't test whether the medium is write-protected). Example: quirks=0419:aaf5:rl,0421:0433:rc user_debug= [KNL,ARM] Format: <int> See arch/arm/Kconfig.debug help text. 1 - undefined instruction events 2 - system calls 4 - invalid data aborts 8 - SIGSEGV faults 16 - SIGBUS faults Example: user_debug=31 userpte= [X86] Flags controlling user PTE allocations. nohigh = do not allocate PTE pages in HIGHMEM regardless of setting of CONFIG_HIGHPTE. vdso= [X86,SH] vdso=2: enable compat VDSO (default with COMPAT_VDSO) vdso=1: enable VDSO (default) vdso=0: disable VDSO mapping vdso32= [X86] vdso32=2: enable compat VDSO (default with COMPAT_VDSO) vdso32=1: enable 32-bit VDSO (default) vdso32=0: disable 32-bit VDSO mapping vector= [IA-64,SMP] vector=percpu: enable percpu vector domain video= [FB] Frame buffer configuration See Documentation/fb/modedb.txt. video.brightness_switch_enabled= [0,1] If set to 1, on receiving an ACPI notify event generated by hotkey, video driver will adjust brightness level and then send out the event to user space through the allocated input device; If set to 0, video driver will only send out the event without touching backlight brightness level. default: 1 virtio_mmio.device= [VMMIO] Memory mapped virtio (platform) device. <size>@<baseaddr>:<irq>[:<id>] where: <size> := size (can use standard suffixes like K, M and G) <baseaddr> := physical base address <irq> := interrupt number (as passed to request_irq()) <id> := (optional) platform device id example: virtio_mmio.device=1K@0x100b0000:48:7 Can be used multiple times for multiple devices. vga= [BOOT,X86-32] Select a particular video mode See Documentation/x86/boot.txt and Documentation/svga.txt. Use vga=ask for menu. This is actually a boot loader parameter; the value is passed to the kernel using a special protocol. vmalloc=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT] Forces the vmalloc area to have an exact size of <nn>. This can be used to increase the minimum size (128MB on x86). It can also be used to decrease the size and leave more room for directly mapped kernel RAM. vmhalt= [KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after system halt. Format: <command> vmpanic= [KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after kernel panic. Format: <command> vmpoff= [KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after power off. Format: <command> vsyscall= [X86-64] Controls the behavior of vsyscalls (i.e. calls to fixed addresses of 0xffffffffff600x00 from legacy code). Most statically-linked binaries and older versions of glibc use these calls. Because these functions are at fixed addresses, they make nice targets for exploits that can control RIP. emulate [default] Vsyscalls turn into traps and are emulated reasonably safely. native Vsyscalls are native syscall instructions. This is a little bit faster than trapping and makes a few dynamic recompilers work better than they would in emulation mode. It also makes exploits much easier to write. none Vsyscalls don't work at all. This makes them quite hard to use for exploits but might break your system. vt.color= [VT] Default text color. Format: 0xYX, X = foreground, Y = background. Default: 0x07 = light gray on black. vt.cur_default= [VT] Default cursor shape. Format: 0xCCBBAA, where AA, BB, and CC are the same as the parameters of the <Esc>[?A;B;Cc escape sequence; see VGA-softcursor.txt. Default: 2 = underline. vt.default_blu= [VT] Format: <blue0>,<blue1>,<blue2>,...,<blue15> Change the default blue palette of the console. This is a 16-member array composed of values ranging from 0-255. vt.default_grn= [VT] Format: <green0>,<green1>,<green2>,...,<green15> Change the default green palette of the console. This is a 16-member array composed of values ranging from 0-255. vt.default_red= [VT] Format: <red0>,<red1>,<red2>,...,<red15> Change the default red palette of the console. This is a 16-member array composed of values ranging from 0-255. vt.default_utf8= [VT] Format=<0|1> Set system-wide default UTF-8 mode for all tty's. Default is 1, i.e. UTF-8 mode is enabled for all newly opened terminals. vt.global_cursor_default= [VT] Format=<-1|0|1> Set system-wide default for whether a cursor is shown on new VTs. Default is -1, i.e. cursors will be created by default unless overridden by individual drivers. 0 will hide cursors, 1 will display them. vt.italic= [VT] Default color for italic text; 0-15. Default: 2 = green. vt.underline= [VT] Default color for underlined text; 0-15. Default: 3 = cyan. watchdog timers [HW,WDT] For information on watchdog timers, see Documentation/watchdog/watchdog-parameters.txt or other driver-specific files in the Documentation/watchdog/ directory. workqueue.disable_numa By default, all work items queued to unbound workqueues are affine to the NUMA nodes they're issued on, which results in better behavior in general. If NUMA affinity needs to be disabled for whatever reason, this option can be used. Note that this also can be controlled per-workqueue for workqueues visible under /sys/bus/workqueue/. workqueue.power_efficient Per-cpu workqueues are generally preferred because they show better performance thanks to cache locality; unfortunately, per-cpu workqueues tend to be more power hungry than unbound workqueues. Enabling this makes the per-cpu workqueues which were observed to contribute significantly to power consumption unbound, leading to measurably lower power usage at the cost of small performance overhead. The default value of this parameter is determined by the config option CONFIG_WQ_POWER_EFFICIENT_DEFAULT. x2apic_phys [X86-64,APIC] Use x2apic physical mode instead of default x2apic cluster mode on platforms supporting x2apic. x86_intel_mid_timer= [X86-32,APBT] Choose timer option for x86 Intel MID platform. Two valid options are apbt timer only and lapic timer plus one apbt timer for broadcast timer. x86_intel_mid_timer=apbt_only | lapic_and_apbt xen_emul_unplug= [HW,X86,XEN] Unplug Xen emulated devices Format: [unplug0,][unplug1] ide-disks -- unplug primary master IDE devices aux-ide-disks -- unplug non-primary-master IDE devices nics -- unplug network devices all -- unplug all emulated devices (NICs and IDE disks) unnecessary -- unplugging emulated devices is unnecessary even if the host did not respond to the unplug protocol never -- do not unplug even if version check succeeds xen_nopvspin [X86,XEN] Disables the ticketlock slowpath using Xen PV optimizations. xirc2ps_cs= [NET,PCMCIA] Format: <irq>,<irq_mask>,<io>,<full_duplex>,<do_sound>,<lockup_hack>[,<irq2>[,<irq3>[,<irq4>]]] ______________________________________________________________________ TODO: Add more DRM drivers.