aboutsummaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/fs/dcache.c
blob: eeafc14c2a14ec50f722a7f38d49460bf48c97e0 (plain) (blame)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
/*
 * fs/dcache.c
 *
 * Complete reimplementation
 * (C) 1997 Thomas Schoebel-Theuer,
 * with heavy changes by Linus Torvalds
 */

/*
 * Notes on the allocation strategy:
 *
 * The dcache is a master of the icache - whenever a dcache entry
 * exists, the inode will always exist. "iput()" is done either when
 * the dcache entry is deleted or garbage collected.
 */

#include <linux/syscalls.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/fdtable.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/fsnotify.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/hash.h>
#include <linux/cache.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/mount.h>
#include <linux/file.h>
#include <asm/uaccess.h>
#include <linux/security.h>
#include <linux/seqlock.h>
#include <linux/swap.h>
#include <linux/bootmem.h>
#include "internal.h"

int sysctl_vfs_cache_pressure __read_mostly = 100;
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(sysctl_vfs_cache_pressure);

 __cacheline_aligned_in_smp DEFINE_SPINLOCK(dcache_lock);
__cacheline_aligned_in_smp DEFINE_SEQLOCK(rename_lock);

EXPORT_SYMBOL(dcache_lock);

static struct kmem_cache *dentry_cache __read_mostly;

#define DNAME_INLINE_LEN (sizeof(struct dentry)-offsetof(struct dentry,d_iname))

/*
 * This is the single most critical data structure when it comes
 * to the dcache: the hashtable for lookups. Somebody should try
 * to make this good - I've just made it work.
 *
 * This hash-function tries to avoid losing too many bits of hash
 * information, yet avoid using a prime hash-size or similar.
 */
#define D_HASHBITS     d_hash_shift
#define D_HASHMASK     d_hash_mask

static unsigned int d_hash_mask __read_mostly;
static unsigned int d_hash_shift __read_mostly;
static struct hlist_head *dentry_hashtable __read_mostly;

/* Statistics gathering. */
struct dentry_stat_t dentry_stat = {
	.age_limit = 45,
};

static void __d_free(struct dentry *dentry)
{
	WARN_ON(!list_empty(&dentry->d_alias));
	if (dname_external(dentry))
		kfree(dentry->d_name.name);
	kmem_cache_free(dentry_cache, dentry); 
}

static void d_callback(struct rcu_head *head)
{
	struct dentry * dentry = container_of(head, struct dentry, d_u.d_rcu);
	__d_free(dentry);
}

/*
 * no dcache_lock, please.  The caller must decrement dentry_stat.nr_dentry
 * inside dcache_lock.
 */
static void d_free(struct dentry *dentry)
{
	if (dentry->d_op && dentry->d_op->d_release)
		dentry->d_op->d_release(dentry);
	/* if dentry was never inserted into hash, immediate free is OK */
	if (hlist_unhashed(&dentry->d_hash))
		__d_free(dentry);
	else
		call_rcu(&dentry->d_u.d_rcu, d_callback);
}

/*
 * Release the dentry's inode, using the filesystem
 * d_iput() operation if defined.
 */
static void dentry_iput(struct dentry * dentry)
	__releases(dentry->d_lock)
	__releases(dcache_lock)
{
	struct inode *inode = dentry->d_inode;
	if (inode) {
		dentry->d_inode = NULL;
		list_del_init(&dentry->d_alias);
		spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
		spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
		if (!inode->i_nlink)
			fsnotify_inoderemove(inode);
		if (dentry->d_op && dentry->d_op->d_iput)
			dentry->d_op->d_iput(dentry, inode);
		else
			iput(inode);
	} else {
		spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
		spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
	}
}

/*
 * dentry_lru_(add|add_tail|del|del_init) must be called with dcache_lock held.
 */
static void dentry_lru_add(struct dentry *dentry)
{
	list_add(&dentry->d_lru, &dentry->d_sb->s_dentry_lru);
	dentry->d_sb->s_nr_dentry_unused++;
	dentry_stat.nr_unused++;
}

static void dentry_lru_add_tail(struct dentry *dentry)
{
	list_add_tail(&dentry->d_lru, &dentry->d_sb->s_dentry_lru);
	dentry->d_sb->s_nr_dentry_unused++;
	dentry_stat.nr_unused++;
}

static void dentry_lru_del(struct dentry *dentry)
{
	if (!list_empty(&dentry->d_lru)) {
		list_del(&dentry->d_lru);
		dentry->d_sb->s_nr_dentry_unused--;
		dentry_stat.nr_unused--;
	}
}

static void dentry_lru_del_init(struct dentry *dentry)
{
	if (likely(!list_empty(&dentry->d_lru))) {
		list_del_init(&dentry->d_lru);
		dentry->d_sb->s_nr_dentry_unused--;
		dentry_stat.nr_unused--;
	}
}

/**
 * d_kill - kill dentry and return parent
 * @dentry: dentry to kill
 *
 * The dentry must already be unhashed and removed from the LRU.
 *
 * If this is the root of the dentry tree, return NULL.
 */
static struct dentry *d_kill(struct dentry *dentry)
	__releases(dentry->d_lock)
	__releases(dcache_lock)
{
	struct dentry *parent;

	list_del(&dentry->d_u.d_child);
	dentry_stat.nr_dentry--;	/* For d_free, below */
	/*drops the locks, at that point nobody can reach this dentry */
	dentry_iput(dentry);
	if (IS_ROOT(dentry))
		parent = NULL;
	else
		parent = dentry->d_parent;
	d_free(dentry);
	return parent;
}

/* 
 * This is dput
 *
 * This is complicated by the fact that we do not want to put
 * dentries that are no longer on any hash chain on the unused
 * list: we'd much rather just get rid of them immediately.
 *
 * However, that implies that we have to traverse the dentry
 * tree upwards to the parents which might _also_ now be
 * scheduled for deletion (it may have been only waiting for
 * its last child to go away).
 *
 * This tail recursion is done by hand as we don't want to depend
 * on the compiler to always get this right (gcc generally doesn't).
 * Real recursion would eat up our stack space.
 */

/*
 * dput - release a dentry
 * @dentry: dentry to release 
 *
 * Release a dentry. This will drop the usage count and if appropriate
 * call the dentry unlink method as well as removing it from the queues and
 * releasing its resources. If the parent dentries were scheduled for release
 * they too may now get deleted.
 *
 * no dcache lock, please.
 */

void dput(struct dentry *dentry)
{
	if (!dentry)
		return;

repeat:
	if (atomic_read(&dentry->d_count) == 1)
		might_sleep();
	if (!atomic_dec_and_lock(&dentry->d_count, &dcache_lock))
		return;

	spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
	if (atomic_read(&dentry->d_count)) {
		spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
		spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
		return;
	}

	/*
	 * AV: ->d_delete() is _NOT_ allowed to block now.
	 */
	if (dentry->d_op && dentry->d_op->d_delete) {
		if (dentry->d_op->d_delete(dentry))
			goto unhash_it;
	}
	/* Unreachable? Get rid of it */
 	if (d_unhashed(dentry))
		goto kill_it;
  	if (list_empty(&dentry->d_lru)) {
  		dentry->d_flags |= DCACHE_REFERENCED;
		dentry_lru_add(dentry);
  	}
 	spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
	return;

unhash_it:
	__d_drop(dentry);
kill_it:
	/* if dentry was on the d_lru list delete it from there */
	dentry_lru_del(dentry);
	dentry = d_kill(dentry);
	if (dentry)
		goto repeat;
}

/**
 * d_invalidate - invalidate a dentry
 * @dentry: dentry to invalidate
 *
 * Try to invalidate the dentry if it turns out to be
 * possible. If there are other dentries that can be
 * reached through this one we can't delete it and we
 * return -EBUSY. On success we return 0.
 *
 * no dcache lock.
 */
 
int d_invalidate(struct dentry * dentry)
{
	/*
	 * If it's already been dropped, return OK.
	 */
	spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
	if (d_unhashed(dentry)) {
		spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
		return 0;
	}
	/*
	 * Check whether to do a partial shrink_dcache
	 * to get rid of unused child entries.
	 */
	if (!list_empty(&dentry->d_subdirs)) {
		spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
		shrink_dcache_parent(dentry);
		spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
	}

	/*
	 * Somebody else still using it?
	 *
	 * If it's a directory, we can't drop it
	 * for fear of somebody re-populating it
	 * with children (even though dropping it
	 * would make it unreachable from the root,
	 * we might still populate it if it was a
	 * working directory or similar).
	 */
	spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
	if (atomic_read(&dentry->d_count) > 1) {
		if (dentry->d_inode && S_ISDIR(dentry->d_inode->i_mode)) {
			spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
			spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
			return -EBUSY;
		}
	}

	__d_drop(dentry);
	spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
	return 0;
}

/* This should be called _only_ with dcache_lock held */

static inline struct dentry * __dget_locked(struct dentry *dentry)
{
	atomic_inc(&dentry->d_count);
	dentry_lru_del_init(dentry);
	return dentry;
}

struct dentry * dget_locked(struct dentry *dentry)
{
	return __dget_locked(dentry);
}

/**
 * d_find_alias - grab a hashed alias of inode
 * @inode: inode in question
 * @want_discon:  flag, used by d_splice_alias, to request
 *          that only a DISCONNECTED alias be returned.
 *
 * If inode has a hashed alias, or is a directory and has any alias,
 * acquire the reference to alias and return it. Otherwise return NULL.
 * Notice that if inode is a directory there can be only one alias and
 * it can be unhashed only if it has no children, or if it is the root
 * of a filesystem.
 *
 * If the inode has an IS_ROOT, DCACHE_DISCONNECTED alias, then prefer
 * any other hashed alias over that one unless @want_discon is set,
 * in which case only return an IS_ROOT, DCACHE_DISCONNECTED alias.
 */

static struct dentry * __d_find_alias(struct inode *inode, int want_discon)
{
	struct list_head *head, *next, *tmp;
	struct dentry *alias, *discon_alias=NULL;

	head = &inode->i_dentry;
	next = inode->i_dentry.next;
	while (next != head) {
		tmp = next;
		next = tmp->next;
		prefetch(next);
		alias = list_entry(tmp, struct dentry, d_alias);
 		if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode) || !d_unhashed(alias)) {
			if (IS_ROOT(alias) &&
			    (alias->d_flags & DCACHE_DISCONNECTED))
				discon_alias = alias;
			else if (!want_discon) {
				__dget_locked(alias);
				return alias;
			}
		}
	}
	if (discon_alias)
		__dget_locked(discon_alias);
	return discon_alias;
}

struct dentry * d_find_alias(struct inode *inode)
{
	struct dentry *de = NULL;

	if (!list_empty(&inode->i_dentry)) {
		spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
		de = __d_find_alias(inode, 0);
		spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
	}
	return de;
}

/*
 *	Try to kill dentries associated with this inode.
 * WARNING: you must own a reference to inode.
 */
void d_prune_aliases(struct inode *inode)
{
	struct dentry *dentry;
restart:
	spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
	list_for_each_entry(dentry, &inode->i_dentry, d_alias) {
		spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
		if (!atomic_read(&dentry->d_count)) {
			__dget_locked(dentry);
			__d_drop(dentry);
			spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
			spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
			dput(dentry);
			goto restart;
		}
		spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
	}
	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
}

/*
 * Throw away a dentry - free the inode, dput the parent.  This requires that
 * the LRU list has already been removed.
 *
 * Try to prune ancestors as well.  This is necessary to prevent
 * quadratic behavior of shrink_dcache_parent(), but is also expected
 * to be beneficial in reducing dentry cache fragmentation.
 */
static void prune_one_dentry(struct dentry * dentry)
	__releases(dentry->d_lock)
	__releases(dcache_lock)
	__acquires(dcache_lock)
{
	__d_drop(dentry);
	dentry = d_kill(dentry);

	/*
	 * Prune ancestors.  Locking is simpler than in dput(),
	 * because dcache_lock needs to be taken anyway.
	 */
	spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
	while (dentry) {
		if (!atomic_dec_and_lock(&dentry->d_count, &dentry->d_lock))
			return;

		if (dentry->d_op && dentry->d_op->d_delete)
			dentry->d_op->d_delete(dentry);
		dentry_lru_del_init(dentry);
		__d_drop(dentry);
		dentry = d_kill(dentry);
		spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
	}
}

/*
 * Shrink the dentry LRU on a given superblock.
 * @sb   : superblock to shrink dentry LRU.
 * @count: If count is NULL, we prune all dentries on superblock.
 * @flags: If flags is non-zero, we need to do special processing based on
 * which flags are set. This means we don't need to maintain multiple
 * similar copies of this loop.
 */
static void __shrink_dcache_sb(struct super_block *sb, int *count, int flags)
{
	LIST_HEAD(referenced);
	LIST_HEAD(tmp);
	struct dentry *dentry;
	int cnt = 0;

	BUG_ON(!sb);
	BUG_ON((flags & DCACHE_REFERENCED) && count == NULL);
	spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
	if (count != NULL)
		/* called from prune_dcache() and shrink_dcache_parent() */
		cnt = *count;
restart:
	if (count == NULL)
		list_splice_init(&sb->s_dentry_lru, &tmp);
	else {
		while (!list_empty(&sb->s_dentry_lru)) {
			dentry = list_entry(sb->s_dentry_lru.prev,
					struct dentry, d_lru);
			BUG_ON(dentry->d_sb != sb);

			spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
			/*
			 * If we are honouring the DCACHE_REFERENCED flag and
			 * the dentry has this flag set, don't free it. Clear
			 * the flag and put it back on the LRU.
			 */
			if ((flags & DCACHE_REFERENCED)
				&& (dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_REFERENCED)) {
				dentry->d_flags &= ~DCACHE_REFERENCED;
				list_move_tail(&dentry->d_lru, &referenced);
				spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
			} else {
				list_move_tail(&dentry->d_lru, &tmp);
				spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
				cnt--;
				if (!cnt)
					break;
			}
			cond_resched_lock(&dcache_lock);
		}
	}
	while (!list_empty(&tmp)) {
		dentry = list_entry(tmp.prev, struct dentry, d_lru);
		dentry_lru_del_init(dentry);
		spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
		/*
		 * We found an inuse dentry which was not removed from
		 * the LRU because of laziness during lookup.  Do not free
		 * it - just keep it off the LRU list.
		 */
		if (atomic_read(&dentry->d_count)) {
			spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
			continue;
		}
		prune_one_dentry(dentry);
		/* dentry->d_lock was dropped in prune_one_dentry() */
		cond_resched_lock(&dcache_lock);
	}
	if (count == NULL && !list_empty(&sb->s_dentry_lru))
		goto restart;
	if (count != NULL)
		*count = cnt;
	if (!list_empty(&referenced))
		list_splice(&referenced, &sb->s_dentry_lru);
	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
}

/**
 * prune_dcache - shrink the dcache
 * @count: number of entries to try to free
 *
 * Shrink the dcache. This is done when we need more memory, or simply when we
 * need to unmount something (at which point we need to unuse all dentries).
 *
 * This function may fail to free any resources if all the dentries are in use.
 */
static void prune_dcache(int count)
{
	struct super_block *sb;
	int w_count;
	int unused = dentry_stat.nr_unused;
	int prune_ratio;
	int pruned;

	if (unused == 0 || count == 0)
		return;
	spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
restart:
	if (count >= unused)
		prune_ratio = 1;
	else
		prune_ratio = unused / count;
	spin_lock(&sb_lock);
	list_for_each_entry(sb, &super_blocks, s_list) {
		if (sb->s_nr_dentry_unused == 0)
			continue;
		sb->s_count++;
		/* Now, we reclaim unused dentrins with fairness.
		 * We reclaim them same percentage from each superblock.
		 * We calculate number of dentries to scan on this sb
		 * as follows, but the implementation is arranged to avoid
		 * overflows:
		 * number of dentries to scan on this sb =
		 * count * (number of dentries on this sb /
		 * number of dentries in the machine)
		 */
		spin_unlock(&sb_lock);
		if (prune_ratio != 1)
			w_count = (sb->s_nr_dentry_unused / prune_ratio) + 1;
		else
			w_count = sb->s_nr_dentry_unused;
		pruned = w_count;
		/*
		 * We need to be sure this filesystem isn't being unmounted,
		 * otherwise we could race with generic_shutdown_super(), and
		 * end up holding a reference to an inode while the filesystem
		 * is unmounted.  So we try to get s_umount, and make sure
		 * s_root isn't NULL.
		 */
		if (down_read_trylock(&sb->s_umount)) {
			if ((sb->s_root != NULL) &&
			    (!list_empty(&sb->s_dentry_lru))) {
				spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
				__shrink_dcache_sb(sb, &w_count,
						DCACHE_REFERENCED);
				pruned -= w_count;
				spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
			}
			up_read(&sb->s_umount);
		}
		spin_lock(&sb_lock);
		count -= pruned;
		/*
		 * restart only when sb is no longer on the list and
		 * we have more work to do.
		 */
		if (__put_super_and_need_restart(sb) && count > 0) {
			spin_unlock(&sb_lock);
			goto restart;
		}
	}
	spin_unlock(&sb_lock);
	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
}

/**
 * shrink_dcache_sb - shrink dcache for a superblock
 * @sb: superblock
 *
 * Shrink the dcache for the specified super block. This
 * is used to free the dcache before unmounting a file
 * system
 */
void shrink_dcache_sb(struct super_block * sb)
{
	__shrink_dcache_sb(sb, NULL, 0);
}

/*
 * destroy a single subtree of dentries for unmount
 * - see the comments on shrink_dcache_for_umount() for a description of the
 *   locking
 */
static void shrink_dcache_for_umount_subtree(struct dentry *dentry)
{
	struct dentry *parent;
	unsigned detached = 0;

	BUG_ON(!IS_ROOT(dentry));

	/* detach this root from the system */
	spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
	dentry_lru_del_init(dentry);
	__d_drop(dentry);
	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);

	for (;;) {
		/* descend to the first leaf in the current subtree */
		while (!list_empty(&dentry->d_subdirs)) {
			struct dentry *loop;

			/* this is a branch with children - detach all of them
			 * from the system in one go */
			spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
			list_for_each_entry(loop, &dentry->d_subdirs,
					    d_u.d_child) {
				dentry_lru_del_init(loop);
				__d_drop(loop);
				cond_resched_lock(&dcache_lock);
			}
			spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);

			/* move to the first child */
			dentry = list_entry(dentry->d_subdirs.next,
					    struct dentry, d_u.d_child);
		}

		/* consume the dentries from this leaf up through its parents
		 * until we find one with children or run out altogether */
		do {
			struct inode *inode;

			if (atomic_read(&dentry->d_count) != 0) {
				printk(KERN_ERR
				       "BUG: Dentry %p{i=%lx,n=%s}"
				       " still in use (%d)"
				       " [unmount of %s %s]\n",
				       dentry,
				       dentry->d_inode ?
				       dentry->d_inode->i_ino : 0UL,
				       dentry->d_name.name,
				       atomic_read(&dentry->d_count),
				       dentry->d_sb->s_type->name,
				       dentry->d_sb->s_id);
				BUG();
			}

			if (IS_ROOT(dentry))
				parent = NULL;
			else {
				parent = dentry->d_parent;
				atomic_dec(&parent->d_count);
			}

			list_del(&dentry->d_u.d_child);
			detached++;

			inode = dentry->d_inode;
			if (inode) {
				dentry->d_inode = NULL;
				list_del_init(&dentry->d_alias);
				if (dentry->d_op && dentry->d_op->d_iput)
					dentry->d_op->d_iput(dentry, inode);
				else
					iput(inode);
			}

			d_free(dentry);

			/* finished when we fall off the top of the tree,
			 * otherwise we ascend to the parent and move to the
			 * next sibling if there is one */
			if (!parent)
				goto out;

			dentry = parent;

		} while (list_empty(&dentry->d_subdirs));

		dentry = list_entry(dentry->d_subdirs.next,
				    struct dentry, d_u.d_child);
	}
out:
	/* several dentries were freed, need to correct nr_dentry */
	spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
	dentry_stat.nr_dentry -= detached;
	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
}

/*
 * destroy the dentries attached to a superblock on unmounting
 * - we don't need to use dentry->d_lock, and only need dcache_lock when
 *   removing the dentry from the system lists and hashes because:
 *   - the superblock is detached from all mountings and open files, so the
 *     dentry trees will not be rearranged by the VFS
 *   - s_umount is write-locked, so the memory pressure shrinker will ignore
 *     any dentries belonging to this superblock that it comes across
 *   - the filesystem itself is no longer permitted to rearrange the dentries
 *     in this superblock
 */
void shrink_dcache_for_umount(struct super_block *sb)
{
	struct dentry *dentry;

	if (down_read_trylock(&sb->s_umount))
		BUG();

	dentry = sb->s_root;
	sb->s_root = NULL;
	atomic_dec(&dentry->d_count);
	shrink_dcache_for_umount_subtree(dentry);

	while (!hlist_empty(&sb->s_anon)) {
		dentry = hlist_entry(sb->s_anon.first, struct dentry, d_hash);
		shrink_dcache_for_umount_subtree(dentry);
	}
}

/*
 * Search for at least 1 mount point in the dentry's subdirs.
 * We descend to the next level whenever the d_subdirs
 * list is non-empty and continue searching.
 */
 
/**
 * have_submounts - check for mounts over a dentry
 * @parent: dentry to check.
 *
 * Return true if the parent or its subdirectories contain
 * a mount point
 */
 
int have_submounts(struct dentry *parent)
{
	struct dentry *this_parent = parent;
	struct list_head *next;

	spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
	if (d_mountpoint(parent))
		goto positive;
repeat:
	next = this_parent->d_subdirs.next;
resume:
	while (next != &this_parent->d_subdirs) {
		struct list_head *tmp = next;
		struct dentry *dentry = list_entry(tmp, struct dentry, d_u.d_child);
		next = tmp->next;
		/* Have we found a mount point ? */
		if (d_mountpoint(dentry))
			goto positive;
		if (!list_empty(&dentry->d_subdirs)) {
			this_parent = dentry;
			goto repeat;
		}
	}
	/*
	 * All done at this level ... ascend and resume the search.
	 */
	if (this_parent != parent) {
		next = this_parent->d_u.d_child.next;
		this_parent = this_parent->d_parent;
		goto resume;
	}
	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
	return 0; /* No mount points found in tree */
positive:
	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
	return 1;
}

/*
 * Search the dentry child list for the specified parent,
 * and move any unused dentries to the end of the unused
 * list for prune_dcache(). We descend to the next level
 * whenever the d_subdirs list is non-empty and continue
 * searching.
 *
 * It returns zero iff there are no unused children,
 * otherwise  it returns the number of children moved to
 * the end of the unused list. This may not be the total
 * number of unused children, because select_parent can
 * drop the lock and return early due to latency
 * constraints.
 */
static int select_parent(struct dentry * parent)
{
	struct dentry *this_parent = parent;
	struct list_head *next;
	int found = 0;

	spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
repeat:
	next = this_parent->d_subdirs.next;
resume:
	while (next != &this_parent->d_subdirs) {
		struct list_head *tmp = next;
		struct dentry *dentry = list_entry(tmp, struct dentry, d_u.d_child);
		next = tmp->next;

		dentry_lru_del_init(dentry);
		/* 
		 * move only zero ref count dentries to the end 
		 * of the unused list for prune_dcache
		 */
		if (!atomic_read(&dentry->d_count)) {
			dentry_lru_add_tail(dentry);
			found++;
		}

		/*
		 * We can return to the caller if we have found some (this
		 * ensures forward progress). We'll be coming back to find
		 * the rest.
		 */
		if (found && need_resched())
			goto out;

		/*
		 * Descend a level if the d_subdirs list is non-empty.
		 */
		if (!list_empty(&dentry->d_subdirs)) {
			this_parent = dentry;
			goto repeat;
		}
	}
	/*
	 * All done at this level ... ascend and resume the search.
	 */
	if (this_parent != parent) {
		next = this_parent->d_u.d_child.next;
		this_parent = this_parent->d_parent;
		goto resume;
	}
out:
	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
	return found;
}

/**
 * shrink_dcache_parent - prune dcache
 * @parent: parent of entries to prune
 *
 * Prune the dcache to remove unused children of the parent dentry.
 */
 
void shrink_dcache_parent(struct dentry * parent)
{
	struct super_block *sb = parent->d_sb;
	int found;

	while ((found = select_parent(parent)) != 0)
		__shrink_dcache_sb(sb, &found, 0);
}

/*
 * Scan `nr' dentries and return the number which remain.
 *
 * We need to avoid reentering the filesystem if the caller is performing a
 * GFP_NOFS allocation attempt.  One example deadlock is:
 *
 * ext2_new_block->getblk->GFP->shrink_dcache_memory->prune_dcache->
 * prune_one_dentry->dput->dentry_iput->iput->inode->i_sb->s_op->put_inode->
 * ext2_discard_prealloc->ext2_free_blocks->lock_super->DEADLOCK.
 *
 * In this case we return -1 to tell the caller that we baled.
 */
static int shrink_dcache_memory(int nr, gfp_t gfp_mask)
{
	if (nr) {
		if (!(gfp_mask & __GFP_FS))
			return -1;
		prune_dcache(nr);
	}
	return (dentry_stat.nr_unused / 100) * sysctl_vfs_cache_pressure;
}

static struct shrinker dcache_shrinker = {
	.shrink = shrink_dcache_memory,
	.seeks = DEFAULT_SEEKS,
};

/**
 * d_alloc	-	allocate a dcache entry
 * @parent: parent of entry to allocate
 * @name: qstr of the name
 *
 * Allocates a dentry. It returns %NULL if there is insufficient memory
 * available. On a success the dentry is returned. The name passed in is
 * copied and the copy passed in may be reused after this call.
 */
 
struct dentry *d_alloc(struct dentry * parent, const struct qstr *name)
{
	struct dentry *dentry;
	char *dname;

	dentry = kmem_cache_alloc(dentry_cache, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!dentry)
		return NULL;

	if (name->len > DNAME_INLINE_LEN-1) {
		dname = kmalloc(name->len + 1, GFP_KERNEL);
		if (!dname) {
			kmem_cache_free(dentry_cache, dentry); 
			return NULL;
		}
	} else  {
		dname = dentry->d_iname;
	}	
	dentry->d_name.name = dname;

	dentry->d_name.len = name->len;
	dentry->d_name.hash = name->hash;
	memcpy(dname, name->name, name->len);
	dname[name->len] = 0;

	atomic_set(&dentry->d_count, 1);
	dentry->d_flags = DCACHE_UNHASHED;
	spin_lock_init(&dentry->d_lock);
	dentry->d_inode = NULL;
	dentry->d_parent = NULL;
	dentry->d_sb = NULL;
	dentry->d_op = NULL;
	dentry->d_fsdata = NULL;
	dentry->d_mounted = 0;
	INIT_HLIST_NODE(&dentry->d_hash);
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&dentry->d_lru);
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&dentry->d_subdirs);
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&dentry->d_alias);

	if (parent) {
		dentry->d_parent = dget(parent);
		dentry->d_sb = parent->d_sb;
	} else {
		INIT_LIST_HEAD(&dentry->d_u.d_child);
	}

	spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
	if (parent)
		list_add(&dentry->d_u.d_child, &parent->d_subdirs);
	dentry_stat.nr_dentry++;
	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);

	return dentry;
}

struct dentry *d_alloc_name(struct dentry *parent, const char *name)
{
	struct qstr q;

	q.name = name;
	q.len = strlen(name);
	q.hash = full_name_hash(q.name, q.len);
	return d_alloc(parent, &q);
}

/* the caller must hold dcache_lock */
static void __d_instantiate(struct dentry *dentry, struct inode *inode)
{
	if (inode)
		list_add(&dentry->d_alias, &inode->i_dentry);
	dentry->d_inode = inode;
	fsnotify_d_instantiate(dentry, inode);
}

/**
 * d_instantiate - fill in inode information for a dentry
 * @entry: dentry to complete
 * @inode: inode to attach to this dentry
 *
 * Fill in inode information in the entry.
 *
 * This turns negative dentries into productive full members
 * of society.
 *
 * NOTE! This assumes that the inode count has been incremented
 * (or otherwise set) by the caller to indicate that it is now
 * in use by the dcache.
 */
 
void d_instantiate(struct dentry *entry, struct inode * inode)
{
	BUG_ON(!list_empty(&entry->d_alias));
	spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
	__d_instantiate(entry, inode);
	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
	security_d_instantiate(entry, inode);
}

/**
 * d_instantiate_unique - instantiate a non-aliased dentry
 * @entry: dentry to instantiate
 * @inode: inode to attach to this dentry
 *
 * Fill in inode information in the entry. On success, it returns NULL.
 * If an unhashed alias of "entry" already exists, then we return the
 * aliased dentry instead and drop one reference to inode.
 *
 * Note that in order to avoid conflicts with rename() etc, the caller
 * had better be holding the parent directory semaphore.
 *
 * This also assumes that the inode count has been incremented
 * (or otherwise set) by the caller to indicate that it is now
 * in use by the dcache.
 */
static struct dentry *__d_instantiate_unique(struct dentry *entry,
					     struct inode *inode)
{
	struct dentry *alias;
	int len = entry->d_name.len;
	const char *name = entry->d_name.name;
	unsigned int hash = entry->d_name.hash;

	if (!inode) {
		__d_instantiate(entry, NULL);
		return NULL;
	}

	list_for_each_entry(alias, &inode->i_dentry, d_alias) {
		struct qstr *qstr = &alias->d_name;

		if (qstr->hash != hash)
			continue;
		if (alias->d_parent != entry->d_parent)
			continue;
		if (qstr->len != len)
			continue;
		if (memcmp(qstr->name, name, len))
			continue;
		dget_locked(alias);
		return alias;
	}

	__d_instantiate(entry, inode);
	return NULL;
}

struct dentry *d_instantiate_unique(struct dentry *entry, struct inode *inode)
{
	struct dentry *result;

	BUG_ON(!list_empty(&entry->d_alias));

	spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
	result = __d_instantiate_unique(entry, inode);
	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);

	if (!result) {
		security_d_instantiate(entry, inode);
		return NULL;
	}

	BUG_ON(!d_unhashed(result));
	iput(inode);
	return result;
}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_instantiate_unique);

/**
 * d_alloc_root - allocate root dentry
 * @root_inode: inode to allocate the root for
 *
 * Allocate a root ("/") dentry for the inode given. The inode is
 * instantiated and returned. %NULL is returned if there is insufficient
 * memory or the inode passed is %NULL.
 */
 
struct dentry * d_alloc_root(struct inode * root_inode)
{
	struct dentry *res = NULL;

	if (root_inode) {
		static const struct qstr name = { .name = "/", .len = 1 };

		res = d_alloc(NULL, &name);
		if (res) {
			res->d_sb = root_inode->i_sb;
			res->d_parent = res;
			d_instantiate(res, root_inode);
		}
	}
	return res;
}

static inline struct hlist_head *d_hash(struct dentry *parent,
					unsigned long hash)
{
	hash += ((unsigned long) parent ^ GOLDEN_RATIO_PRIME) / L1_CACHE_BYTES;
	hash = hash ^ ((hash ^ GOLDEN_RATIO_PRIME) >> D_HASHBITS);
	return dentry_hashtable + (hash & D_HASHMASK);
}

/**
 * d_obtain_alias - find or allocate a dentry for a given inode
 * @inode: inode to allocate the dentry for
 *
 * Obtain a dentry for an inode resulting from NFS filehandle conversion or
 * similar open by handle operations.  The returned dentry may be anonymous,
 * or may have a full name (if the inode was already in the cache).
 *
 * When called on a directory inode, we must ensure that the inode only ever
 * has one dentry.  If a dentry is found, that is returned instead of
 * allocating a new one.
 *
 * On successful return, the reference to the inode has been transferred
 * to the dentry.  In case of an error the reference on the inode is released.
 * To make it easier to use in export operations a %NULL or IS_ERR inode may
 * be passed in and will be the error will be propagate to the return value,
 * with a %NULL @inode replaced by ERR_PTR(-ESTALE).
 */
struct dentry *d_obtain_alias(struct inode *inode)
{
	static const struct qstr anonstring = { .name = "" };
	struct dentry *tmp;
	struct dentry *res;

	if (!inode)
		return ERR_PTR(-ESTALE);
	if (IS_ERR(inode))
		return ERR_CAST(inode);

	res = d_find_alias(inode);
	if (res)
		goto out_iput;

	tmp = d_alloc(NULL, &anonstring);
	if (!tmp) {
		res = ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
		goto out_iput;
	}
	tmp->d_parent = tmp; /* make sure dput doesn't croak */

	spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
	res = __d_find_alias(inode, 0);
	if (res) {
		spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
		dput(tmp);
		goto out_iput;
	}

	/* attach a disconnected dentry */
	spin_lock(&tmp->d_lock);
	tmp->d_sb = inode->i_sb;
	tmp->d_inode = inode;
	tmp->d_flags |= DCACHE_DISCONNECTED;
	tmp->d_flags &= ~DCACHE_UNHASHED;
	list_add(&tmp->d_alias, &inode->i_dentry);
	hlist_add_head(&tmp->d_hash, &inode->i_sb->s_anon);
	spin_unlock(&tmp->d_lock);

	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
	return tmp;

 out_iput:
	iput(inode);
	return res;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(d_obtain_alias);

/**
 * d_splice_alias - splice a disconnected dentry into the tree if one exists
 * @inode:  the inode which may have a disconnected dentry
 * @dentry: a negative dentry which we want to point to the inode.
 *
 * If inode is a directory and has a 'disconnected' dentry (i.e. IS_ROOT and
 * DCACHE_DISCONNECTED), then d_move that in place of the given dentry
 * and return it, else simply d_add the inode to the dentry and return NULL.
 *
 * This is needed in the lookup routine of any filesystem that is exportable
 * (via knfsd) so that we can build dcache paths to directories effectively.
 *
 * If a dentry was found and moved, then it is returned.  Otherwise NULL
 * is returned.  This matches the expected return value of ->lookup.
 *
 */
struct dentry *d_splice_alias(struct inode *inode, struct dentry *dentry)
{
	struct dentry *new = NULL;

	if (inode && S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode)) {
		spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
		new = __d_find_alias(inode, 1);
		if (new) {
			BUG_ON(!(new->d_flags & DCACHE_DISCONNECTED));
			spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
			security_d_instantiate(new, inode);
			d_rehash(dentry);
			d_move(new, dentry);
			iput(inode);
		} else {
			/* already taking dcache_lock, so d_add() by hand */
			__d_instantiate(dentry, inode);
			spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
			security_d_instantiate(dentry, inode);
			d_rehash(dentry);
		}
	} else
		d_add(dentry, inode);
	return new;
}

/**
 * d_add_ci - lookup or allocate new dentry with case-exact name
 * @inode:  the inode case-insensitive lookup has found
 * @dentry: the negative dentry that was passed to the parent's lookup func
 * @name:   the case-exact name to be associated with the returned dentry
 *
 * This is to avoid filling the dcache with case-insensitive names to the
 * same inode, only the actual correct case is stored in the dcache for
 * case-insensitive filesystems.
 *
 * For a case-insensitive lookup match and if the the case-exact dentry
 * already exists in in the dcache, use it and return it.
 *
 * If no entry exists with the exact case name, allocate new dentry with
 * the exact case, and return the spliced entry.
 */
struct dentry *d_add_ci(struct dentry *dentry, struct inode *inode,
			struct qstr *name)
{
	int error;
	struct dentry *found;
	struct dentry *new;

	/* Does a dentry matching the name exist already? */
	found = d_hash_and_lookup(dentry->d_parent, name);
	/* If not, create it now and return */
	if (!found) {
		new = d_alloc(dentry->d_parent, name);
		if (!new) {
			error = -ENOMEM;
			goto err_out;
		}
		found = d_splice_alias(inode, new);
		if (found) {
			dput(new);
			return found;
		}
		return new;
	}
	/* Matching dentry exists, check if it is negative. */
	if (found->d_inode) {
		if (unlikely(found->d_inode != inode)) {
			/* This can't happen because bad inodes are unhashed. */
			BUG_ON(!is_bad_inode(inode));
			BUG_ON(!is_bad_inode(found->d_inode));
		}
		/*
		 * Already have the inode and the dentry attached, decrement
		 * the reference count to balance the iget() done
		 * earlier on.  We found the dentry using d_lookup() so it
		 * cannot be disconnected and thus we do not need to worry
		 * about any NFS/disconnectedness issues here.
		 */
		iput(inode);
		return found;
	}
	/*
	 * Negative dentry: instantiate it unless the inode is a directory and
	 * has a 'disconnected' dentry (i.e. IS_ROOT and DCACHE_DISCONNECTED),
	 * in which case d_move() that in place of the found dentry.
	 */
	if (!S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode)) {
		/* Not a directory; everything is easy. */
		d_instantiate(found, inode);
		return found;
	}
	spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
	if (list_empty(&inode->i_dentry)) {
		/*
		 * Directory without a 'disconnected' dentry; we need to do
		 * d_instantiate() by hand because it takes dcache_lock which
		 * we already hold.
		 */
		__d_instantiate(found, inode);
		spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
		security_d_instantiate(found, inode);
		return found;
	}
	/*
	 * Directory with a 'disconnected' dentry; get a reference to the
	 * 'disconnected' dentry.
	 */
	new = list_entry(inode->i_dentry.next, struct dentry, d_alias);
	dget_locked(new);
	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
	/* Do security vodoo. */
	security_d_instantiate(found, inode);
	/* Move new in place of found. */
	d_move(new, found);
	/* Balance the iget() we did above. */
	iput(inode);
	/* Throw away found. */
	dput(found);
	/* Use new as the actual dentry. */
	return new;

err_out:
	iput(inode);
	return ERR_PTR(error);
}

/**
 * d_lookup - search for a dentry
 * @parent: parent dentry
 * @name: qstr of name we wish to find
 *
 * Searches the children of the parent dentry for the name in question. If
 * the dentry is found its reference count is incremented and the dentry
 * is returned. The caller must use d_put to free the entry when it has
 * finished using it. %NULL is returned on failure.
 *
 * __d_lookup is dcache_lock free. The hash list is protected using RCU.
 * Memory barriers are used while updating and doing lockless traversal. 
 * To avoid races with d_move while rename is happening, d_lock is used.
 *
 * Overflows in memcmp(), while d_move, are avoided by keeping the length
 * and name pointer in one structure pointed by d_qstr.
 *
 * rcu_read_lock() and rcu_read_unlock() are used to disable preemption while
 * lookup is going on.
 *
 * The dentry unused LRU is not updated even if lookup finds the required dentry
 * in there. It is updated in places such as prune_dcache, shrink_dcache_sb,
 * select_parent and __dget_locked. This laziness saves lookup from dcache_lock
 * acquisition.
 *
 * d_lookup() is protected against the concurrent renames in some unrelated
 * directory using the seqlockt_t rename_lock.
 */

struct dentry * d_lookup(struct dentry * parent, struct qstr * name)
{
	struct dentry * dentry = NULL;
	unsigned long seq;

        do {
                seq = read_seqbegin(&rename_lock);
                dentry = __d_lookup(parent, name);
                if (dentry)
			break;
	} while (read_seqretry(&rename_lock, seq));
	return dentry;
}

struct dentry * __d_lookup(struct dentry * parent, struct qstr * name)
{
	unsigned int len = name->len;
	unsigned int hash = name->hash;
	const unsigned char *str = name->name;
	struct hlist_head *head = d_hash(parent,hash);
	struct dentry *found = NULL;
	struct hlist_node *node;
	struct dentry *dentry;

	rcu_read_lock();
	
	hlist_for_each_entry_rcu(dentry, node, head, d_hash) {
		struct qstr *qstr;

		if (dentry->d_name.hash != hash)
			continue;
		if (dentry->d_parent != parent)
			continue;

		spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);

		/*
		 * Recheck the dentry after taking the lock - d_move may have
		 * changed things.  Don't bother checking the hash because we're
		 * about to compare the whole name anyway.
		 */
		if (dentry->d_parent != parent)
			goto next;

		/* non-existing due to RCU? */
		if (d_unhashed(dentry))
			goto next;

		/*
		 * It is safe to compare names since d_move() cannot
		 * change the qstr (protected by d_lock).
		 */
		qstr = &dentry->d_name;
		if (parent->d_op && parent->d_op->d_compare) {
			if (parent->d_op->d_compare(parent, qstr, name))
				goto next;
		} else {
			if (qstr->len != len)
				goto next;
			if (memcmp(qstr->name, str, len))
				goto next;
		}

		atomic_inc(&dentry->d_count);
		found = dentry;
		spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
		break;
next:
		spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
 	}
 	rcu_read_unlock();

 	return found;
}

/**
 * d_hash_and_lookup - hash the qstr then search for a dentry
 * @dir: Directory to search in
 * @name: qstr of name we wish to find
 *
 * On hash failure or on lookup failure NULL is returned.
 */
struct dentry *d_hash_and_lookup(struct dentry *dir, struct qstr *name)
{
	struct dentry *dentry = NULL;

	/*
	 * Check for a fs-specific hash function. Note that we must
	 * calculate the standard hash first, as the d_op->d_hash()
	 * routine may choose to leave the hash value unchanged.
	 */
	name->hash = full_name_hash(name->name, name->len);
	if (dir->d_op && dir->d_op->d_hash) {
		if (dir->d_op->d_hash(dir, name) < 0)
			goto out;
	}
	dentry = d_lookup(dir, name);
out:
	return dentry;
}

/**
 * d_validate - verify dentry provided from insecure source
 * @dentry: The dentry alleged to be valid child of @dparent
 * @dparent: The parent dentry (known to be valid)
 *
 * An insecure source has sent us a dentry, here we verify it and dget() it.
 * This is used by ncpfs in its readdir implementation.
 * Zero is returned in the dentry is invalid.
 */
 
int d_validate(struct dentry *dentry, struct dentry *dparent)
{
	struct hlist_head *base;
	struct hlist_node *lhp;

	/* Check whether the ptr might be valid at all.. */
	if (!kmem_ptr_validate(dentry_cache, dentry))
		goto out;

	if (dentry->d_parent != dparent)
		goto out;

	spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
	base = d_hash(dparent, dentry->d_name.hash);
	hlist_for_each(lhp,base) { 
		/* hlist_for_each_entry_rcu() not required for d_hash list
		 * as it is parsed under dcache_lock
		 */
		if (dentry == hlist_entry(lhp, struct dentry, d_hash)) {
			__dget_locked(dentry);
			spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
			return 1;
		}
	}
	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
out:
	return 0;
}

/*
 * When a file is deleted, we have two options:
 * - turn this dentry into a negative dentry
 * - unhash this dentry and free it.
 *
 * Usually, we want to just turn this into
 * a negative dentry, but if anybody else is
 * currently using the dentry or the inode
 * we can't do that and we fall back on removing
 * it from the hash queues and waiting for
 * it to be deleted later when it has no users
 */
 
/**
 * d_delete - delete a dentry
 * @dentry: The dentry to delete
 *
 * Turn the dentry into a negative dentry if possible, otherwise
 * remove it from the hash queues so it can be deleted later
 */
 
void d_delete(struct dentry * dentry)
{
	int isdir = 0;
	/*
	 * Are we the only user?
	 */
	spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
	spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
	isdir = S_ISDIR(dentry->d_inode->i_mode);
	if (atomic_read(&dentry->d_count) == 1) {
		dentry_iput(dentry);
		fsnotify_nameremove(dentry, isdir);
		return;
	}

	if (!d_unhashed(dentry))
		__d_drop(dentry);

	spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);

	fsnotify_nameremove(dentry, isdir);
}

static void __d_rehash(struct dentry * entry, struct hlist_head *list)
{

 	entry->d_flags &= ~DCACHE_UNHASHED;
 	hlist_add_head_rcu(&entry->d_hash, list);
}

static void _d_rehash(struct dentry * entry)
{
	__d_rehash(entry, d_hash(entry->d_parent, entry->d_name.hash));
}

/**
 * d_rehash	- add an entry back to the hash
 * @entry: dentry to add to the hash
 *
 * Adds a dentry to the hash according to its name.
 */
 
void d_rehash(struct dentry * entry)
{
	spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
	spin_lock(&entry->d_lock);
	_d_rehash(entry);
	spin_unlock(&entry->d_lock);
	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
}

#define do_switch(x,y) do { \
	__typeof__ (x) __tmp = x; \
	x = y; y = __tmp; } while (0)

/*
 * When switching names, the actual string doesn't strictly have to
 * be preserved in the target - because we're dropping the target
 * anyway. As such, we can just do a simple memcpy() to copy over
 * the new name before we switch.
 *
 * Note that we have to be a lot more careful about getting the hash
 * switched - we have to switch the hash value properly even if it
 * then no longer matches the actual (corrupted) string of the target.
 * The hash value has to match the hash queue that the dentry is on..
 */
static void switch_names(struct dentry *dentry, struct dentry *target)
{
	if (dname_external(target)) {
		if (dname_external(dentry)) {
			/*
			 * Both external: swap the pointers
			 */
			do_switch(target->d_name.name, dentry->d_name.name);
		} else {
			/*
			 * dentry:internal, target:external.  Steal target's
			 * storage and make target internal.
			 */
			memcpy(target->d_iname, dentry->d_name.name,
					dentry->d_name.len + 1);
			dentry->d_name.name = target->d_name.name;
			target->d_name.name = target->d_iname;
		}
	} else {
		if (dname_external(dentry)) {
			/*
			 * dentry:external, target:internal.  Give dentry's
			 * storage to target and make dentry internal
			 */
			memcpy(dentry->d_iname, target->d_name.name,
					target->d_name.len + 1);
			target->d_name.name = dentry->d_name.name;
			dentry->d_name.name = dentry->d_iname;
		} else {
			/*
			 * Both are internal.  Just copy target to dentry
			 */
			memcpy(dentry->d_iname, target->d_name.name,
					target->d_name.len + 1);
			dentry->d_name.len = target->d_name.len;
			return;
		}
	}
	do_switch(dentry->d_name.len, target->d_name.len);
}

/*
 * We cannibalize "target" when moving dentry on top of it,
 * because it's going to be thrown away anyway. We could be more
 * polite about it, though.
 *
 * This forceful removal will result in ugly /proc output if
 * somebody holds a file open that got deleted due to a rename.
 * We could be nicer about the deleted file, and let it show
 * up under the name it had before it was deleted rather than
 * under the original name of the file that was moved on top of it.
 */
 
/*
 * d_move_locked - move a dentry
 * @dentry: entry to move
 * @target: new dentry
 *
 * Update the dcache to reflect the move of a file name. Negative
 * dcache entries should not be moved in this way.
 */
static void d_move_locked(struct dentry * dentry, struct dentry * target)
{
	struct hlist_head *list;

	if (!dentry->d_inode)
		printk(KERN_WARNING "VFS: moving negative dcache entry\n");

	write_seqlock(&rename_lock);
	/*
	 * XXXX: do we really need to take target->d_lock?
	 */
	if (target < dentry) {
		spin_lock(&target->d_lock);
		spin_lock_nested(&dentry->d_lock, DENTRY_D_LOCK_NESTED);
	} else {
		spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
		spin_lock_nested(&target->d_lock, DENTRY_D_LOCK_NESTED);
	}

	/* Move the dentry to the target hash queue, if on different bucket */
	if (d_unhashed(dentry))
		goto already_unhashed;

	hlist_del_rcu(&dentry->d_hash);

already_unhashed:
	list = d_hash(target->d_parent, target->d_name.hash);
	__d_rehash(dentry, list);

	/* Unhash the target: dput() will then get rid of it */
	__d_drop(target);

	list_del(&dentry->d_u.d_child);
	list_del(&target->d_u.d_child);

	/* Switch the names.. */
	switch_names(dentry, target);
	do_switch(dentry->d_name.hash, target->d_name.hash);

	/* ... and switch the parents */
	if (IS_ROOT(dentry)) {
		dentry->d_parent = target->d_parent;
		target->d_parent = target;
		INIT_LIST_HEAD(&target->d_u.d_child);
	} else {
		do_switch(dentry->d_parent, target->d_parent);

		/* And add them back to the (new) parent lists */
		list_add(&target->d_u.d_child, &target->d_parent->d_subdirs);
	}

	list_add(&dentry->d_u.d_child, &dentry->d_parent->d_subdirs);
	spin_unlock(&target->d_lock);
	fsnotify_d_move(dentry);
	spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
	write_sequnlock(&rename_lock);
}

/**
 * d_move - move a dentry
 * @dentry: entry to move
 * @target: new dentry
 *
 * Update the dcache to reflect the move of a file name. Negative
 * dcache entries should not be moved in this way.
 */

void d_move(struct dentry * dentry, struct dentry * target)
{
	spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
	d_move_locked(dentry, target);
	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
}

/**
 * d_ancestor - search for an ancestor
 * @p1: ancestor dentry
 * @p2: child dentry
 *
 * Returns the ancestor dentry of p2 which is a child of p1, if p1 is
 * an ancestor of p2, else NULL.
 */
struct dentry *d_ancestor(struct dentry *p1, struct dentry *p2)
{
	struct dentry *p;

	for (p = p2; !IS_ROOT(p); p = p->d_parent) {
		if (p->d_parent == p1)
			return p;
	}
	return NULL;
}

/*
 * This helper attempts to cope with remotely renamed directories
 *
 * It assumes that the caller is already holding
 * dentry->d_parent->d_inode->i_mutex and the dcache_lock
 *
 * Note: If ever the locking in lock_rename() changes, then please
 * remember to update this too...
 */
static struct dentry *__d_unalias(struct dentry *dentry, struct dentry *alias)
	__releases(dcache_lock)
{
	struct mutex *m1 = NULL, *m2 = NULL;
	struct dentry *ret;

	/* If alias and dentry share a parent, then no extra locks required */
	if (alias->d_parent == dentry->d_parent)
		goto out_unalias;

	/* Check for loops */
	ret = ERR_PTR(-ELOOP);
	if (d_ancestor(alias, dentry))
		goto out_err;

	/* See lock_rename() */
	ret = ERR_PTR(-EBUSY);
	if (!mutex_trylock(&dentry->d_sb->s_vfs_rename_mutex))
		goto out_err;
	m1 = &dentry->d_sb->s_vfs_rename_mutex;
	if (!mutex_trylock(&alias->d_parent->d_inode->i_mutex))
		goto out_err;
	m2 = &alias->d_parent->d_inode->i_mutex;
out_unalias:
	d_move_locked(alias, dentry);
	ret = alias;
out_err:
	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
	if (m2)
		mutex_unlock(m2);
	if (m1)
		mutex_unlock(m1);
	return ret;
}

/*
 * Prepare an anonymous dentry for life in the superblock's dentry tree as a
 * named dentry in place of the dentry to be replaced.
 */
static void __d_materialise_dentry(struct dentry *dentry, struct dentry *anon)
{
	struct dentry *dparent, *aparent;

	switch_names(dentry, anon);
	do_switch(dentry->d_name.hash, anon->d_name.hash);

	dparent = dentry->d_parent;
	aparent = anon->d_parent;

	dentry->d_parent = (aparent == anon) ? dentry : aparent;
	list_del(&dentry->d_u.d_child);
	if (!IS_ROOT(dentry))
		list_add(&dentry->d_u.d_child, &dentry->d_parent->d_subdirs);
	else
		INIT_LIST_HEAD(&dentry->d_u.d_child);

	anon->d_parent = (dparent == dentry) ? anon : dparent;
	list_del(&anon->d_u.d_child);
	if (!IS_ROOT(anon))
		list_add(&anon->d_u.d_child, &anon->d_parent->d_subdirs);
	else
		INIT_LIST_HEAD(&anon->d_u.d_child);

	anon->d_flags &= ~DCACHE_DISCONNECTED;
}

/**
 * d_materialise_unique - introduce an inode into the tree
 * @dentry: candidate dentry
 * @inode: inode to bind to the dentry, to which aliases may be attached
 *
 * Introduces an dentry into the tree, substituting an extant disconnected
 * root directory alias in its place if there is one
 */
struct dentry *d_materialise_unique(struct dentry *dentry, struct inode *inode)
{
	struct dentry *actual;

	BUG_ON(!d_unhashed(dentry));

	spin_lock(&dcache_lock);

	if (!inode) {
		actual = dentry;
		__d_instantiate(dentry, NULL);
		goto found_lock;
	}

	if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode)) {
		struct dentry *alias;

		/* Does an aliased dentry already exist? */
		alias = __d_find_alias(inode, 0);
		if (alias) {
			actual = alias;
			/* Is this an anonymous mountpoint that we could splice
			 * into our tree? */
			if (IS_ROOT(alias)) {
				spin_lock(&alias->d_lock);
				__d_materialise_dentry(dentry, alias);
				__d_drop(alias);
				goto found;
			}
			/* Nope, but we must(!) avoid directory aliasing */
			actual = __d_unalias(dentry, alias);
			if (IS_ERR(actual))
				dput(alias);
			goto out_nolock;
		}
	}

	/* Add a unique reference */
	actual = __d_instantiate_unique(dentry, inode);
	if (!actual)
		actual = dentry;
	else if (unlikely(!d_unhashed(actual)))
		goto shouldnt_be_hashed;

found_lock:
	spin_lock(&actual->d_lock);
found:
	_d_rehash(actual);
	spin_unlock(&actual->d_lock);
	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
out_nolock:
	if (actual == dentry) {
		security_d_instantiate(dentry, inode);
		return NULL;
	}

	iput(inode);
	return actual;

shouldnt_be_hashed:
	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
	BUG();
}

static int prepend(char **buffer, int *buflen, const char *str, int namelen)
{
	*buflen -= namelen;
	if (*buflen < 0)
		return -ENAMETOOLONG;
	*buffer -= namelen;
	memcpy(*buffer, str, namelen);
	return 0;
}

static int prepend_name(char **buffer, int *buflen, struct qstr *name)
{
	return prepend(buffer, buflen, name->name, name->len);
}

/**
 * __d_path - return the path of a dentry
 * @path: the dentry/vfsmount to report
 * @root: root vfsmnt/dentry (may be modified by this function)
 * @buffer: buffer to return value in
 * @buflen: buffer length
 *
 * Convert a dentry into an ASCII path name. If the entry has been deleted
 * the string " (deleted)" is appended. Note that this is ambiguous.
 *
 * Returns the buffer or an error code if the path was too long.
 *
 * "buflen" should be positive. Caller holds the dcache_lock.
 *
 * If path is not reachable from the supplied root, then the value of
 * root is changed (without modifying refcounts).
 */
char *__d_path(const struct path *path, struct path *root,
	       char *buffer, int buflen)
{
	struct dentry *dentry = path->dentry;
	struct vfsmount *vfsmnt = path->mnt;
	char *end = buffer + buflen;
	char *retval;

	spin_lock(&vfsmount_lock);
	prepend(&end, &buflen, "\0", 1);
	if (!IS_ROOT(dentry) && d_unhashed(dentry) &&
		(prepend(&end, &buflen, " (deleted)", 10) != 0))
			goto Elong;

	if (buflen < 1)
		goto Elong;
	/* Get '/' right */
	retval = end-1;
	*retval = '/';

	for (;;) {
		struct dentry * parent;

		if (dentry == root->dentry && vfsmnt == root->mnt)
			break;
		if (dentry == vfsmnt->mnt_root || IS_ROOT(dentry)) {
			/* Global root? */
			if (vfsmnt->mnt_parent == vfsmnt) {
				goto global_root;
			}
			dentry = vfsmnt->mnt_mountpoint;
			vfsmnt = vfsmnt->mnt_parent;
			continue;
		}
		parent = dentry->d_parent;
		prefetch(parent);
		if ((prepend_name(&end, &buflen, &dentry->d_name) != 0) ||
		    (prepend(&end, &buflen, "/", 1) != 0))
			goto Elong;
		retval = end;
		dentry = parent;
	}

out:
	spin_unlock(&vfsmount_lock);
	return retval;

global_root:
	retval += 1;	/* hit the slash */
	if (prepend_name(&retval, &buflen, &dentry->d_name) != 0)
		goto Elong;
	root->mnt = vfsmnt;
	root->dentry = dentry;
	goto out;

Elong:
	retval = ERR_PTR(-ENAMETOOLONG);
	goto out;
}

/**
 * d_path - return the path of a dentry
 * @path: path to report
 * @buf: buffer to return value in
 * @buflen: buffer length
 *
 * Convert a dentry into an ASCII path name. If the entry has been deleted
 * the string " (deleted)" is appended. Note that this is ambiguous.
 *
 * Returns the buffer or an error code if the path was too long.
 *
 * "buflen" should be positive.
 */
char *d_path(const struct path *path, char *buf, int buflen)
{
	char *res;
	struct path root;
	struct path tmp;

	/*
	 * We have various synthetic filesystems that never get mounted.  On
	 * these filesystems dentries are never used for lookup purposes, and
	 * thus don't need to be hashed.  They also don't need a name until a
	 * user wants to identify the object in /proc/pid/fd/.  The little hack
	 * below allows us to generate a name for these objects on demand:
	 */
	if (path->dentry->d_op && path->dentry->d_op->d_dname)
		return path->dentry->d_op->d_dname(path->dentry, buf, buflen);

	read_lock(&current->fs->lock);
	root = current->fs->root;
	path_get(&root);
	read_unlock(&current->fs->lock);
	spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
	tmp = root;
	res = __d_path(path, &tmp, buf, buflen);
	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
	path_put(&root);
	return res;
}

/*
 * Helper function for dentry_operations.d_dname() members
 */
char *dynamic_dname(struct dentry *dentry, char *buffer, int buflen,
			const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list args;
	char temp[64];
	int sz;

	va_start(args, fmt);
	sz = vsnprintf(temp, sizeof(temp), fmt, args) + 1;
	va_end(args);

	if (sz > sizeof(temp) || sz > buflen)
		return ERR_PTR(-ENAMETOOLONG);

	buffer += buflen - sz;
	return memcpy(buffer, temp, sz);
}

/*
 * Write full pathname from the root of the filesystem into the buffer.
 */
char *dentry_path(struct dentry *dentry, char *buf, int buflen)
{
	char *end = buf + buflen;
	char *retval;

	spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
	prepend(&end, &buflen, "\0", 1);
	if (!IS_ROOT(dentry) && d_unhashed(dentry) &&
		(prepend(&end, &buflen, "//deleted", 9) != 0))
			goto Elong;
	if (buflen < 1)
		goto Elong;
	/* Get '/' right */
	retval = end-1;
	*retval = '/';

	while (!IS_ROOT(dentry)) {
		struct dentry *parent = dentry->d_parent;

		prefetch(parent);
		if ((prepend_name(&end, &buflen, &dentry->d_name) != 0) ||
		    (prepend(&end, &buflen, "/", 1) != 0))
			goto Elong;

		retval = end;
		dentry = parent;
	}
	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
	return retval;
Elong:
	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
	return ERR_PTR(-ENAMETOOLONG);
}

/*
 * NOTE! The user-level library version returns a
 * character pointer. The kernel system call just
 * returns the length of the buffer filled (which
 * includes the ending '\0' character), or a negative
 * error value. So libc would do something like
 *
 *	char *getcwd(char * buf, size_t size)
 *	{
 *		int retval;
 *
 *		retval = sys_getcwd(buf, size);
 *		if (retval >= 0)
 *			return buf;
 *		errno = -retval;
 *		return NULL;
 *	}
 */
asmlinkage long sys_getcwd(char __user *buf, unsigned long size)
{
	int error;
	struct path pwd, root;
	char *page = (char *) __get_free_page(GFP_USER);

	if (!page)
		return -ENOMEM;

	read_lock(&current->fs->lock);
	pwd = current->fs->pwd;
	path_get(&pwd);
	root = current->fs->root;
	path_get(&root);
	read_unlock(&current->fs->lock);

	error = -ENOENT;
	/* Has the current directory has been unlinked? */
	spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
	if (IS_ROOT(pwd.dentry) || !d_unhashed(pwd.dentry)) {
		unsigned long len;
		struct path tmp = root;
		char * cwd;

		cwd = __d_path(&pwd, &tmp, page, PAGE_SIZE);
		spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);

		error = PTR_ERR(cwd);
		if (IS_ERR(cwd))
			goto out;

		error = -ERANGE;
		len = PAGE_SIZE + page - cwd;
		if (len <= size) {
			error = len;
			if (copy_to_user(buf, cwd, len))
				error = -EFAULT;
		}
	} else
		spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);

out:
	path_put(&pwd);
	path_put(&root);
	free_page((unsigned long) page);
	return error;
}

/*
 * Test whether new_dentry is a subdirectory of old_dentry.
 *
 * Trivially implemented using the dcache structure
 */

/**
 * is_subdir - is new dentry a subdirectory of old_dentry
 * @new_dentry: new dentry
 * @old_dentry: old dentry
 *
 * Returns 1 if new_dentry is a subdirectory of the parent (at any depth).
 * Returns 0 otherwise.
 * Caller must ensure that "new_dentry" is pinned before calling is_subdir()
 */
  
int is_subdir(struct dentry *new_dentry, struct dentry *old_dentry)
{
	int result;
	unsigned long seq;

	/* FIXME: This is old behavior, needed? Please check callers. */
	if (new_dentry == old_dentry)
		return 1;

	/*
	 * Need rcu_readlock to protect against the d_parent trashing
	 * due to d_move
	 */
	rcu_read_lock();
	do {
		/* for restarting inner loop in case of seq retry */
		seq = read_seqbegin(&rename_lock);
		if (d_ancestor(old_dentry, new_dentry))
			result = 1;
		else
			result = 0;
	} while (read_seqretry(&rename_lock, seq));
	rcu_read_unlock();

	return result;
}

void d_genocide(struct dentry *root)
{
	struct dentry *this_parent = root;
	struct list_head *next;

	spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
repeat:
	next = this_parent->d_subdirs.next;
resume:
	while (next != &this_parent->d_subdirs) {
		struct list_head *tmp = next;
		struct dentry *dentry = list_entry(tmp, struct dentry, d_u.d_child);
		next = tmp->next;
		if (d_unhashed(dentry)||!dentry->d_inode)
			continue;
		if (!list_empty(&dentry->d_subdirs)) {
			this_parent = dentry;
			goto repeat;
		}
		atomic_dec(&dentry->d_count);
	}
	if (this_parent != root) {
		next = this_parent->d_u.d_child.next;
		atomic_dec(&this_parent->d_count);
		this_parent = this_parent->d_parent;
		goto resume;
	}
	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
}

/**
 * find_inode_number - check for dentry with name
 * @dir: directory to check
 * @name: Name to find.
 *
 * Check whether a dentry already exists for the given name,
 * and return the inode number if it has an inode. Otherwise
 * 0 is returned.
 *
 * This routine is used to post-process directory listings for
 * filesystems using synthetic inode numbers, and is necessary
 * to keep getcwd() working.
 */
 
ino_t find_inode_number(struct dentry *dir, struct qstr *name)
{
	struct dentry * dentry;
	ino_t ino = 0;

	dentry = d_hash_and_lookup(dir, name);
	if (dentry) {
		if (dentry->d_inode)
			ino = dentry->d_inode->i_ino;
		dput(dentry);
	}
	return ino;
}

static __initdata unsigned long dhash_entries;
static int __init set_dhash_entries(char *str)
{
	if (!str)
		return 0;
	dhash_entries = simple_strtoul(str, &str, 0);
	return 1;
}
__setup("dhash_entries=", set_dhash_entries);

static void __init dcache_init_early(void)
{
	int loop;

	/* If hashes are distributed across NUMA nodes, defer
	 * hash allocation until vmalloc space is available.
	 */
	if (hashdist)
		return;

	dentry_hashtable =
		alloc_large_system_hash("Dentry cache",
					sizeof(struct hlist_head),
					dhash_entries,
					13,
					HASH_EARLY,
					&d_hash_shift,
					&d_hash_mask,
					0);

	for (loop = 0; loop < (1 << d_hash_shift); loop++)
		INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&dentry_hashtable[loop]);
}

static void __init dcache_init(void)
{
	int loop;

	/* 
	 * A constructor could be added for stable state like the lists,
	 * but it is probably not worth it because of the cache nature
	 * of the dcache. 
	 */
	dentry_cache = KMEM_CACHE(dentry,
		SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT|SLAB_PANIC|SLAB_MEM_SPREAD);
	
	register_shrinker(&dcache_shrinker);

	/* Hash may have been set up in dcache_init_early */
	if (!hashdist)
		return;

	dentry_hashtable =
		alloc_large_system_hash("Dentry cache",
					sizeof(struct hlist_head),
					dhash_entries,
					13,
					0,
					&d_hash_shift,
					&d_hash_mask,
					0);

	for (loop = 0; loop < (1 << d_hash_shift); loop++)
		INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&dentry_hashtable[loop]);
}

/* SLAB cache for __getname() consumers */
struct kmem_cache *names_cachep __read_mostly;

/* SLAB cache for file structures */
struct kmem_cache *filp_cachep __read_mostly;

EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_genocide);

void __init vfs_caches_init_early(void)
{
	dcache_init_early();
	inode_init_early();
}

void __init vfs_caches_init(unsigned long mempages)
{
	unsigned long reserve;

	/* Base hash sizes on available memory, with a reserve equal to
           150% of current kernel size */

	reserve = min((mempages - nr_free_pages()) * 3/2, mempages - 1);
	mempages -= reserve;

	names_cachep = kmem_cache_create("names_cache", PATH_MAX, 0,
			SLAB_HWCACHE_ALIGN|SLAB_PANIC, NULL);

	filp_cachep = kmem_cache_create("filp", sizeof(struct file), 0,
			SLAB_HWCACHE_ALIGN|SLAB_PANIC, NULL);

	dcache_init();
	inode_init();
	files_init(mempages);
	mnt_init();
	bdev_cache_init();
	chrdev_init();
}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_alloc);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_alloc_root);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_delete);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_find_alias);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_instantiate);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_invalidate);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_lookup);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_move);
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(d_materialise_unique);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_path);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_prune_aliases);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_rehash);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_splice_alias);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_add_ci);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_validate);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dget_locked);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dput);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(find_inode_number);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(have_submounts);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(names_cachep);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(shrink_dcache_parent);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(shrink_dcache_sb);