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-rw-r--r--Documentation/ABI/testing/debugfs-kmemtrace71
-rw-r--r--Documentation/ABI/testing/debugfs-pktcdvd6
-rw-r--r--Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-firmware-acpi8
-rw-r--r--Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-kernel-slab479
-rw-r--r--Documentation/DMA-mapping.txt18
-rw-r--r--Documentation/DocBook/Makefile16
-rw-r--r--Documentation/DocBook/kernel-api.tmpl8
-rw-r--r--Documentation/DocBook/kgdb.tmpl2
-rw-r--r--Documentation/DocBook/writing-an-alsa-driver.tmpl8
-rw-r--r--Documentation/block/biodoc.txt19
-rw-r--r--Documentation/blockdev/00-INDEX2
-rw-r--r--Documentation/blockdev/mflash.txt84
-rw-r--r--Documentation/cgroups/cpuacct.txt18
-rw-r--r--Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt55
-rw-r--r--Documentation/cgroups/resource_counter.txt27
-rw-r--r--Documentation/devices.txt6
-rw-r--r--Documentation/driver-model/platform.txt59
-rw-r--r--Documentation/fb/uvesafb.txt7
-rw-r--r--Documentation/feature-removal-schedule.txt12
-rw-r--r--Documentation/filesystems/00-INDEX2
-rw-r--r--Documentation/filesystems/Locking24
-rw-r--r--Documentation/filesystems/caching/cachefiles.txt8
-rw-r--r--Documentation/filesystems/knfsd-stats.txt159
-rw-r--r--Documentation/filesystems/nfs41-server.txt161
-rw-r--r--Documentation/filesystems/nilfs2.txt200
-rw-r--r--Documentation/filesystems/pohmelfs/design_notes.txt71
-rw-r--r--Documentation/filesystems/pohmelfs/info.txt99
-rw-r--r--Documentation/filesystems/pohmelfs/network_protocol.txt227
-rw-r--r--Documentation/filesystems/vfs.txt3
-rw-r--r--Documentation/hwmon/g760a36
-rw-r--r--Documentation/infiniband/ipoib.txt45
-rw-r--r--Documentation/input/bcm5974.txt65
-rw-r--r--Documentation/input/multi-touch-protocol.txt140
-rw-r--r--Documentation/input/rotary-encoder.txt101
-rw-r--r--Documentation/isdn/00-INDEX17
-rw-r--r--Documentation/isdn/INTERFACE.CAPI213
-rw-r--r--Documentation/isdn/README.gigaset52
-rw-r--r--Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt93
-rw-r--r--Documentation/kernel-doc-nano-HOWTO.txt7
-rw-r--r--Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt584
-rw-r--r--Documentation/kprobes.txt38
-rw-r--r--Documentation/laptops/acer-wmi.txt10
-rw-r--r--Documentation/laptops/thinkpad-acpi.txt148
-rw-r--r--Documentation/lguest/.gitignore1
-rw-r--r--Documentation/lguest/lguest.txt11
-rw-r--r--Documentation/lockdep-design.txt6
-rw-r--r--Documentation/logo.gifbin0 -> 16335 bytes
-rw-r--r--Documentation/logo.svg2911
-rw-r--r--Documentation/logo.txt15
-rw-r--r--Documentation/networking/bonding.txt2
-rw-r--r--Documentation/powerpc/booting-without-of.txt89
-rw-r--r--Documentation/powerpc/dts-bindings/fsl/i2c.txt46
-rw-r--r--Documentation/powerpc/dts-bindings/fsl/upm-nand.txt39
-rw-r--r--Documentation/powerpc/dts-bindings/gpio/led.txt46
-rw-r--r--Documentation/powerpc/dts-bindings/mtd-physmap.txt80
-rw-r--r--Documentation/scsi/aacraid.txt15
-rw-r--r--Documentation/sound/alsa/HD-Audio.txt4
-rw-r--r--Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/jack.txt71
-rw-r--r--Documentation/sparse.txt8
-rw-r--r--Documentation/spi/spi-summary6
-rw-r--r--Documentation/sysctl/net.txt2
-rw-r--r--Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt4
-rw-r--r--Documentation/sysfs-rules.txt2
-rw-r--r--Documentation/sysrq.txt2
-rw-r--r--Documentation/tomoyo.txt55
-rw-r--r--Documentation/trace/ftrace.txt (renamed from Documentation/ftrace.txt)1134
-rw-r--r--Documentation/trace/kmemtrace.txt126
-rw-r--r--Documentation/trace/mmiotrace.txt (renamed from Documentation/tracers/mmiotrace.txt)0
-rw-r--r--Documentation/trace/tracepoints.txt (renamed from Documentation/tracepoints.txt)21
-rw-r--r--Documentation/video4linux/pxa_camera.txt125
-rw-r--r--Documentation/video4linux/v4l2-framework.txt21
-rw-r--r--Documentation/vm/00-INDEX2
-rw-r--r--Documentation/vm/active_mm.txt83
-rw-r--r--Documentation/vm/unevictable-lru.txt1041
74 files changed, 5028 insertions, 4348 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/ABI/testing/debugfs-kmemtrace b/Documentation/ABI/testing/debugfs-kmemtrace
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5e6a92a02d85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/ABI/testing/debugfs-kmemtrace
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
1What: /sys/kernel/debug/kmemtrace/
2Date: July 2008
3Contact: Eduard - Gabriel Munteanu <eduard.munteanu@linux360.ro>
4Description:
5
6In kmemtrace-enabled kernels, the following files are created:
7
8/sys/kernel/debug/kmemtrace/
9 cpu<n> (0400) Per-CPU tracing data, see below. (binary)
10 total_overruns (0400) Total number of bytes which were dropped from
11 cpu<n> files because of full buffer condition,
12 non-binary. (text)
13 abi_version (0400) Kernel's kmemtrace ABI version. (text)
14
15Each per-CPU file should be read according to the relay interface. That is,
16the reader should set affinity to that specific CPU and, as currently done by
17the userspace application (though there are other methods), use poll() with
18an infinite timeout before every read(). Otherwise, erroneous data may be
19read. The binary data has the following _core_ format:
20
21 Event ID (1 byte) Unsigned integer, one of:
22 0 - represents an allocation (KMEMTRACE_EVENT_ALLOC)
23 1 - represents a freeing of previously allocated memory
24 (KMEMTRACE_EVENT_FREE)
25 Type ID (1 byte) Unsigned integer, one of:
26 0 - this is a kmalloc() / kfree()
27 1 - this is a kmem_cache_alloc() / kmem_cache_free()
28 2 - this is a __get_free_pages() et al.
29 Event size (2 bytes) Unsigned integer representing the
30 size of this event. Used to extend
31 kmemtrace. Discard the bytes you
32 don't know about.
33 Sequence number (4 bytes) Signed integer used to reorder data
34 logged on SMP machines. Wraparound
35 must be taken into account, although
36 it is unlikely.
37 Caller address (8 bytes) Return address to the caller.
38 Pointer to mem (8 bytes) Pointer to target memory area. Can be
39 NULL, but not all such calls might be
40 recorded.
41
42In case of KMEMTRACE_EVENT_ALLOC events, the next fields follow:
43
44 Requested bytes (8 bytes) Total number of requested bytes,
45 unsigned, must not be zero.
46 Allocated bytes (8 bytes) Total number of actually allocated
47 bytes, unsigned, must not be lower
48 than requested bytes.
49 Requested flags (4 bytes) GFP flags supplied by the caller.
50 Target CPU (4 bytes) Signed integer, valid for event id 1.
51 If equal to -1, target CPU is the same
52 as origin CPU, but the reverse might
53 not be true.
54
55The data is made available in the same endianness the machine has.
56
57Other event ids and type ids may be defined and added. Other fields may be
58added by increasing event size, but see below for details.
59Every modification to the ABI, including new id definitions, are followed
60by bumping the ABI version by one.
61
62Adding new data to the packet (features) is done at the end of the mandatory
63data:
64 Feature size (2 byte)
65 Feature ID (1 byte)
66 Feature data (Feature size - 3 bytes)
67
68
69Users:
70 kmemtrace-user - git://repo.or.cz/kmemtrace-user.git
71
diff --git a/Documentation/ABI/testing/debugfs-pktcdvd b/Documentation/ABI/testing/debugfs-pktcdvd
index bf9c16b64c34..cf11736acb76 100644
--- a/Documentation/ABI/testing/debugfs-pktcdvd
+++ b/Documentation/ABI/testing/debugfs-pktcdvd
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
1What: /debug/pktcdvd/pktcdvd[0-7] 1What: /sys/kernel/debug/pktcdvd/pktcdvd[0-7]
2Date: Oct. 2006 2Date: Oct. 2006
3KernelVersion: 2.6.20 3KernelVersion: 2.6.20
4Contact: Thomas Maier <balagi@justmail.de> 4Contact: Thomas Maier <balagi@justmail.de>
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ debugfs interface
10The pktcdvd module (packet writing driver) creates 10The pktcdvd module (packet writing driver) creates
11these files in debugfs: 11these files in debugfs:
12 12
13/debug/pktcdvd/pktcdvd[0-7]/ 13/sys/kernel/debug/pktcdvd/pktcdvd[0-7]/
14 info (0444) Lots of driver statistics and infos. 14 info (0444) Lots of driver statistics and infos.
15 15
16Example: 16Example:
17------- 17-------
18 18
19cat /debug/pktcdvd/pktcdvd0/info 19cat /sys/kernel/debug/pktcdvd/pktcdvd0/info
diff --git a/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-firmware-acpi b/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-firmware-acpi
index e8ffc70ffe12..4f9ba3c2fca7 100644
--- a/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-firmware-acpi
+++ b/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-firmware-acpi
@@ -69,9 +69,13 @@ Description:
69 gpe1F: 0 invalid 69 gpe1F: 0 invalid
70 gpe_all: 1192 70 gpe_all: 1192
71 sci: 1194 71 sci: 1194
72 sci_not: 0
72 73
73 sci - The total number of times the ACPI SCI 74 sci - The number of times the ACPI SCI
74 has claimed an interrupt. 75 has been called and claimed an interrupt.
76
77 sci_not - The number of times the ACPI SCI
78 has been called and NOT claimed an interrupt.
75 79
76 gpe_all - count of SCI caused by GPEs. 80 gpe_all - count of SCI caused by GPEs.
77 81
diff --git a/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-kernel-slab b/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-kernel-slab
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6dcf75e594fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-kernel-slab
@@ -0,0 +1,479 @@
1What: /sys/kernel/slab
2Date: May 2007
3KernelVersion: 2.6.22
4Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
5 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
6Description:
7 The /sys/kernel/slab directory contains a snapshot of the
8 internal state of the SLUB allocator for each cache. Certain
9 files may be modified to change the behavior of the cache (and
10 any cache it aliases, if any).
11Users: kernel memory tuning tools
12
13What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/aliases
14Date: May 2007
15KernelVersion: 2.6.22
16Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
17 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
18Description:
19 The aliases file is read-only and specifies how many caches
20 have merged into this cache.
21
22What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/align
23Date: May 2007
24KernelVersion: 2.6.22
25Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
26 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
27Description:
28 The align file is read-only and specifies the cache's object
29 alignment in bytes.
30
31What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/alloc_calls
32Date: May 2007
33KernelVersion: 2.6.22
34Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
35 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
36Description:
37 The alloc_calls file is read-only and lists the kernel code
38 locations from which allocations for this cache were performed.
39 The alloc_calls file only contains information if debugging is
40 enabled for that cache (see Documentation/vm/slub.txt).
41
42What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/alloc_fastpath
43Date: February 2008
44KernelVersion: 2.6.25
45Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
46 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
47Description:
48 The alloc_fastpath file is read-only and specifies how many
49 objects have been allocated using the fast path.
50 Available when CONFIG_SLUB_STATS is enabled.
51
52What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/alloc_from_partial
53Date: February 2008
54KernelVersion: 2.6.25
55Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
56 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
57Description:
58 The alloc_from_partial file is read-only and specifies how
59 many times a cpu slab has been full and it has been refilled
60 by using a slab from the list of partially used slabs.
61 Available when CONFIG_SLUB_STATS is enabled.
62
63What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/alloc_refill
64Date: February 2008
65KernelVersion: 2.6.25
66Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
67 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
68Description:
69 The alloc_refill file is read-only and specifies how many
70 times the per-cpu freelist was empty but there were objects
71 available as the result of remote cpu frees.
72 Available when CONFIG_SLUB_STATS is enabled.
73
74What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/alloc_slab
75Date: February 2008
76KernelVersion: 2.6.25
77Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
78 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
79Description:
80 The alloc_slab file is read-only and specifies how many times
81 a new slab had to be allocated from the page allocator.
82 Available when CONFIG_SLUB_STATS is enabled.
83
84What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/alloc_slowpath
85Date: February 2008
86KernelVersion: 2.6.25
87Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
88 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
89Description:
90 The alloc_slowpath file is read-only and specifies how many
91 objects have been allocated using the slow path because of a
92 refill or allocation from a partial or new slab.
93 Available when CONFIG_SLUB_STATS is enabled.
94
95What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/cache_dma
96Date: May 2007
97KernelVersion: 2.6.22
98Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
99 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
100Description:
101 The cache_dma file is read-only and specifies whether objects
102 are from ZONE_DMA.
103 Available when CONFIG_ZONE_DMA is enabled.
104
105What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/cpu_slabs
106Date: May 2007
107KernelVersion: 2.6.22
108Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
109 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
110Description:
111 The cpu_slabs file is read-only and displays how many cpu slabs
112 are active and their NUMA locality.
113
114What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/cpuslab_flush
115Date: April 2009
116KernelVersion: 2.6.31
117Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
118 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
119Description:
120 The file cpuslab_flush is read-only and specifies how many
121 times a cache's cpu slabs have been flushed as the result of
122 destroying or shrinking a cache, a cpu going offline, or as
123 the result of forcing an allocation from a certain node.
124 Available when CONFIG_SLUB_STATS is enabled.
125
126What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/ctor
127Date: May 2007
128KernelVersion: 2.6.22
129Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
130 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
131Description:
132 The ctor file is read-only and specifies the cache's object
133 constructor function, which is invoked for each object when a
134 new slab is allocated.
135
136What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/deactivate_empty
137Date: February 2008
138KernelVersion: 2.6.25
139Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
140 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
141Description:
142 The file deactivate_empty is read-only and specifies how many
143 times an empty cpu slab was deactivated.
144 Available when CONFIG_SLUB_STATS is enabled.
145
146What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/deactivate_full
147Date: February 2008
148KernelVersion: 2.6.25
149Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
150 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
151Description:
152 The file deactivate_full is read-only and specifies how many
153 times a full cpu slab was deactivated.
154 Available when CONFIG_SLUB_STATS is enabled.
155
156What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/deactivate_remote_frees
157Date: February 2008
158KernelVersion: 2.6.25
159Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
160 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
161Description:
162 The file deactivate_remote_frees is read-only and specifies how
163 many times a cpu slab has been deactivated and contained free
164 objects that were freed remotely.
165 Available when CONFIG_SLUB_STATS is enabled.
166
167What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/deactivate_to_head
168Date: February 2008
169KernelVersion: 2.6.25
170Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
171 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
172Description:
173 The file deactivate_to_head is read-only and specifies how
174 many times a partial cpu slab was deactivated and added to the
175 head of its node's partial list.
176 Available when CONFIG_SLUB_STATS is enabled.
177
178What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/deactivate_to_tail
179Date: February 2008
180KernelVersion: 2.6.25
181Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
182 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
183Description:
184 The file deactivate_to_tail is read-only and specifies how
185 many times a partial cpu slab was deactivated and added to the
186 tail of its node's partial list.
187 Available when CONFIG_SLUB_STATS is enabled.
188
189What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/destroy_by_rcu
190Date: May 2007
191KernelVersion: 2.6.22
192Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
193 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
194Description:
195 The destroy_by_rcu file is read-only and specifies whether
196 slabs (not objects) are freed by rcu.
197
198What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/free_add_partial
199Date: February 2008
200KernelVersion: 2.6.25
201Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
202 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
203Description:
204 The file free_add_partial is read-only and specifies how many
205 times an object has been freed in a full slab so that it had to
206 added to its node's partial list.
207 Available when CONFIG_SLUB_STATS is enabled.
208
209What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/free_calls
210Date: May 2007
211KernelVersion: 2.6.22
212Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
213 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
214Description:
215 The free_calls file is read-only and lists the locations of
216 object frees if slab debugging is enabled (see
217 Documentation/vm/slub.txt).
218
219What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/free_fastpath
220Date: February 2008
221KernelVersion: 2.6.25
222Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
223 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
224Description:
225 The free_fastpath file is read-only and specifies how many
226 objects have been freed using the fast path because it was an
227 object from the cpu slab.
228 Available when CONFIG_SLUB_STATS is enabled.
229
230What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/free_frozen
231Date: February 2008
232KernelVersion: 2.6.25
233Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
234 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
235Description:
236 The free_frozen file is read-only and specifies how many
237 objects have been freed to a frozen slab (i.e. a remote cpu
238 slab).
239 Available when CONFIG_SLUB_STATS is enabled.
240
241What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/free_remove_partial
242Date: February 2008
243KernelVersion: 2.6.25
244Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
245 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
246Description:
247 The file free_remove_partial is read-only and specifies how
248 many times an object has been freed to a now-empty slab so
249 that it had to be removed from its node's partial list.
250 Available when CONFIG_SLUB_STATS is enabled.
251
252What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/free_slab
253Date: February 2008
254KernelVersion: 2.6.25
255Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
256 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
257Description:
258 The free_slab file is read-only and specifies how many times an
259 empty slab has been freed back to the page allocator.
260 Available when CONFIG_SLUB_STATS is enabled.
261
262What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/free_slowpath
263Date: February 2008
264KernelVersion: 2.6.25
265Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
266 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
267Description:
268 The free_slowpath file is read-only and specifies how many
269 objects have been freed using the slow path (i.e. to a full or
270 partial slab).
271 Available when CONFIG_SLUB_STATS is enabled.
272
273What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/hwcache_align
274Date: May 2007
275KernelVersion: 2.6.22
276Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
277 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
278Description:
279 The hwcache_align file is read-only and specifies whether
280 objects are aligned on cachelines.
281
282What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/min_partial
283Date: February 2009
284KernelVersion: 2.6.30
285Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
286 David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
287Description:
288 The min_partial file specifies how many empty slabs shall
289 remain on a node's partial list to avoid the overhead of
290 allocating new slabs. Such slabs may be reclaimed by utilizing
291 the shrink file.
292
293What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/object_size
294Date: May 2007
295KernelVersion: 2.6.22
296Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
297 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
298Description:
299 The object_size file is read-only and specifies the cache's
300 object size.
301
302What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/objects
303Date: May 2007
304KernelVersion: 2.6.22
305Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
306 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
307Description:
308 The objects file is read-only and displays how many objects are
309 active and from which nodes they are from.
310
311What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/objects_partial
312Date: April 2008
313KernelVersion: 2.6.26
314Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
315 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
316Description:
317 The objects_partial file is read-only and displays how many
318 objects are on partial slabs and from which nodes they are
319 from.
320
321What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/objs_per_slab
322Date: May 2007
323KernelVersion: 2.6.22
324Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
325 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
326Description:
327 The file objs_per_slab is read-only and specifies how many
328 objects may be allocated from a single slab of the order
329 specified in /sys/kernel/slab/cache/order.
330
331What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/order
332Date: May 2007
333KernelVersion: 2.6.22
334Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
335 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
336Description:
337 The order file specifies the page order at which new slabs are
338 allocated. It is writable and can be changed to increase the
339 number of objects per slab. If a slab cannot be allocated
340 because of fragmentation, SLUB will retry with the minimum order
341 possible depending on its characteristics.
342
343What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/order_fallback
344Date: April 2008
345KernelVersion: 2.6.26
346Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
347 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
348Description:
349 The file order_fallback is read-only and specifies how many
350 times an allocation of a new slab has not been possible at the
351 cache's order and instead fallen back to its minimum possible
352 order.
353 Available when CONFIG_SLUB_STATS is enabled.
354
355What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/partial
356Date: May 2007
357KernelVersion: 2.6.22
358Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
359 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
360Description:
361 The partial file is read-only and displays how long many
362 partial slabs there are and how long each node's list is.
363
364What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/poison
365Date: May 2007
366KernelVersion: 2.6.22
367Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
368 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
369Description:
370 The poison file specifies whether objects should be poisoned
371 when a new slab is allocated.
372
373What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/reclaim_account
374Date: May 2007
375KernelVersion: 2.6.22
376Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
377 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
378Description:
379 The reclaim_account file specifies whether the cache's objects
380 are reclaimable (and grouped by their mobility).
381
382What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/red_zone
383Date: May 2007
384KernelVersion: 2.6.22
385Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
386 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
387Description:
388 The red_zone file specifies whether the cache's objects are red
389 zoned.
390
391What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/remote_node_defrag_ratio
392Date: January 2008
393KernelVersion: 2.6.25
394Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
395 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
396Description:
397 The file remote_node_defrag_ratio specifies the percentage of
398 times SLUB will attempt to refill the cpu slab with a partial
399 slab from a remote node as opposed to allocating a new slab on
400 the local node. This reduces the amount of wasted memory over
401 the entire system but can be expensive.
402 Available when CONFIG_NUMA is enabled.
403
404What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/sanity_checks
405Date: May 2007
406KernelVersion: 2.6.22
407Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
408 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
409Description:
410 The sanity_checks file specifies whether expensive checks
411 should be performed on free and, at minimum, enables double free
412 checks. Caches that enable sanity_checks cannot be merged with
413 caches that do not.
414
415What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/shrink
416Date: May 2007
417KernelVersion: 2.6.22
418Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
419 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
420Description:
421 The shrink file is written when memory should be reclaimed from
422 a cache. Empty partial slabs are freed and the partial list is
423 sorted so the slabs with the fewest available objects are used
424 first.
425
426What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/slab_size
427Date: May 2007
428KernelVersion: 2.6.22
429Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
430 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
431Description:
432 The slab_size file is read-only and specifies the object size
433 with metadata (debugging information and alignment) in bytes.
434
435What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/slabs
436Date: May 2007
437KernelVersion: 2.6.22
438Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
439 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
440Description:
441 The slabs file is read-only and displays how long many slabs
442 there are (both cpu and partial) and from which nodes they are
443 from.
444
445What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/store_user
446Date: May 2007
447KernelVersion: 2.6.22
448Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
449 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
450Description:
451 The store_user file specifies whether the location of
452 allocation or free should be tracked for a cache.
453
454What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/total_objects
455Date: April 2008
456KernelVersion: 2.6.26
457Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
458 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
459Description:
460 The total_objects file is read-only and displays how many total
461 objects a cache has and from which nodes they are from.
462
463What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/trace
464Date: May 2007
465KernelVersion: 2.6.22
466Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
467 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
468Description:
469 The trace file specifies whether object allocations and frees
470 should be traced.
471
472What: /sys/kernel/slab/cache/validate
473Date: May 2007
474KernelVersion: 2.6.22
475Contact: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>,
476 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
477Description:
478 Writing to the validate file causes SLUB to traverse all of its
479 cache's objects and check the validity of metadata.
diff --git a/Documentation/DMA-mapping.txt b/Documentation/DMA-mapping.txt
index b2a4d6d244d9..01f24e94bdb6 100644
--- a/Documentation/DMA-mapping.txt
+++ b/Documentation/DMA-mapping.txt
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ exactly why.
136The standard 32-bit addressing PCI device would do something like 136The standard 32-bit addressing PCI device would do something like
137this: 137this:
138 138
139 if (pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_32BIT_MASK)) { 139 if (pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_BIT_MASK(32))) {
140 printk(KERN_WARNING 140 printk(KERN_WARNING
141 "mydev: No suitable DMA available.\n"); 141 "mydev: No suitable DMA available.\n");
142 goto ignore_this_device; 142 goto ignore_this_device;
@@ -155,9 +155,9 @@ all 64-bits when accessing streaming DMA:
155 155
156 int using_dac; 156 int using_dac;
157 157
158 if (!pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_64BIT_MASK)) { 158 if (!pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_BIT_MASK(64))) {
159 using_dac = 1; 159 using_dac = 1;
160 } else if (!pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_32BIT_MASK)) { 160 } else if (!pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_BIT_MASK(32))) {
161 using_dac = 0; 161 using_dac = 0;
162 } else { 162 } else {
163 printk(KERN_WARNING 163 printk(KERN_WARNING
@@ -170,14 +170,14 @@ the case would look like this:
170 170
171 int using_dac, consistent_using_dac; 171 int using_dac, consistent_using_dac;
172 172
173 if (!pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_64BIT_MASK)) { 173 if (!pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_BIT_MASK(64))) {
174 using_dac = 1; 174 using_dac = 1;
175 consistent_using_dac = 1; 175 consistent_using_dac = 1;
176 pci_set_consistent_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_64BIT_MASK); 176 pci_set_consistent_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_BIT_MASK(64));
177 } else if (!pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_32BIT_MASK)) { 177 } else if (!pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_BIT_MASK(32))) {
178 using_dac = 0; 178 using_dac = 0;
179 consistent_using_dac = 0; 179 consistent_using_dac = 0;
180 pci_set_consistent_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_32BIT_MASK); 180 pci_set_consistent_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_BIT_MASK(32));
181 } else { 181 } else {
182 printk(KERN_WARNING 182 printk(KERN_WARNING
183 "mydev: No suitable DMA available.\n"); 183 "mydev: No suitable DMA available.\n");
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ check the return value from pci_set_consistent_dma_mask().
192Finally, if your device can only drive the low 24-bits of 192Finally, if your device can only drive the low 24-bits of
193address during PCI bus mastering you might do something like: 193address during PCI bus mastering you might do something like:
194 194
195 if (pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_24BIT_MASK)) { 195 if (pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_BIT_MASK(24))) {
196 printk(KERN_WARNING 196 printk(KERN_WARNING
197 "mydev: 24-bit DMA addressing not available.\n"); 197 "mydev: 24-bit DMA addressing not available.\n");
198 goto ignore_this_device; 198 goto ignore_this_device;
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ most specific mask.
213 213
214Here is pseudo-code showing how this might be done: 214Here is pseudo-code showing how this might be done:
215 215
216 #define PLAYBACK_ADDRESS_BITS DMA_32BIT_MASK 216 #define PLAYBACK_ADDRESS_BITS DMA_BIT_MASK(32)
217 #define RECORD_ADDRESS_BITS 0x00ffffff 217 #define RECORD_ADDRESS_BITS 0x00ffffff
218 218
219 struct my_sound_card *card; 219 struct my_sound_card *card;
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/Makefile b/Documentation/DocBook/Makefile
index a3a83d38f96f..b1eb661e6302 100644
--- a/Documentation/DocBook/Makefile
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/Makefile
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ PS_METHOD = $(prefer-db2x)
31 31
32### 32###
33# The targets that may be used. 33# The targets that may be used.
34PHONY += xmldocs sgmldocs psdocs pdfdocs htmldocs mandocs installmandocs 34PHONY += xmldocs sgmldocs psdocs pdfdocs htmldocs mandocs installmandocs cleandocs
35 35
36BOOKS := $(addprefix $(obj)/,$(DOCBOOKS)) 36BOOKS := $(addprefix $(obj)/,$(DOCBOOKS))
37xmldocs: $(BOOKS) 37xmldocs: $(BOOKS)
@@ -143,7 +143,8 @@ quiet_cmd_db2pdf = PDF $@
143 $(call cmd,db2pdf) 143 $(call cmd,db2pdf)
144 144
145 145
146main_idx = Documentation/DocBook/index.html 146index = index.html
147main_idx = Documentation/DocBook/$(index)
147build_main_index = rm -rf $(main_idx) && \ 148build_main_index = rm -rf $(main_idx) && \
148 echo '<h1>Linux Kernel HTML Documentation</h1>' >> $(main_idx) && \ 149 echo '<h1>Linux Kernel HTML Documentation</h1>' >> $(main_idx) && \
149 echo '<h2>Kernel Version: $(KERNELVERSION)</h2>' >> $(main_idx) && \ 150 echo '<h2>Kernel Version: $(KERNELVERSION)</h2>' >> $(main_idx) && \
@@ -213,11 +214,12 @@ silent_gen_xml = :
213dochelp: 214dochelp:
214 @echo ' Linux kernel internal documentation in different formats:' 215 @echo ' Linux kernel internal documentation in different formats:'
215 @echo ' htmldocs - HTML' 216 @echo ' htmldocs - HTML'
216 @echo ' installmandocs - install man pages generated by mandocs'
217 @echo ' mandocs - man pages'
218 @echo ' pdfdocs - PDF' 217 @echo ' pdfdocs - PDF'
219 @echo ' psdocs - Postscript' 218 @echo ' psdocs - Postscript'
220 @echo ' xmldocs - XML DocBook' 219 @echo ' xmldocs - XML DocBook'
220 @echo ' mandocs - man pages'
221 @echo ' installmandocs - install man pages generated by mandocs'
222 @echo ' cleandocs - clean all generated DocBook files'
221 223
222### 224###
223# Temporary files left by various tools 225# Temporary files left by various tools
@@ -231,10 +233,14 @@ clean-files := $(DOCBOOKS) \
231 $(patsubst %.xml, %.pdf, $(DOCBOOKS)) \ 233 $(patsubst %.xml, %.pdf, $(DOCBOOKS)) \
232 $(patsubst %.xml, %.html, $(DOCBOOKS)) \ 234 $(patsubst %.xml, %.html, $(DOCBOOKS)) \
233 $(patsubst %.xml, %.9, $(DOCBOOKS)) \ 235 $(patsubst %.xml, %.9, $(DOCBOOKS)) \
234 $(C-procfs-example) 236 $(C-procfs-example) $(index)
235 237
236clean-dirs := $(patsubst %.xml,%,$(DOCBOOKS)) man 238clean-dirs := $(patsubst %.xml,%,$(DOCBOOKS)) man
237 239
240cleandocs:
241 $(Q)rm -f $(call objectify, $(clean-files))
242 $(Q)rm -rf $(call objectify, $(clean-dirs))
243
238# Declare the contents of the .PHONY variable as phony. We keep that 244# Declare the contents of the .PHONY variable as phony. We keep that
239# information in a variable se we can use it in if_changed and friends. 245# information in a variable se we can use it in if_changed and friends.
240 246
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/kernel-api.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/kernel-api.tmpl
index 58c194572c76..44b3def961a2 100644
--- a/Documentation/DocBook/kernel-api.tmpl
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/kernel-api.tmpl
@@ -190,16 +190,20 @@ X!Ekernel/module.c
190!Edrivers/pci/pci.c 190!Edrivers/pci/pci.c
191!Edrivers/pci/pci-driver.c 191!Edrivers/pci/pci-driver.c
192!Edrivers/pci/remove.c 192!Edrivers/pci/remove.c
193!Edrivers/pci/pci-acpi.c
194!Edrivers/pci/search.c 193!Edrivers/pci/search.c
195!Edrivers/pci/msi.c 194!Edrivers/pci/msi.c
196!Edrivers/pci/bus.c 195!Edrivers/pci/bus.c
196!Edrivers/pci/access.c
197!Edrivers/pci/irq.c
198!Edrivers/pci/htirq.c
197<!-- FIXME: Removed for now since no structured comments in source 199<!-- FIXME: Removed for now since no structured comments in source
198X!Edrivers/pci/hotplug.c 200X!Edrivers/pci/hotplug.c
199--> 201-->
200!Edrivers/pci/probe.c 202!Edrivers/pci/probe.c
203!Edrivers/pci/slot.c
201!Edrivers/pci/rom.c 204!Edrivers/pci/rom.c
202!Edrivers/pci/iov.c 205!Edrivers/pci/iov.c
206!Idrivers/pci/pci-sysfs.c
203 </sect1> 207 </sect1>
204 <sect1><title>PCI Hotplug Support Library</title> 208 <sect1><title>PCI Hotplug Support Library</title>
205!Edrivers/pci/hotplug/pci_hotplug_core.c 209!Edrivers/pci/hotplug/pci_hotplug_core.c
@@ -259,7 +263,7 @@ X!Earch/x86/kernel/mca_32.c
259!Eblock/blk-tag.c 263!Eblock/blk-tag.c
260!Iblock/blk-tag.c 264!Iblock/blk-tag.c
261!Eblock/blk-integrity.c 265!Eblock/blk-integrity.c
262!Iblock/blktrace.c 266!Ikernel/trace/blktrace.c
263!Iblock/genhd.c 267!Iblock/genhd.c
264!Eblock/genhd.c 268!Eblock/genhd.c
265 </chapter> 269 </chapter>
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/kgdb.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/kgdb.tmpl
index 372dec20c8da..5cff41a5fa7c 100644
--- a/Documentation/DocBook/kgdb.tmpl
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/kgdb.tmpl
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@
281 seriously wrong while debugging, it will most often be the case 281 seriously wrong while debugging, it will most often be the case
282 that you want to enable gdb to be verbose about its target 282 that you want to enable gdb to be verbose about its target
283 communications. You do this prior to issuing the <constant>target 283 communications. You do this prior to issuing the <constant>target
284 remote</constant> command by typing in: <constant>set remote debug 1</constant> 284 remote</constant> command by typing in: <constant>set debug remote 1</constant>
285 </para> 285 </para>
286 </chapter> 286 </chapter>
287 <chapter id="KGDBTestSuite"> 287 <chapter id="KGDBTestSuite">
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/writing-an-alsa-driver.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/writing-an-alsa-driver.tmpl
index 46b08fef3744..7a2e0e98986a 100644
--- a/Documentation/DocBook/writing-an-alsa-driver.tmpl
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/writing-an-alsa-driver.tmpl
@@ -1137,8 +1137,8 @@
1137 if (err < 0) 1137 if (err < 0)
1138 return err; 1138 return err;
1139 /* check PCI availability (28bit DMA) */ 1139 /* check PCI availability (28bit DMA) */
1140 if (pci_set_dma_mask(pci, DMA_28BIT_MASK) < 0 || 1140 if (pci_set_dma_mask(pci, DMA_BIT_MASK(28)) < 0 ||
1141 pci_set_consistent_dma_mask(pci, DMA_28BIT_MASK) < 0) { 1141 pci_set_consistent_dma_mask(pci, DMA_BIT_MASK(28)) < 0) {
1142 printk(KERN_ERR "error to set 28bit mask DMA\n"); 1142 printk(KERN_ERR "error to set 28bit mask DMA\n");
1143 pci_disable_device(pci); 1143 pci_disable_device(pci);
1144 return -ENXIO; 1144 return -ENXIO;
@@ -1252,8 +1252,8 @@
1252 err = pci_enable_device(pci); 1252 err = pci_enable_device(pci);
1253 if (err < 0) 1253 if (err < 0)
1254 return err; 1254 return err;
1255 if (pci_set_dma_mask(pci, DMA_28BIT_MASK) < 0 || 1255 if (pci_set_dma_mask(pci, DMA_BIT_MASK(28)) < 0 ||
1256 pci_set_consistent_dma_mask(pci, DMA_28BIT_MASK) < 0) { 1256 pci_set_consistent_dma_mask(pci, DMA_BIT_MASK(28)) < 0) {
1257 printk(KERN_ERR "error to set 28bit mask DMA\n"); 1257 printk(KERN_ERR "error to set 28bit mask DMA\n");
1258 pci_disable_device(pci); 1258 pci_disable_device(pci);
1259 return -ENXIO; 1259 return -ENXIO;
diff --git a/Documentation/block/biodoc.txt b/Documentation/block/biodoc.txt
index ecad6ee75705..6fab97ea7e6b 100644
--- a/Documentation/block/biodoc.txt
+++ b/Documentation/block/biodoc.txt
@@ -1040,23 +1040,21 @@ Front merges are handled by the binary trees in AS and deadline schedulers.
1040iii. Plugging the queue to batch requests in anticipation of opportunities for 1040iii. Plugging the queue to batch requests in anticipation of opportunities for
1041 merge/sort optimizations 1041 merge/sort optimizations
1042 1042
1043This is just the same as in 2.4 so far, though per-device unplugging
1044support is anticipated for 2.5. Also with a priority-based i/o scheduler,
1045such decisions could be based on request priorities.
1046
1047Plugging is an approach that the current i/o scheduling algorithm resorts to so 1043Plugging is an approach that the current i/o scheduling algorithm resorts to so
1048that it collects up enough requests in the queue to be able to take 1044that it collects up enough requests in the queue to be able to take
1049advantage of the sorting/merging logic in the elevator. If the 1045advantage of the sorting/merging logic in the elevator. If the
1050queue is empty when a request comes in, then it plugs the request queue 1046queue is empty when a request comes in, then it plugs the request queue
1051(sort of like plugging the bottom of a vessel to get fluid to build up) 1047(sort of like plugging the bath tub of a vessel to get fluid to build up)
1052till it fills up with a few more requests, before starting to service 1048till it fills up with a few more requests, before starting to service
1053the requests. This provides an opportunity to merge/sort the requests before 1049the requests. This provides an opportunity to merge/sort the requests before
1054passing them down to the device. There are various conditions when the queue is 1050passing them down to the device. There are various conditions when the queue is
1055unplugged (to open up the flow again), either through a scheduled task or 1051unplugged (to open up the flow again), either through a scheduled task or
1056could be on demand. For example wait_on_buffer sets the unplugging going 1052could be on demand. For example wait_on_buffer sets the unplugging going
1057(by running tq_disk) so the read gets satisfied soon. So in the read case, 1053through sync_buffer() running blk_run_address_space(mapping). Or the caller
1058the queue gets explicitly unplugged as part of waiting for completion, 1054can do it explicity through blk_unplug(bdev). So in the read case,
1059in fact all queues get unplugged as a side-effect. 1055the queue gets explicitly unplugged as part of waiting for completion on that
1056buffer. For page driven IO, the address space ->sync_page() takes care of
1057doing the blk_run_address_space().
1060 1058
1061Aside: 1059Aside:
1062 This is kind of controversial territory, as it's not clear if plugging is 1060 This is kind of controversial territory, as it's not clear if plugging is
@@ -1067,11 +1065,6 @@ Aside:
1067 multi-page bios being queued in one shot, we may not need to wait to merge 1065 multi-page bios being queued in one shot, we may not need to wait to merge
1068 a big request from the broken up pieces coming by. 1066 a big request from the broken up pieces coming by.
1069 1067
1070 Per-queue granularity unplugging (still a Todo) may help reduce some of the
1071 concerns with just a single tq_disk flush approach. Something like
1072 blk_kick_queue() to unplug a specific queue (right away ?)
1073 or optionally, all queues, is in the plan.
1074
10754.4 I/O contexts 10684.4 I/O contexts
1076I/O contexts provide a dynamically allocated per process data area. They may 1069I/O contexts provide a dynamically allocated per process data area. They may
1077be used in I/O schedulers, and in the block layer (could be used for IO statis, 1070be used in I/O schedulers, and in the block layer (could be used for IO statis,
diff --git a/Documentation/blockdev/00-INDEX b/Documentation/blockdev/00-INDEX
index 86f054c47013..c08df56dd91b 100644
--- a/Documentation/blockdev/00-INDEX
+++ b/Documentation/blockdev/00-INDEX
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ cpqarray.txt
8 - info on using Compaq's SMART2 Intelligent Disk Array Controllers. 8 - info on using Compaq's SMART2 Intelligent Disk Array Controllers.
9floppy.txt 9floppy.txt
10 - notes and driver options for the floppy disk driver. 10 - notes and driver options for the floppy disk driver.
11mflash.txt
12 - info on mGine m(g)flash driver for linux.
11nbd.txt 13nbd.txt
12 - info on a TCP implementation of a network block device. 14 - info on a TCP implementation of a network block device.
13paride.txt 15paride.txt
diff --git a/Documentation/blockdev/mflash.txt b/Documentation/blockdev/mflash.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1f610ecf698a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/blockdev/mflash.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
1This document describes m[g]flash support in linux.
2
3Contents
4 1. Overview
5 2. Reserved area configuration
6 3. Example of mflash platform driver registration
7
81. Overview
9
10Mflash and gflash are embedded flash drive. The only difference is mflash is
11MCP(Multi Chip Package) device. These two device operate exactly same way.
12So the rest mflash repersents mflash and gflash altogether.
13
14Internally, mflash has nand flash and other hardware logics and supports
152 different operation (ATA, IO) modes. ATA mode doesn't need any new
16driver and currently works well under standard IDE subsystem. Actually it's
17one chip SSD. IO mode is ATA-like custom mode for the host that doesn't have
18IDE interface.
19
20Followings are brief descriptions about IO mode.
21A. IO mode based on ATA protocol and uses some custom command. (read confirm,
22write confirm)
23B. IO mode uses SRAM bus interface.
24C. IO mode supports 4kB boot area, so host can boot from mflash.
25
262. Reserved area configuration
27If host boot from mflash, usually needs raw area for boot loader image. All of
28the mflash's block device operation will be taken this value as start offset.
29Note that boot loader's size of reserved area and kernel configuration value
30must be same.
31
323. Example of mflash platform driver registration
33Working mflash is very straight forward. Adding platform device stuff to board
34configuration file is all. Here is some pseudo example.
35
36static struct mg_drv_data mflash_drv_data = {
37 /* If you want to polling driver set to 1 */
38 .use_polling = 0,
39 /* device attribution */
40 .dev_attr = MG_BOOT_DEV
41};
42
43static struct resource mg_mflash_rsc[] = {
44 /* Base address of mflash */
45 [0] = {
46 .start = 0x08000000,
47 .end = 0x08000000 + SZ_64K - 1,
48 .flags = IORESOURCE_MEM
49 },
50 /* mflash interrupt pin */
51 [1] = {
52 .start = IRQ_GPIO(84),
53 .end = IRQ_GPIO(84),
54 .flags = IORESOURCE_IRQ
55 },
56 /* mflash reset pin */
57 [2] = {
58 .start = 43,
59 .end = 43,
60 .name = MG_RST_PIN,
61 .flags = IORESOURCE_IO
62 },
63 /* mflash reset-out pin
64 * If you use mflash as storage device (i.e. other than MG_BOOT_DEV),
65 * should assign this */
66 [3] = {
67 .start = 51,
68 .end = 51,
69 .name = MG_RSTOUT_PIN,
70 .flags = IORESOURCE_IO
71 }
72};
73
74static struct platform_device mflash_dev = {
75 .name = MG_DEV_NAME,
76 .id = -1,
77 .dev = {
78 .platform_data = &mflash_drv_data,
79 },
80 .num_resources = ARRAY_SIZE(mg_mflash_rsc),
81 .resource = mg_mflash_rsc
82};
83
84platform_device_register(&mflash_dev);
diff --git a/Documentation/cgroups/cpuacct.txt b/Documentation/cgroups/cpuacct.txt
index bb775fbe43d7..8b930946c52a 100644
--- a/Documentation/cgroups/cpuacct.txt
+++ b/Documentation/cgroups/cpuacct.txt
@@ -30,3 +30,21 @@ The above steps create a new group g1 and move the current shell
30process (bash) into it. CPU time consumed by this bash and its children 30process (bash) into it. CPU time consumed by this bash and its children
31can be obtained from g1/cpuacct.usage and the same is accumulated in 31can be obtained from g1/cpuacct.usage and the same is accumulated in
32/cgroups/cpuacct.usage also. 32/cgroups/cpuacct.usage also.
33
34cpuacct.stat file lists a few statistics which further divide the
35CPU time obtained by the cgroup into user and system times. Currently
36the following statistics are supported:
37
38user: Time spent by tasks of the cgroup in user mode.
39system: Time spent by tasks of the cgroup in kernel mode.
40
41user and system are in USER_HZ unit.
42
43cpuacct controller uses percpu_counter interface to collect user and
44system times. This has two side effects:
45
46- It is theoretically possible to see wrong values for user and system times.
47 This is because percpu_counter_read() on 32bit systems isn't safe
48 against concurrent writes.
49- It is possible to see slightly outdated values for user and system times
50 due to the batch processing nature of percpu_counter.
diff --git a/Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt b/Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt
index a98a7fe7aabb..1a608877b14e 100644
--- a/Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt
+++ b/Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt
@@ -6,15 +6,14 @@ used here with the memory controller that is used in hardware.
6 6
7Salient features 7Salient features
8 8
9a. Enable control of both RSS (mapped) and Page Cache (unmapped) pages 9a. Enable control of Anonymous, Page Cache (mapped and unmapped) and
10 Swap Cache memory pages.
10b. The infrastructure allows easy addition of other types of memory to control 11b. The infrastructure allows easy addition of other types of memory to control
11c. Provides *zero overhead* for non memory controller users 12c. Provides *zero overhead* for non memory controller users
12d. Provides a double LRU: global memory pressure causes reclaim from the 13d. Provides a double LRU: global memory pressure causes reclaim from the
13 global LRU; a cgroup on hitting a limit, reclaims from the per 14 global LRU; a cgroup on hitting a limit, reclaims from the per
14 cgroup LRU 15 cgroup LRU
15 16
16NOTE: Swap Cache (unmapped) is not accounted now.
17
18Benefits and Purpose of the memory controller 17Benefits and Purpose of the memory controller
19 18
20The memory controller isolates the memory behaviour of a group of tasks 19The memory controller isolates the memory behaviour of a group of tasks
@@ -290,34 +289,44 @@ will be charged as a new owner of it.
290 moved to the parent. If you want to avoid that, force_empty will be useful. 289 moved to the parent. If you want to avoid that, force_empty will be useful.
291 290
2925.2 stat file 2915.2 stat file
293 memory.stat file includes following statistics (now) 292
294 cache - # of pages from page-cache and shmem. 293memory.stat file includes following statistics
295 rss - # of pages from anonymous memory. 294
296 pgpgin - # of event of charging 295cache - # of bytes of page cache memory.
297 pgpgout - # of event of uncharging 296rss - # of bytes of anonymous and swap cache memory.
298 active_anon - # of pages on active lru of anon, shmem. 297pgpgin - # of pages paged in (equivalent to # of charging events).
299 inactive_anon - # of pages on active lru of anon, shmem 298pgpgout - # of pages paged out (equivalent to # of uncharging events).
300 active_file - # of pages on active lru of file-cache 299active_anon - # of bytes of anonymous and swap cache memory on active
301 inactive_file - # of pages on inactive lru of file cache 300 lru list.
302 unevictable - # of pages cannot be reclaimed.(mlocked etc) 301inactive_anon - # of bytes of anonymous memory and swap cache memory on
303 302 inactive lru list.
304 Below is depend on CONFIG_DEBUG_VM. 303active_file - # of bytes of file-backed memory on active lru list.
305 inactive_ratio - VM internal parameter. (see mm/page_alloc.c) 304inactive_file - # of bytes of file-backed memory on inactive lru list.
306 recent_rotated_anon - VM internal parameter. (see mm/vmscan.c) 305unevictable - # of bytes of memory that cannot be reclaimed (mlocked etc).
307 recent_rotated_file - VM internal parameter. (see mm/vmscan.c) 306
308 recent_scanned_anon - VM internal parameter. (see mm/vmscan.c) 307The following additional stats are dependent on CONFIG_DEBUG_VM.
309 recent_scanned_file - VM internal parameter. (see mm/vmscan.c) 308
310 309inactive_ratio - VM internal parameter. (see mm/page_alloc.c)
311 Memo: 310recent_rotated_anon - VM internal parameter. (see mm/vmscan.c)
311recent_rotated_file - VM internal parameter. (see mm/vmscan.c)
312recent_scanned_anon - VM internal parameter. (see mm/vmscan.c)
313recent_scanned_file - VM internal parameter. (see mm/vmscan.c)
314
315Memo:
312 recent_rotated means recent frequency of lru rotation. 316 recent_rotated means recent frequency of lru rotation.
313 recent_scanned means recent # of scans to lru. 317 recent_scanned means recent # of scans to lru.
314 showing for better debug please see the code for meanings. 318 showing for better debug please see the code for meanings.
315 319
320Note:
321 Only anonymous and swap cache memory is listed as part of 'rss' stat.
322 This should not be confused with the true 'resident set size' or the
323 amount of physical memory used by the cgroup. Per-cgroup rss
324 accounting is not done yet.
316 325
3175.3 swappiness 3265.3 swappiness
318 Similar to /proc/sys/vm/swappiness, but affecting a hierarchy of groups only. 327 Similar to /proc/sys/vm/swappiness, but affecting a hierarchy of groups only.
319 328
320 Following cgroup's swapiness can't be changed. 329 Following cgroups' swapiness can't be changed.
321 - root cgroup (uses /proc/sys/vm/swappiness). 330 - root cgroup (uses /proc/sys/vm/swappiness).
322 - a cgroup which uses hierarchy and it has child cgroup. 331 - a cgroup which uses hierarchy and it has child cgroup.
323 - a cgroup which uses hierarchy and not the root of hierarchy. 332 - a cgroup which uses hierarchy and not the root of hierarchy.
diff --git a/Documentation/cgroups/resource_counter.txt b/Documentation/cgroups/resource_counter.txt
index f196ac1d7d25..95b24d766eab 100644
--- a/Documentation/cgroups/resource_counter.txt
+++ b/Documentation/cgroups/resource_counter.txt
@@ -47,13 +47,18 @@ to work with it.
47 47
482. Basic accounting routines 482. Basic accounting routines
49 49
50 a. void res_counter_init(struct res_counter *rc) 50 a. void res_counter_init(struct res_counter *rc,
51 struct res_counter *rc_parent)
51 52
52 Initializes the resource counter. As usual, should be the first 53 Initializes the resource counter. As usual, should be the first
53 routine called for a new counter. 54 routine called for a new counter.
54 55
55 b. int res_counter_charge[_locked] 56 The struct res_counter *parent can be used to define a hierarchical
56 (struct res_counter *rc, unsigned long val) 57 child -> parent relationship directly in the res_counter structure,
58 NULL can be used to define no relationship.
59
60 c. int res_counter_charge(struct res_counter *rc, unsigned long val,
61 struct res_counter **limit_fail_at)
57 62
58 When a resource is about to be allocated it has to be accounted 63 When a resource is about to be allocated it has to be accounted
59 with the appropriate resource counter (controller should determine 64 with the appropriate resource counter (controller should determine
@@ -67,15 +72,25 @@ to work with it.
67 * if the charging is performed first, then it should be uncharged 72 * if the charging is performed first, then it should be uncharged
68 on error path (if the one is called). 73 on error path (if the one is called).
69 74
70 c. void res_counter_uncharge[_locked] 75 If the charging fails and a hierarchical dependency exists, the
76 limit_fail_at parameter is set to the particular res_counter element
77 where the charging failed.
78
79 d. int res_counter_charge_locked
80 (struct res_counter *rc, unsigned long val)
81
82 The same as res_counter_charge(), but it must not acquire/release the
83 res_counter->lock internally (it must be called with res_counter->lock
84 held).
85
86 e. void res_counter_uncharge[_locked]
71 (struct res_counter *rc, unsigned long val) 87 (struct res_counter *rc, unsigned long val)
72 88
73 When a resource is released (freed) it should be de-accounted 89 When a resource is released (freed) it should be de-accounted
74 from the resource counter it was accounted to. This is called 90 from the resource counter it was accounted to. This is called
75 "uncharging". 91 "uncharging".
76 92
77 The _locked routines imply that the res_counter->lock is taken. 93 The _locked routines imply that the res_counter->lock is taken.
78
79 94
80 2.1 Other accounting routines 95 2.1 Other accounting routines
81 96
diff --git a/Documentation/devices.txt b/Documentation/devices.txt
index 327de1624759..53d64d382343 100644
--- a/Documentation/devices.txt
+++ b/Documentation/devices.txt
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
3 3
4 Maintained by Alan Cox <device@lanana.org> 4 Maintained by Alan Cox <device@lanana.org>
5 5
6 Last revised: 29 November 2006 6 Last revised: 6th April 2009
7 7
8This list is the Linux Device List, the official registry of allocated 8This list is the Linux Device List, the official registry of allocated
9device numbers and /dev directory nodes for the Linux operating 9device numbers and /dev directory nodes for the Linux operating
@@ -2797,6 +2797,10 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
2797 206 = /dev/ttySC1 SC26xx serial port 1 2797 206 = /dev/ttySC1 SC26xx serial port 1
2798 207 = /dev/ttySC2 SC26xx serial port 2 2798 207 = /dev/ttySC2 SC26xx serial port 2
2799 208 = /dev/ttySC3 SC26xx serial port 3 2799 208 = /dev/ttySC3 SC26xx serial port 3
2800 209 = /dev/ttyMAX0 MAX3100 serial port 0
2801 210 = /dev/ttyMAX1 MAX3100 serial port 1
2802 211 = /dev/ttyMAX2 MAX3100 serial port 2
2803 212 = /dev/ttyMAX3 MAX3100 serial port 3
2800 2804
2801205 char Low-density serial ports (alternate device) 2805205 char Low-density serial ports (alternate device)
2802 0 = /dev/culu0 Callout device for ttyLU0 2806 0 = /dev/culu0 Callout device for ttyLU0
diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/platform.txt b/Documentation/driver-model/platform.txt
index 83009fdcbbc8..2e2c2ea90ceb 100644
--- a/Documentation/driver-model/platform.txt
+++ b/Documentation/driver-model/platform.txt
@@ -169,3 +169,62 @@ three different ways to find such a match:
169 be probed later if another device registers. (Which is OK, since 169 be probed later if another device registers. (Which is OK, since
170 this interface is only for use with non-hotpluggable devices.) 170 this interface is only for use with non-hotpluggable devices.)
171 171
172
173Early Platform Devices and Drivers
174~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
175The early platform interfaces provide platform data to platform device
176drivers early on during the system boot. The code is built on top of the
177early_param() command line parsing and can be executed very early on.
178
179Example: "earlyprintk" class early serial console in 6 steps
180
1811. Registering early platform device data
182~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
183The architecture code registers platform device data using the function
184early_platform_add_devices(). In the case of early serial console this
185should be hardware configuration for the serial port. Devices registered
186at this point will later on be matched against early platform drivers.
187
1882. Parsing kernel command line
189~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
190The architecture code calls parse_early_param() to parse the kernel
191command line. This will execute all matching early_param() callbacks.
192User specified early platform devices will be registered at this point.
193For the early serial console case the user can specify port on the
194kernel command line as "earlyprintk=serial.0" where "earlyprintk" is
195the class string, "serial" is the name of the platfrom driver and
1960 is the platform device id. If the id is -1 then the dot and the
197id can be omitted.
198
1993. Installing early platform drivers belonging to a certain class
200~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
201The architecture code may optionally force registration of all early
202platform drivers belonging to a certain class using the function
203early_platform_driver_register_all(). User specified devices from
204step 2 have priority over these. This step is omitted by the serial
205driver example since the early serial driver code should be disabled
206unless the user has specified port on the kernel command line.
207
2084. Early platform driver registration
209~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
210Compiled-in platform drivers making use of early_platform_init() are
211automatically registered during step 2 or 3. The serial driver example
212should use early_platform_init("earlyprintk", &platform_driver).
213
2145. Probing of early platform drivers belonging to a certain class
215~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
216The architecture code calls early_platform_driver_probe() to match
217registered early platform devices associated with a certain class with
218registered early platform drivers. Matched devices will get probed().
219This step can be executed at any point during the early boot. As soon
220as possible may be good for the serial port case.
221
2226. Inside the early platform driver probe()
223~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
224The driver code needs to take special care during early boot, especially
225when it comes to memory allocation and interrupt registration. The code
226in the probe() function can use is_early_platform_device() to check if
227it is called at early platform device or at the regular platform device
228time. The early serial driver performs register_console() at this point.
229
230For further information, see <linux/platform_device.h>.
diff --git a/Documentation/fb/uvesafb.txt b/Documentation/fb/uvesafb.txt
index 7ac3c4078ff9..eefdd91d298a 100644
--- a/Documentation/fb/uvesafb.txt
+++ b/Documentation/fb/uvesafb.txt
@@ -59,7 +59,8 @@ Accepted options:
59ypan Enable display panning using the VESA protected mode 59ypan Enable display panning using the VESA protected mode
60 interface. The visible screen is just a window of the 60 interface. The visible screen is just a window of the
61 video memory, console scrolling is done by changing the 61 video memory, console scrolling is done by changing the
62 start of the window. Available on x86 only. 62 start of the window. This option is available on x86
63 only and is the default option on that architecture.
63 64
64ywrap Same as ypan, but assumes your gfx board can wrap-around 65ywrap Same as ypan, but assumes your gfx board can wrap-around
65 the video memory (i.e. starts reading from top if it 66 the video memory (i.e. starts reading from top if it
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ ywrap Same as ypan, but assumes your gfx board can wrap-around
67 Available on x86 only. 68 Available on x86 only.
68 69
69redraw Scroll by redrawing the affected part of the screen, this 70redraw Scroll by redrawing the affected part of the screen, this
70 is the safe (and slow) default. 71 is the default on non-x86.
71 72
72(If you're using uvesafb as a module, the above three options are 73(If you're using uvesafb as a module, the above three options are
73 used a parameter of the scroll option, e.g. scroll=ypan.) 74 used a parameter of the scroll option, e.g. scroll=ypan.)
@@ -182,7 +183,7 @@ from the Video BIOS if you set pixclock to 0 in fb_var_screeninfo.
182 183
183-- 184--
184 Michal Januszewski <spock@gentoo.org> 185 Michal Januszewski <spock@gentoo.org>
185 Last updated: 2007-06-16 186 Last updated: 2009-03-30
186 187
187 Documentation of the uvesafb options is loosely based on vesafb.txt. 188 Documentation of the uvesafb options is loosely based on vesafb.txt.
188 189
diff --git a/Documentation/feature-removal-schedule.txt b/Documentation/feature-removal-schedule.txt
index 39246fc11257..de491a3e2313 100644
--- a/Documentation/feature-removal-schedule.txt
+++ b/Documentation/feature-removal-schedule.txt
@@ -354,7 +354,8 @@ Who: Krzysztof Piotr Oledzki <ole@ans.pl>
354 354
355--------------------------- 355---------------------------
356 356
357What: i2c_attach_client(), i2c_detach_client(), i2c_driver->detach_client() 357What: i2c_attach_client(), i2c_detach_client(), i2c_driver->detach_client(),
358 i2c_adapter->client_register(), i2c_adapter->client_unregister
358When: 2.6.30 359When: 2.6.30
359Check: i2c_attach_client i2c_detach_client 360Check: i2c_attach_client i2c_detach_client
360Why: Deprecated by the new (standard) device driver binding model. Use 361Why: Deprecated by the new (standard) device driver binding model. Use
@@ -427,3 +428,12 @@ Why: In 2.6.27, the semantics of /sys/bus/pci/slots was redefined to
427 After a reasonable transition period, we will remove the legacy 428 After a reasonable transition period, we will remove the legacy
428 fakephp interface. 429 fakephp interface.
429Who: Alex Chiang <achiang@hp.com> 430Who: Alex Chiang <achiang@hp.com>
431
432---------------------------
433
434What: i2c-voodoo3 driver
435When: October 2009
436Why: Superseded by tdfxfb. I2C/DDC support used to live in a separate
437 driver but this caused driver conflicts.
438Who: Jean Delvare <khali@linux-fr.org>
439 Krzysztof Helt <krzysztof.h1@wp.pl>
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/00-INDEX b/Documentation/filesystems/00-INDEX
index 52cd611277a3..8dd6db76171d 100644
--- a/Documentation/filesystems/00-INDEX
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/00-INDEX
@@ -68,6 +68,8 @@ ncpfs.txt
68 - info on Novell Netware(tm) filesystem using NCP protocol. 68 - info on Novell Netware(tm) filesystem using NCP protocol.
69nfsroot.txt 69nfsroot.txt
70 - short guide on setting up a diskless box with NFS root filesystem. 70 - short guide on setting up a diskless box with NFS root filesystem.
71nilfs2.txt
72 - info and mount options for the NILFS2 filesystem.
71ntfs.txt 73ntfs.txt
72 - info and mount options for the NTFS filesystem (Windows NT). 74 - info and mount options for the NTFS filesystem (Windows NT).
73ocfs2.txt 75ocfs2.txt
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/Locking b/Documentation/filesystems/Locking
index 76efe5b71d7d..3120f8dd2c31 100644
--- a/Documentation/filesystems/Locking
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/Locking
@@ -512,16 +512,24 @@ locking rules:
512 BKL mmap_sem PageLocked(page) 512 BKL mmap_sem PageLocked(page)
513open: no yes 513open: no yes
514close: no yes 514close: no yes
515fault: no yes 515fault: no yes can return with page locked
516page_mkwrite: no yes no 516page_mkwrite: no yes can return with page locked
517access: no yes 517access: no yes
518 518
519 ->page_mkwrite() is called when a previously read-only page is 519 ->fault() is called when a previously not present pte is about
520about to become writeable. The file system is responsible for 520to be faulted in. The filesystem must find and return the page associated
521protecting against truncate races. Once appropriate action has been 521with the passed in "pgoff" in the vm_fault structure. If it is possible that
522taking to lock out truncate, the page range should be verified to be 522the page may be truncated and/or invalidated, then the filesystem must lock
523within i_size. The page mapping should also be checked that it is not 523the page, then ensure it is not already truncated (the page lock will block
524NULL. 524subsequent truncate), and then return with VM_FAULT_LOCKED, and the page
525locked. The VM will unlock the page.
526
527 ->page_mkwrite() is called when a previously read-only pte is
528about to become writeable. The filesystem again must ensure that there are
529no truncate/invalidate races, and then return with the page locked. If
530the page has been truncated, the filesystem should not look up a new page
531like the ->fault() handler, but simply return with VM_FAULT_NOPAGE, which
532will cause the VM to retry the fault.
525 533
526 ->access() is called when get_user_pages() fails in 534 ->access() is called when get_user_pages() fails in
527acces_process_vm(), typically used to debug a process through 535acces_process_vm(), typically used to debug a process through
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/caching/cachefiles.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/caching/cachefiles.txt
index c78a49b7bba6..748a1ae49e12 100644
--- a/Documentation/filesystems/caching/cachefiles.txt
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/caching/cachefiles.txt
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ A NOTE ON SECURITY
407================== 407==================
408 408
409CacheFiles makes use of the split security in the task_struct. It allocates 409CacheFiles makes use of the split security in the task_struct. It allocates
410its own task_security structure, and redirects current->act_as to point to it 410its own task_security structure, and redirects current->cred to point to it
411when it acts on behalf of another process, in that process's context. 411when it acts on behalf of another process, in that process's context.
412 412
413The reason it does this is that it calls vfs_mkdir() and suchlike rather than 413The reason it does this is that it calls vfs_mkdir() and suchlike rather than
@@ -429,9 +429,9 @@ This means it may lose signals or ptrace events for example, and affects what
429the process looks like in /proc. 429the process looks like in /proc.
430 430
431So CacheFiles makes use of a logical split in the security between the 431So CacheFiles makes use of a logical split in the security between the
432objective security (task->sec) and the subjective security (task->act_as). The 432objective security (task->real_cred) and the subjective security (task->cred).
433objective security holds the intrinsic security properties of a process and is 433The objective security holds the intrinsic security properties of a process and
434never overridden. This is what appears in /proc, and is what is used when a 434is never overridden. This is what appears in /proc, and is what is used when a
435process is the target of an operation by some other process (SIGKILL for 435process is the target of an operation by some other process (SIGKILL for
436example). 436example).
437 437
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/knfsd-stats.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/knfsd-stats.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..64ced5149d37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/knfsd-stats.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
1
2Kernel NFS Server Statistics
3============================
4
5This document describes the format and semantics of the statistics
6which the kernel NFS server makes available to userspace. These
7statistics are available in several text form pseudo files, each of
8which is described separately below.
9
10In most cases you don't need to know these formats, as the nfsstat(8)
11program from the nfs-utils distribution provides a helpful command-line
12interface for extracting and printing them.
13
14All the files described here are formatted as a sequence of text lines,
15separated by newline '\n' characters. Lines beginning with a hash
16'#' character are comments intended for humans and should be ignored
17by parsing routines. All other lines contain a sequence of fields
18separated by whitespace.
19
20/proc/fs/nfsd/pool_stats
21------------------------
22
23This file is available in kernels from 2.6.30 onwards, if the
24/proc/fs/nfsd filesystem is mounted (it almost always should be).
25
26The first line is a comment which describes the fields present in
27all the other lines. The other lines present the following data as
28a sequence of unsigned decimal numeric fields. One line is shown
29for each NFS thread pool.
30
31All counters are 64 bits wide and wrap naturally. There is no way
32to zero these counters, instead applications should do their own
33rate conversion.
34
35pool
36 The id number of the NFS thread pool to which this line applies.
37 This number does not change.
38
39 Thread pool ids are a contiguous set of small integers starting
40 at zero. The maximum value depends on the thread pool mode, but
41 currently cannot be larger than the number of CPUs in the system.
42 Note that in the default case there will be a single thread pool
43 which contains all the nfsd threads and all the CPUs in the system,
44 and thus this file will have a single line with a pool id of "0".
45
46packets-arrived
47 Counts how many NFS packets have arrived. More precisely, this
48 is the number of times that the network stack has notified the
49 sunrpc server layer that new data may be available on a transport
50 (e.g. an NFS or UDP socket or an NFS/RDMA endpoint).
51
52 Depending on the NFS workload patterns and various network stack
53 effects (such as Large Receive Offload) which can combine packets
54 on the wire, this may be either more or less than the number
55 of NFS calls received (which statistic is available elsewhere).
56 However this is a more accurate and less workload-dependent measure
57 of how much CPU load is being placed on the sunrpc server layer
58 due to NFS network traffic.
59
60sockets-enqueued
61 Counts how many times an NFS transport is enqueued to wait for
62 an nfsd thread to service it, i.e. no nfsd thread was considered
63 available.
64
65 The circumstance this statistic tracks indicates that there was NFS
66 network-facing work to be done but it couldn't be done immediately,
67 thus introducing a small delay in servicing NFS calls. The ideal
68 rate of change for this counter is zero; significantly non-zero
69 values may indicate a performance limitation.
70
71 This can happen either because there are too few nfsd threads in the
72 thread pool for the NFS workload (the workload is thread-limited),
73 or because the NFS workload needs more CPU time than is available in
74 the thread pool (the workload is CPU-limited). In the former case,
75 configuring more nfsd threads will probably improve the performance
76 of the NFS workload. In the latter case, the sunrpc server layer is
77 already choosing not to wake idle nfsd threads because there are too
78 many nfsd threads which want to run but cannot, so configuring more
79 nfsd threads will make no difference whatsoever. The overloads-avoided
80 statistic (see below) can be used to distinguish these cases.
81
82threads-woken
83 Counts how many times an idle nfsd thread is woken to try to
84 receive some data from an NFS transport.
85
86 This statistic tracks the circumstance where incoming
87 network-facing NFS work is being handled quickly, which is a good
88 thing. The ideal rate of change for this counter will be close
89 to but less than the rate of change of the packets-arrived counter.
90
91overloads-avoided
92 Counts how many times the sunrpc server layer chose not to wake an
93 nfsd thread, despite the presence of idle nfsd threads, because
94 too many nfsd threads had been recently woken but could not get
95 enough CPU time to actually run.
96
97 This statistic counts a circumstance where the sunrpc layer
98 heuristically avoids overloading the CPU scheduler with too many
99 runnable nfsd threads. The ideal rate of change for this counter
100 is zero. Significant non-zero values indicate that the workload
101 is CPU limited. Usually this is associated with heavy CPU usage
102 on all the CPUs in the nfsd thread pool.
103
104 If a sustained large overloads-avoided rate is detected on a pool,
105 the top(1) utility should be used to check for the following
106 pattern of CPU usage on all the CPUs associated with the given
107 nfsd thread pool.
108
109 - %us ~= 0 (as you're *NOT* running applications on your NFS server)
110
111 - %wa ~= 0
112
113 - %id ~= 0
114
115 - %sy + %hi + %si ~= 100
116
117 If this pattern is seen, configuring more nfsd threads will *not*
118 improve the performance of the workload. If this patten is not
119 seen, then something more subtle is wrong.
120
121threads-timedout
122 Counts how many times an nfsd thread triggered an idle timeout,
123 i.e. was not woken to handle any incoming network packets for
124 some time.
125
126 This statistic counts a circumstance where there are more nfsd
127 threads configured than can be used by the NFS workload. This is
128 a clue that the number of nfsd threads can be reduced without
129 affecting performance. Unfortunately, it's only a clue and not
130 a strong indication, for a couple of reasons:
131
132 - Currently the rate at which the counter is incremented is quite
133 slow; the idle timeout is 60 minutes. Unless the NFS workload
134 remains constant for hours at a time, this counter is unlikely
135 to be providing information that is still useful.
136
137 - It is usually a wise policy to provide some slack,
138 i.e. configure a few more nfsds than are currently needed,
139 to allow for future spikes in load.
140
141
142Note that incoming packets on NFS transports will be dealt with in
143one of three ways. An nfsd thread can be woken (threads-woken counts
144this case), or the transport can be enqueued for later attention
145(sockets-enqueued counts this case), or the packet can be temporarily
146deferred because the transport is currently being used by an nfsd
147thread. This last case is not very interesting and is not explicitly
148counted, but can be inferred from the other counters thus:
149
150packets-deferred = packets-arrived - ( sockets-enqueued + threads-woken )
151
152
153More
154----
155Descriptions of the other statistics file should go here.
156
157
158Greg Banks <gnb@sgi.com>
15926 Mar 2009
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/nfs41-server.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/nfs41-server.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..05d81cbcb2e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/nfs41-server.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
1NFSv4.1 Server Implementation
2
3Server support for minorversion 1 can be controlled using the
4/proc/fs/nfsd/versions control file. The string output returned
5by reading this file will contain either "+4.1" or "-4.1"
6correspondingly.
7
8Currently, server support for minorversion 1 is disabled by default.
9It can be enabled at run time by writing the string "+4.1" to
10the /proc/fs/nfsd/versions control file. Note that to write this
11control file, the nfsd service must be taken down. Use your user-mode
12nfs-utils to set this up; see rpc.nfsd(8)
13
14The NFSv4 minorversion 1 (NFSv4.1) implementation in nfsd is based
15on the latest NFSv4.1 Internet Draft:
16http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-nfsv4-minorversion1-29
17
18From the many new features in NFSv4.1 the current implementation
19focuses on the mandatory-to-implement NFSv4.1 Sessions, providing
20"exactly once" semantics and better control and throttling of the
21resources allocated for each client.
22
23Other NFSv4.1 features, Parallel NFS operations in particular,
24are still under development out of tree.
25See http://wiki.linux-nfs.org/wiki/index.php/PNFS_prototype_design
26for more information.
27
28The table below, taken from the NFSv4.1 document, lists
29the operations that are mandatory to implement (REQ), optional
30(OPT), and NFSv4.0 operations that are required not to implement (MNI)
31in minor version 1. The first column indicates the operations that
32are not supported yet by the linux server implementation.
33
34The OPTIONAL features identified and their abbreviations are as follows:
35 pNFS Parallel NFS
36 FDELG File Delegations
37 DDELG Directory Delegations
38
39The following abbreviations indicate the linux server implementation status.
40 I Implemented NFSv4.1 operations.
41 NS Not Supported.
42 NS* unimplemented optional feature.
43 P pNFS features implemented out of tree.
44 PNS pNFS features that are not supported yet (out of tree).
45
46Operations
47
48 +----------------------+------------+--------------+----------------+
49 | Operation | REQ, REC, | Feature | Definition |
50 | | OPT, or | (REQ, REC, | |
51 | | MNI | or OPT) | |
52 +----------------------+------------+--------------+----------------+
53 | ACCESS | REQ | | Section 18.1 |
54NS | BACKCHANNEL_CTL | REQ | | Section 18.33 |
55NS | BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION | REQ | | Section 18.34 |
56 | CLOSE | REQ | | Section 18.2 |
57 | COMMIT | REQ | | Section 18.3 |
58 | CREATE | REQ | | Section 18.4 |
59I | CREATE_SESSION | REQ | | Section 18.36 |
60NS*| DELEGPURGE | OPT | FDELG (REQ) | Section 18.5 |
61 | DELEGRETURN | OPT | FDELG, | Section 18.6 |
62 | | | DDELG, pNFS | |
63 | | | (REQ) | |
64NS | DESTROY_CLIENTID | REQ | | Section 18.50 |
65I | DESTROY_SESSION | REQ | | Section 18.37 |
66I | EXCHANGE_ID | REQ | | Section 18.35 |
67NS | FREE_STATEID | REQ | | Section 18.38 |
68 | GETATTR | REQ | | Section 18.7 |
69P | GETDEVICEINFO | OPT | pNFS (REQ) | Section 18.40 |
70P | GETDEVICELIST | OPT | pNFS (OPT) | Section 18.41 |
71 | GETFH | REQ | | Section 18.8 |
72NS*| GET_DIR_DELEGATION | OPT | DDELG (REQ) | Section 18.39 |
73P | LAYOUTCOMMIT | OPT | pNFS (REQ) | Section 18.42 |
74P | LAYOUTGET | OPT | pNFS (REQ) | Section 18.43 |
75P | LAYOUTRETURN | OPT | pNFS (REQ) | Section 18.44 |
76 | LINK | OPT | | Section 18.9 |
77 | LOCK | REQ | | Section 18.10 |
78 | LOCKT | REQ | | Section 18.11 |
79 | LOCKU | REQ | | Section 18.12 |
80 | LOOKUP | REQ | | Section 18.13 |
81 | LOOKUPP | REQ | | Section 18.14 |
82 | NVERIFY | REQ | | Section 18.15 |
83 | OPEN | REQ | | Section 18.16 |
84NS*| OPENATTR | OPT | | Section 18.17 |
85 | OPEN_CONFIRM | MNI | | N/A |
86 | OPEN_DOWNGRADE | REQ | | Section 18.18 |
87 | PUTFH | REQ | | Section 18.19 |
88 | PUTPUBFH | REQ | | Section 18.20 |
89 | PUTROOTFH | REQ | | Section 18.21 |
90 | READ | REQ | | Section 18.22 |
91 | READDIR | REQ | | Section 18.23 |
92 | READLINK | OPT | | Section 18.24 |
93NS | RECLAIM_COMPLETE | REQ | | Section 18.51 |
94 | RELEASE_LOCKOWNER | MNI | | N/A |
95 | REMOVE | REQ | | Section 18.25 |
96 | RENAME | REQ | | Section 18.26 |
97 | RENEW | MNI | | N/A |
98 | RESTOREFH | REQ | | Section 18.27 |
99 | SAVEFH | REQ | | Section 18.28 |
100 | SECINFO | REQ | | Section 18.29 |
101NS | SECINFO_NO_NAME | REC | pNFS files | Section 18.45, |
102 | | | layout (REQ) | Section 13.12 |
103I | SEQUENCE | REQ | | Section 18.46 |
104 | SETATTR | REQ | | Section 18.30 |
105 | SETCLIENTID | MNI | | N/A |
106 | SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM | MNI | | N/A |
107NS | SET_SSV | REQ | | Section 18.47 |
108NS | TEST_STATEID | REQ | | Section 18.48 |
109 | VERIFY | REQ | | Section 18.31 |
110NS*| WANT_DELEGATION | OPT | FDELG (OPT) | Section 18.49 |
111 | WRITE | REQ | | Section 18.32 |
112
113Callback Operations
114
115 +-------------------------+-----------+-------------+---------------+
116 | Operation | REQ, REC, | Feature | Definition |
117 | | OPT, or | (REQ, REC, | |
118 | | MNI | or OPT) | |
119 +-------------------------+-----------+-------------+---------------+
120 | CB_GETATTR | OPT | FDELG (REQ) | Section 20.1 |
121P | CB_LAYOUTRECALL | OPT | pNFS (REQ) | Section 20.3 |
122NS*| CB_NOTIFY | OPT | DDELG (REQ) | Section 20.4 |
123P | CB_NOTIFY_DEVICEID | OPT | pNFS (OPT) | Section 20.12 |
124NS*| CB_NOTIFY_LOCK | OPT | | Section 20.11 |
125NS*| CB_PUSH_DELEG | OPT | FDELG (OPT) | Section 20.5 |
126 | CB_RECALL | OPT | FDELG, | Section 20.2 |
127 | | | DDELG, pNFS | |
128 | | | (REQ) | |
129NS*| CB_RECALL_ANY | OPT | FDELG, | Section 20.6 |
130 | | | DDELG, pNFS | |
131 | | | (REQ) | |
132NS | CB_RECALL_SLOT | REQ | | Section 20.8 |
133NS*| CB_RECALLABLE_OBJ_AVAIL | OPT | DDELG, pNFS | Section 20.7 |
134 | | | (REQ) | |
135I | CB_SEQUENCE | OPT | FDELG, | Section 20.9 |
136 | | | DDELG, pNFS | |
137 | | | (REQ) | |
138NS*| CB_WANTS_CANCELLED | OPT | FDELG, | Section 20.10 |
139 | | | DDELG, pNFS | |
140 | | | (REQ) | |
141 +-------------------------+-----------+-------------+---------------+
142
143Implementation notes:
144
145EXCHANGE_ID:
146* only SP4_NONE state protection supported
147* implementation ids are ignored
148
149CREATE_SESSION:
150* backchannel attributes are ignored
151* backchannel security parameters are ignored
152
153SEQUENCE:
154* no support for dynamic slot table renegotiation (optional)
155
156nfsv4.1 COMPOUND rules:
157The following cases aren't supported yet:
158* Enforcing of NFS4ERR_NOT_ONLY_OP for: BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION, CREATE_SESSION,
159 DESTROY_CLIENTID, DESTROY_SESSION, EXCHANGE_ID.
160* DESTROY_SESSION MUST be the final operation in the COMPOUND request.
161
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/nilfs2.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/nilfs2.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..55c4300abfcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/nilfs2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
1NILFS2
2------
3
4NILFS2 is a log-structured file system (LFS) supporting continuous
5snapshotting. In addition to versioning capability of the entire file
6system, users can even restore files mistakenly overwritten or
7destroyed just a few seconds ago. Since NILFS2 can keep consistency
8like conventional LFS, it achieves quick recovery after system
9crashes.
10
11NILFS2 creates a number of checkpoints every few seconds or per
12synchronous write basis (unless there is no change). Users can select
13significant versions among continuously created checkpoints, and can
14change them into snapshots which will be preserved until they are
15changed back to checkpoints.
16
17There is no limit on the number of snapshots until the volume gets
18full. Each snapshot is mountable as a read-only file system
19concurrently with its writable mount, and this feature is convenient
20for online backup.
21
22The userland tools are included in nilfs-utils package, which is
23available from the following download page. At least "mkfs.nilfs2",
24"mount.nilfs2", "umount.nilfs2", and "nilfs_cleanerd" (so called
25cleaner or garbage collector) are required. Details on the tools are
26described in the man pages included in the package.
27
28Project web page: http://www.nilfs.org/en/
29Download page: http://www.nilfs.org/en/download.html
30Git tree web page: http://www.nilfs.org/git/
31NILFS mailing lists: http://www.nilfs.org/mailman/listinfo/users
32
33Caveats
34=======
35
36Features which NILFS2 does not support yet:
37
38 - atime
39 - extended attributes
40 - POSIX ACLs
41 - quotas
42 - writable snapshots
43 - remote backup (CDP)
44 - data integrity
45 - defragmentation
46
47Mount options
48=============
49
50NILFS2 supports the following mount options:
51(*) == default
52
53barrier=on(*) This enables/disables barriers. barrier=off disables
54 it, barrier=on enables it.
55errors=continue(*) Keep going on a filesystem error.
56errors=remount-ro Remount the filesystem read-only on an error.
57errors=panic Panic and halt the machine if an error occurs.
58cp=n Specify the checkpoint-number of the snapshot to be
59 mounted. Checkpoints and snapshots are listed by lscp
60 user command. Only the checkpoints marked as snapshot
61 are mountable with this option. Snapshot is read-only,
62 so a read-only mount option must be specified together.
63order=relaxed(*) Apply relaxed order semantics that allows modified data
64 blocks to be written to disk without making a
65 checkpoint if no metadata update is going. This mode
66 is equivalent to the ordered data mode of the ext3
67 filesystem except for the updates on data blocks still
68 conserve atomicity. This will improve synchronous
69 write performance for overwriting.
70order=strict Apply strict in-order semantics that preserves sequence
71 of all file operations including overwriting of data
72 blocks. That means, it is guaranteed that no
73 overtaking of events occurs in the recovered file
74 system after a crash.
75
76NILFS2 usage
77============
78
79To use nilfs2 as a local file system, simply:
80
81 # mkfs -t nilfs2 /dev/block_device
82 # mount -t nilfs2 /dev/block_device /dir
83
84This will also invoke the cleaner through the mount helper program
85(mount.nilfs2).
86
87Checkpoints and snapshots are managed by the following commands.
88Their manpages are included in the nilfs-utils package above.
89
90 lscp list checkpoints or snapshots.
91 mkcp make a checkpoint or a snapshot.
92 chcp change an existing checkpoint to a snapshot or vice versa.
93 rmcp invalidate specified checkpoint(s).
94
95To mount a snapshot,
96
97 # mount -t nilfs2 -r -o cp=<cno> /dev/block_device /snap_dir
98
99where <cno> is the checkpoint number of the snapshot.
100
101To unmount the NILFS2 mount point or snapshot, simply:
102
103 # umount /dir
104
105Then, the cleaner daemon is automatically shut down by the umount
106helper program (umount.nilfs2).
107
108Disk format
109===========
110
111A nilfs2 volume is equally divided into a number of segments except
112for the super block (SB) and segment #0. A segment is the container
113of logs. Each log is composed of summary information blocks, payload
114blocks, and an optional super root block (SR):
115
116 ______________________________________________________
117 | |SB| | Segment | Segment | Segment | ... | Segment | |
118 |_|__|_|____0____|____1____|____2____|_____|____N____|_|
119 0 +1K +4K +8M +16M +24M +(8MB x N)
120 . . (Typical offsets for 4KB-block)
121 . .
122 .______________________.
123 | log | log |... | log |
124 |__1__|__2__|____|__m__|
125 . .
126 . .
127 . .
128 .______________________________.
129 | Summary | Payload blocks |SR|
130 |_blocks__|_________________|__|
131
132The payload blocks are organized per file, and each file consists of
133data blocks and B-tree node blocks:
134
135 |<--- File-A --->|<--- File-B --->|
136 _______________________________________________________________
137 | Data blocks | B-tree blocks | Data blocks | B-tree blocks | ...
138 _|_____________|_______________|_____________|_______________|_
139
140
141Since only the modified blocks are written in the log, it may have
142files without data blocks or B-tree node blocks.
143
144The organization of the blocks is recorded in the summary information
145blocks, which contains a header structure (nilfs_segment_summary), per
146file structures (nilfs_finfo), and per block structures (nilfs_binfo):
147
148 _________________________________________________________________________
149 | Summary | finfo | binfo | ... | binfo | finfo | binfo | ... | binfo |...
150 |_blocks__|___A___|_(A,1)_|_____|(A,Na)_|___B___|_(B,1)_|_____|(B,Nb)_|___
151
152
153The logs include regular files, directory files, symbolic link files
154and several meta data files. The mata data files are the files used
155to maintain file system meta data. The current version of NILFS2 uses
156the following meta data files:
157
158 1) Inode file (ifile) -- Stores on-disk inodes
159 2) Checkpoint file (cpfile) -- Stores checkpoints
160 3) Segment usage file (sufile) -- Stores allocation state of segments
161 4) Data address translation file -- Maps virtual block numbers to usual
162 (DAT) block numbers. This file serves to
163 make on-disk blocks relocatable.
164
165The following figure shows a typical organization of the logs:
166
167 _________________________________________________________________________
168 | Summary | regular file | file | ... | ifile | cpfile | sufile | DAT |SR|
169 |_blocks__|_or_directory_|_______|_____|_______|________|________|_____|__|
170
171
172To stride over segment boundaries, this sequence of files may be split
173into multiple logs. The sequence of logs that should be treated as
174logically one log, is delimited with flags marked in the segment
175summary. The recovery code of nilfs2 looks this boundary information
176to ensure atomicity of updates.
177
178The super root block is inserted for every checkpoints. It includes
179three special inodes, inodes for the DAT, cpfile, and sufile. Inodes
180of regular files, directories, symlinks and other special files, are
181included in the ifile. The inode of ifile itself is included in the
182corresponding checkpoint entry in the cpfile. Thus, the hierarchy
183among NILFS2 files can be depicted as follows:
184
185 Super block (SB)
186 |
187 v
188 Super root block (the latest cno=xx)
189 |-- DAT
190 |-- sufile
191 `-- cpfile
192 |-- ifile (cno=c1)
193 |-- ifile (cno=c2) ---- file (ino=i1)
194 : : |-- file (ino=i2)
195 `-- ifile (cno=xx) |-- file (ino=i3)
196 : :
197 `-- file (ino=yy)
198 ( regular file, directory, or symlink )
199
200For detail on the format of each file, please see include/linux/nilfs2_fs.h.
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/pohmelfs/design_notes.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/pohmelfs/design_notes.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..dcf833587162
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/pohmelfs/design_notes.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
1POHMELFS: Parallel Optimized Host Message Exchange Layered File System.
2
3 Evgeniy Polyakov <zbr@ioremap.net>
4
5Homepage: http://www.ioremap.net/projects/pohmelfs
6
7POHMELFS first began as a network filesystem with coherent local data and
8metadata caches but is now evolving into a parallel distributed filesystem.
9
10Main features of this FS include:
11 * Locally coherent cache for data and metadata with (potentially) byte-range locks.
12 Since all Linux filesystems lock the whole inode during writing, algorithm
13 is very simple and does not use byte-ranges, although they are sent in
14 locking messages.
15 * Completely async processing of all events except creation of hard and symbolic
16 links, and rename events.
17 Object creation and data reading and writing are processed asynchronously.
18 * Flexible object architecture optimized for network processing.
19 Ability to create long paths to objects and remove arbitrarily huge
20 directories with a single network command.
21 (like removing the whole kernel tree via a single network command).
22 * Very high performance.
23 * Fast and scalable multithreaded userspace server. Being in userspace it works
24 with any underlying filesystem and still is much faster than async in-kernel NFS one.
25 * Client is able to switch between different servers (if one goes down, client
26 automatically reconnects to second and so on).
27 * Transactions support. Full failover for all operations.
28 Resending transactions to different servers on timeout or error.
29 * Read request (data read, directory listing, lookup requests) balancing between multiple servers.
30 * Write requests are replicated to multiple servers and completed only when all of them are acked.
31 * Ability to add and/or remove servers from the working set at run-time.
32 * Strong authentification and possible data encryption in network channel.
33 * Extended attributes support.
34
35POHMELFS is based on transactions, which are potentially long-standing objects that live
36in the client's memory. Each transaction contains all the information needed to process a given
37command (or set of commands, which is frequently used during data writing: single transactions
38can contain creation and data writing commands). Transactions are committed by all the servers
39to which they are sent and, in case of failures, are eventually resent or dropped with an error.
40For example, reading will return an error if no servers are available.
41
42POHMELFS uses a asynchronous approach to data processing. Courtesy of transactions, it is
43possible to detach replies from requests and, if the command requires data to be received, the
44caller sleeps waiting for it. Thus, it is possible to issue multiple read commands to different
45servers and async threads will pick up replies in parallel, find appropriate transactions in the
46system and put the data where it belongs (like the page or inode cache).
47
48The main feature of POHMELFS is writeback data and the metadata cache.
49Only a few non-performance critical operations use the write-through cache and
50are synchronous: hard and symbolic link creation, and object rename. Creation,
51removal of objects and data writing are asynchronous and are sent to
52the server during system writeback. Only one writer at a time is allowed for any
53given inode, which is guarded by an appropriate locking protocol.
54Because of this feature, POHMELFS is extremely fast at metadata intensive
55workloads and can fully utilize the bandwidth to the servers when doing bulk
56data transfers.
57
58POHMELFS clients operate with a working set of servers and are capable of balancing read-only
59operations (like lookups or directory listings) between them according to IO priorities.
60Administrators can add or remove servers from the set at run-time via special commands (described
61in Documentation/pohmelfs/info.txt file). Writes are replicated to all servers, which are connected
62with write permission turned on. IO priority and permissions can be changed in run-time.
63
64POHMELFS is capable of full data channel encryption and/or strong crypto hashing.
65One can select any kernel supported cipher, encryption mode, hash type and operation mode
66(hmac or digest). It is also possible to use both or neither (default). Crypto configuration
67is checked during mount time and, if the server does not support it, appropriate capabilities
68will be disabled or mount will fail (if 'crypto_fail_unsupported' mount option is specified).
69Crypto performance heavily depends on the number of crypto threads, which asynchronously perform
70crypto operations and send the resulting data to server or submit it up the stack. This number
71can be controlled via a mount option.
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/pohmelfs/info.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/pohmelfs/info.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..db2e41393626
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/pohmelfs/info.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
1POHMELFS usage information.
2
3Mount options.
4All but index, number of crypto threads and maximum IO size can changed via remount.
5
6idx=%u
7 Each mountpoint is associated with a special index via this option.
8 Administrator can add or remove servers from the given index, so all mounts,
9 which were attached to it, are updated.
10 Default it is 0.
11
12trans_scan_timeout=%u
13 This timeout, expressed in milliseconds, specifies time to scan transaction
14 trees looking for stale requests, which have to be resent, or if number of
15 retries exceed specified limit, dropped with error.
16 Default is 5 seconds.
17
18drop_scan_timeout=%u
19 Internal timeout, expressed in milliseconds, which specifies how frequently
20 inodes marked to be dropped are freed. It also specifies how frequently
21 the system checks that servers have to be added or removed from current working set.
22 Default is 1 second.
23
24wait_on_page_timeout=%u
25 Number of milliseconds to wait for reply from remote server for data reading command.
26 If this timeout is exceeded, reading returns an error.
27 Default is 5 seconds.
28
29trans_retries=%u
30 This is the number of times that a transaction will be resent to a server that did
31 not answer for the last @trans_scan_timeout milliseconds.
32 When the number of resends exceeds this limit, the transaction is completed with error.
33 Default is 5 resends.
34
35crypto_thread_num=%u
36 Number of crypto processing threads. Threads are used both for RX and TX traffic.
37 Default is 2, or no threads if crypto operations are not supported.
38
39trans_max_pages=%u
40 Maximum number of pages in a single transaction. This parameter also controls
41 the number of pages, allocated for crypto processing (each crypto thread has
42 pool of pages, the number of which is equal to 'trans_max_pages'.
43 Default is 100 pages.
44
45crypto_fail_unsupported
46 If specified, mount will fail if the server does not support requested crypto operations.
47 By default mount will disable non-matching crypto operations.
48
49mcache_timeout=%u
50 Maximum number of milliseconds to wait for the mcache objects to be processed.
51 Mcache includes locks (given lock should be granted by server), attributes (they should be
52 fully received in the given timeframe).
53 Default is 5 seconds.
54
55Usage examples.
56
57Add server server1.net:1025 into the working set with index $idx
58with appropriate hash algorithm and key file and cipher algorithm, mode and key file:
59$cfg A add -a server1.net -p 1025 -i $idx -K $hash_key -k $cipher_key
60
61Mount filesystem with given index $idx to /mnt mountpoint.
62Client will connect to all servers specified in the working set via previous command:
63mount -t pohmel -o idx=$idx q /mnt
64
65Change permissions to read-only (-I 1 option, '-I 2' - write-only, 3 - rw):
66$cfg A modify -a server1.net -p 1025 -i $idx -I 1
67
68Change IO priority to 123 (node with the highest priority gets read requests).
69$cfg A modify -a server1.net -p 1025 -i $idx -P 123
70
71One can check currect status of all connections in the mountstats file:
72# cat /proc/$PID/mountstats
73...
74device none mounted on /mnt with fstype pohmel
75idx addr(:port) socket_type protocol active priority permissions
760 server1.net:1026 1 6 1 250 1
770 server2.net:1025 1 6 1 123 3
78
79Server installation.
80
81Creating a server, which listens at port 1025 and 0.0.0.0 address.
82Working root directory (note, that server chroots there, so you have to have appropriate permissions)
83is set to /mnt, server will negotiate hash/cipher with client, in case client requested it, there
84are appropriate key files.
85Number of working threads is set to 10.
86
87# ./fserver -a 0.0.0.0 -p 1025 -r /mnt -w 10 -K hash_key -k cipher_key
88
89 -A 6 - listen on ipv6 address. Default: Disabled.
90 -r root - path to root directory. Default: /tmp.
91 -a addr - listen address. Default: 0.0.0.0.
92 -p port - listen port. Default: 1025.
93 -w workers - number of workers per connected client. Default: 1.
94 -K file - hash key size. Default: none.
95 -k file - cipher key size. Default: none.
96 -h - this help.
97
98Number of worker threads specifies how many workers will be created for each client.
99Bulk single-client transafers usually are better handled with smaller number (like 1-3).
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/pohmelfs/network_protocol.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/pohmelfs/network_protocol.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..40ea6c295afb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/pohmelfs/network_protocol.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
1POHMELFS network protocol.
2
3Basic structure used in network communication is following command:
4
5struct netfs_cmd
6{
7 __u16 cmd; /* Command number */
8 __u16 csize; /* Attached crypto information size */
9 __u16 cpad; /* Attached padding size */
10 __u16 ext; /* External flags */
11 __u32 size; /* Size of the attached data */
12 __u32 trans; /* Transaction id */
13 __u64 id; /* Object ID to operate on. Used for feedback.*/
14 __u64 start; /* Start of the object. */
15 __u64 iv; /* IV sequence */
16 __u8 data[0];
17};
18
19Commands can be embedded into transaction command (which in turn has own command),
20so one can extend protocol as needed without breaking backward compatibility as long
21as old commands are supported. All string lengths include tail 0 byte.
22
23All commans are transfered over the network in big-endian. CPU endianess is used at the end peers.
24
25@cmd - command number, which specifies command to be processed. Following
26 commands are used currently:
27
28 NETFS_READDIR = 1, /* Read directory for given inode number */
29 NETFS_READ_PAGE, /* Read data page from the server */
30 NETFS_WRITE_PAGE, /* Write data page to the server */
31 NETFS_CREATE, /* Create directory entry */
32 NETFS_REMOVE, /* Remove directory entry */
33 NETFS_LOOKUP, /* Lookup single object */
34 NETFS_LINK, /* Create a link */
35 NETFS_TRANS, /* Transaction */
36 NETFS_OPEN, /* Open intent */
37 NETFS_INODE_INFO, /* Metadata cache coherency synchronization message */
38 NETFS_PAGE_CACHE, /* Page cache invalidation message */
39 NETFS_READ_PAGES, /* Read multiple contiguous pages in one go */
40 NETFS_RENAME, /* Rename object */
41 NETFS_CAPABILITIES, /* Capabilities of the client, for example supported crypto */
42 NETFS_LOCK, /* Distributed lock message */
43 NETFS_XATTR_SET, /* Set extended attribute */
44 NETFS_XATTR_GET, /* Get extended attribute */
45
46@ext - external flags. Used by different commands to specify some extra arguments
47 like partial size of the embedded objects or creation flags.
48
49@size - size of the attached data. For NETFS_READ_PAGE and NETFS_READ_PAGES no data is attached,
50 but size of the requested data is incorporated here. It does not include size of the command
51 header (struct netfs_cmd) itself.
52
53@id - id of the object this command operates on. Each command can use it for own purpose.
54
55@start - start of the object this command operates on. Each command can use it for own purpose.
56
57@csize, @cpad - size and padding size of the (attached if needed) crypto information.
58
59Command specifications.
60
61@NETFS_READDIR
62This command is used to sync content of the remote dir to the client.
63
64@ext - length of the path to object.
65@size - the same.
66@id - local inode number of the directory to read.
67@start - zero.
68
69
70@NETFS_READ_PAGE
71This command is used to read data from remote server.
72Data size does not exceed local page cache size.
73
74@id - inode number.
75@start - first byte offset.
76@size - number of bytes to read plus length of the path to object.
77@ext - object path length.
78
79
80@NETFS_CREATE
81Used to create object.
82It does not require that all directories on top of the object were
83already created, it will create them automatically. Each object has
84associated @netfs_path_entry data structure, which contains creation
85mode (permissions and type) and length of the name as long as name itself.
86
87@start - 0
88@size - size of the all data structures needed to create a path
89@id - local inode number
90@ext - 0
91
92
93@NETFS_REMOVE
94Used to remove object.
95
96@ext - length of the path to object.
97@size - the same.
98@id - local inode number.
99@start - zero.
100
101
102@NETFS_LOOKUP
103Lookup information about object on server.
104
105@ext - length of the path to object.
106@size - the same.
107@id - local inode number of the directory to look object in.
108@start - local inode number of the object to look at.
109
110
111@NETFS_LINK
112Create hard of symlink.
113Command is sent as "object_path|target_path".
114
115@size - size of the above string.
116@id - parent local inode number.
117@start - 1 for symlink, 0 for hardlink.
118@ext - size of the "object_path" above.
119
120
121@NETFS_TRANS
122Transaction header.
123
124@size - incorporates all embedded command sizes including theirs header sizes.
125@start - transaction generation number - unique id used to find transaction.
126@ext - transaction flags. Unused at the moment.
127@id - 0.
128
129
130@NETFS_OPEN
131Open intent for given transaction.
132
133@id - local inode number.
134@start - 0.
135@size - path length to the object.
136@ext - open flags (O_RDWR and so on).
137
138
139@NETFS_INODE_INFO
140Metadata update command.
141It is sent to servers when attributes of the object are changed and received
142when data or metadata were updated. It operates with the following structure:
143
144struct netfs_inode_info
145{
146 unsigned int mode;
147 unsigned int nlink;
148 unsigned int uid;
149 unsigned int gid;
150 unsigned int blocksize;
151 unsigned int padding;
152 __u64 ino;
153 __u64 blocks;
154 __u64 rdev;
155 __u64 size;
156 __u64 version;
157};
158
159It effectively mirrors stat(2) returned data.
160
161
162@ext - path length to the object.
163@size - the same plus size of the netfs_inode_info structure.
164@id - local inode number.
165@start - 0.
166
167
168@NETFS_PAGE_CACHE
169Command is only received by clients. It contains information about
170page to be marked as not up-to-date.
171
172@id - client's inode number.
173@start - last byte of the page to be invalidated. If it is not equal to
174 current inode size, it will be vmtruncated().
175@size - 0
176@ext - 0
177
178
179@NETFS_READ_PAGES
180Used to read multiple contiguous pages in one go.
181
182@start - first byte of the contiguous region to read.
183@size - contains of two fields: lower 8 bits are used to represent page cache shift
184 used by client, another 3 bytes are used to get number of pages.
185@id - local inode number.
186@ext - path length to the object.
187
188
189@NETFS_RENAME
190Used to rename object.
191Attached data is formed into following string: "old_path|new_path".
192
193@id - local inode number.
194@start - parent inode number.
195@size - length of the above string.
196@ext - length of the old path part.
197
198
199@NETFS_CAPABILITIES
200Used to exchange crypto capabilities with server.
201If crypto capabilities are not supported by server, then client will disable it
202or fail (if 'crypto_fail_unsupported' mount options was specified).
203
204@id - superblock index. Used to specify crypto information for group of servers.
205@size - size of the attached capabilities structure.
206@start - 0.
207@size - 0.
208@scsize - 0.
209
210@NETFS_LOCK
211Used to send lock request/release messages. Although it sends byte range request
212and is capable of flushing pages based on that, it is not used, since all Linux
213filesystems lock the whole inode.
214
215@id - lock generation number.
216@start - start of the locked range.
217@size - size of the locked range.
218@ext - lock type: read/write. Not used actually. 15'th bit is used to determine,
219 if it is lock request (1) or release (0).
220
221@NETFS_XATTR_SET
222@NETFS_XATTR_GET
223Used to set/get extended attributes for given inode.
224@id - attribute generation number or xattr setting type
225@start - size of the attribute (request or attached)
226@size - name length, path len and data size for given attribute
227@ext - path length for given object
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/vfs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/vfs.txt
index deeeed0faa8f..f49eecf2e573 100644
--- a/Documentation/filesystems/vfs.txt
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/vfs.txt
@@ -277,8 +277,7 @@ or bottom half).
277 unfreeze_fs: called when VFS is unlocking a filesystem and making it writable 277 unfreeze_fs: called when VFS is unlocking a filesystem and making it writable
278 again. 278 again.
279 279
280 statfs: called when the VFS needs to get filesystem statistics. This 280 statfs: called when the VFS needs to get filesystem statistics.
281 is called with the kernel lock held
282 281
283 remount_fs: called when the filesystem is remounted. This is called 282 remount_fs: called when the filesystem is remounted. This is called
284 with the kernel lock held 283 with the kernel lock held
diff --git a/Documentation/hwmon/g760a b/Documentation/hwmon/g760a
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e032eeb75629
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/hwmon/g760a
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
1Kernel driver g760a
2===================
3
4Supported chips:
5 * Global Mixed-mode Technology Inc. G760A
6 Prefix: 'g760a'
7 Datasheet: Publicly available at the GMT website
8 http://www.gmt.com.tw/datasheet/g760a.pdf
9
10Author: Herbert Valerio Riedel <hvr@gnu.org>
11
12Description
13-----------
14
15The GMT G760A Fan Speed PWM Controller is connected directly to a fan
16and performs closed-loop control of the fan speed.
17
18The fan speed is programmed by setting the period via 'pwm1' of two
19consecutive speed pulses. The period is defined in terms of clock
20cycle counts of an assumed 32kHz clock source.
21
22Setting a period of 0 stops the fan; setting the period to 255 sets
23fan to maximum speed.
24
25The measured fan rotation speed returned via 'fan1_input' is derived
26from the measured speed pulse period by assuming again a 32kHz clock
27source and a 2 pulse-per-revolution fan.
28
29The 'alarms' file provides access to the two alarm bits provided by
30the G760A chip's status register: Bit 0 is set when the actual fan
31speed differs more than 20% with respect to the programmed fan speed;
32bit 1 is set when fan speed is below 1920 RPM.
33
34The g760a driver will not update its values more frequently than every
35other second; reading them more often will do no harm, but will return
36'old' values.
diff --git a/Documentation/infiniband/ipoib.txt b/Documentation/infiniband/ipoib.txt
index 864ff3283780..6d40f00b358c 100644
--- a/Documentation/infiniband/ipoib.txt
+++ b/Documentation/infiniband/ipoib.txt
@@ -24,6 +24,49 @@ Partitions and P_Keys
24 The P_Key for any interface is given by the "pkey" file, and the 24 The P_Key for any interface is given by the "pkey" file, and the
25 main interface for a subinterface is in "parent." 25 main interface for a subinterface is in "parent."
26 26
27Datagram vs Connected modes
28
29 The IPoIB driver supports two modes of operation: datagram and
30 connected. The mode is set and read through an interface's
31 /sys/class/net/<intf name>/mode file.
32
33 In datagram mode, the IB UD (Unreliable Datagram) transport is used
34 and so the interface MTU has is equal to the IB L2 MTU minus the
35 IPoIB encapsulation header (4 bytes). For example, in a typical IB
36 fabric with a 2K MTU, the IPoIB MTU will be 2048 - 4 = 2044 bytes.
37
38 In connected mode, the IB RC (Reliable Connected) transport is used.
39 Connected mode is to takes advantage of the connected nature of the
40 IB transport and allows an MTU up to the maximal IP packet size of
41 64K, which reduces the number of IP packets needed for handling
42 large UDP datagrams, TCP segments, etc and increases the performance
43 for large messages.
44
45 In connected mode, the interface's UD QP is still used for multicast
46 and communication with peers that don't support connected mode. In
47 this case, RX emulation of ICMP PMTU packets is used to cause the
48 networking stack to use the smaller UD MTU for these neighbours.
49
50Stateless offloads
51
52 If the IB HW supports IPoIB stateless offloads, IPoIB advertises
53 TCP/IP checksum and/or Large Send (LSO) offloading capability to the
54 network stack.
55
56 Large Receive (LRO) offloading is also implemented and may be turned
57 on/off using ethtool calls. Currently LRO is supported only for
58 checksum offload capable devices.
59
60 Stateless offloads are supported only in datagram mode.
61
62Interrupt moderation
63
64 If the underlying IB device supports CQ event moderation, one can
65 use ethtool to set interrupt mitigation parameters and thus reduce
66 the overhead incurred by handling interrupts. The main code path of
67 IPoIB doesn't use events for TX completion signaling so only RX
68 moderation is supported.
69
27Debugging Information 70Debugging Information
28 71
29 By compiling the IPoIB driver with CONFIG_INFINIBAND_IPOIB_DEBUG set 72 By compiling the IPoIB driver with CONFIG_INFINIBAND_IPOIB_DEBUG set
@@ -55,3 +98,5 @@ References
55 http://ietf.org/rfc/rfc4391.txt 98 http://ietf.org/rfc/rfc4391.txt
56 IP over InfiniBand (IPoIB) Architecture (RFC 4392) 99 IP over InfiniBand (IPoIB) Architecture (RFC 4392)
57 http://ietf.org/rfc/rfc4392.txt 100 http://ietf.org/rfc/rfc4392.txt
101 IP over InfiniBand: Connected Mode (RFC 4755)
102 http://ietf.org/rfc/rfc4755.txt
diff --git a/Documentation/input/bcm5974.txt b/Documentation/input/bcm5974.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5e22dcf6d48d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/input/bcm5974.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
1BCM5974 Driver (bcm5974)
2------------------------
3 Copyright (C) 2008-2009 Henrik Rydberg <rydberg@euromail.se>
4
5The USB initialization and package decoding was made by Scott Shawcroft as
6part of the touchd user-space driver project:
7 Copyright (C) 2008 Scott Shawcroft (scott.shawcroft@gmail.com)
8
9The BCM5974 driver is based on the appletouch driver:
10 Copyright (C) 2001-2004 Greg Kroah-Hartman (greg@kroah.com)
11 Copyright (C) 2005 Johannes Berg (johannes@sipsolutions.net)
12 Copyright (C) 2005 Stelian Pop (stelian@popies.net)
13 Copyright (C) 2005 Frank Arnold (frank@scirocco-5v-turbo.de)
14 Copyright (C) 2005 Peter Osterlund (petero2@telia.com)
15 Copyright (C) 2005 Michael Hanselmann (linux-kernel@hansmi.ch)
16 Copyright (C) 2006 Nicolas Boichat (nicolas@boichat.ch)
17
18This driver adds support for the multi-touch trackpad on the new Apple
19Macbook Air and Macbook Pro laptops. It replaces the appletouch driver on
20those computers, and integrates well with the synaptics driver of the Xorg
21system.
22
23Known to work on Macbook Air, Macbook Pro Penryn and the new unibody
24Macbook 5 and Macbook Pro 5.
25
26Usage
27-----
28
29The driver loads automatically for the supported usb device ids, and
30becomes available both as an event device (/dev/input/event*) and as a
31mouse via the mousedev driver (/dev/input/mice).
32
33USB Race
34--------
35
36The Apple multi-touch trackpads report both mouse and keyboard events via
37different interfaces of the same usb device. This creates a race condition
38with the HID driver, which, if not told otherwise, will find the standard
39HID mouse and keyboard, and claim the whole device. To remedy, the usb
40product id must be listed in the mouse_ignore list of the hid driver.
41
42Debug output
43------------
44
45To ease the development for new hardware version, verbose packet output can
46be switched on with the debug kernel module parameter. The range [1-9]
47yields different levels of verbosity. Example (as root):
48
49echo -n 9 > /sys/module/bcm5974/parameters/debug
50
51tail -f /var/log/debug
52
53echo -n 0 > /sys/module/bcm5974/parameters/debug
54
55Trivia
56------
57
58The driver was developed at the ubuntu forums in June 2008 [1], and now has
59a more permanent home at bitmath.org [2].
60
61Links
62-----
63
64[1] http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=840040
65[2] http://http://bitmath.org/code/
diff --git a/Documentation/input/multi-touch-protocol.txt b/Documentation/input/multi-touch-protocol.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9f09557aea39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/input/multi-touch-protocol.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
1Multi-touch (MT) Protocol
2-------------------------
3 Copyright (C) 2009 Henrik Rydberg <rydberg@euromail.se>
4
5
6Introduction
7------------
8
9In order to utilize the full power of the new multi-touch devices, a way to
10report detailed finger data to user space is needed. This document
11describes the multi-touch (MT) protocol which allows kernel drivers to
12report details for an arbitrary number of fingers.
13
14
15Usage
16-----
17
18Anonymous finger details are sent sequentially as separate packets of ABS
19events. Only the ABS_MT events are recognized as part of a finger
20packet. The end of a packet is marked by calling the input_mt_sync()
21function, which generates a SYN_MT_REPORT event. The end of multi-touch
22transfer is marked by calling the usual input_sync() function.
23
24A set of ABS_MT events with the desired properties is defined. The events
25are divided into categories, to allow for partial implementation. The
26minimum set consists of ABS_MT_TOUCH_MAJOR, ABS_MT_POSITION_X and
27ABS_MT_POSITION_Y, which allows for multiple fingers to be tracked. If the
28device supports it, the ABS_MT_WIDTH_MAJOR may be used to provide the size
29of the approaching finger. Anisotropy and direction may be specified with
30ABS_MT_TOUCH_MINOR, ABS_MT_WIDTH_MINOR and ABS_MT_ORIENTATION. Devices with
31more granular information may specify general shapes as blobs, i.e., as a
32sequence of rectangular shapes grouped together by an
33ABS_MT_BLOB_ID. Finally, the ABS_MT_TOOL_TYPE may be used to specify
34whether the touching tool is a finger or a pen or something else.
35
36
37Event Semantics
38---------------
39
40The word "contact" is used to describe a tool which is in direct contact
41with the surface. A finger, a pen or a rubber all classify as contacts.
42
43ABS_MT_TOUCH_MAJOR
44
45The length of the major axis of the contact. The length should be given in
46surface units. If the surface has an X times Y resolution, the largest
47possible value of ABS_MT_TOUCH_MAJOR is sqrt(X^2 + Y^2), the diagonal.
48
49ABS_MT_TOUCH_MINOR
50
51The length, in surface units, of the minor axis of the contact. If the
52contact is circular, this event can be omitted.
53
54ABS_MT_WIDTH_MAJOR
55
56The length, in surface units, of the major axis of the approaching
57tool. This should be understood as the size of the tool itself. The
58orientation of the contact and the approaching tool are assumed to be the
59same.
60
61ABS_MT_WIDTH_MINOR
62
63The length, in surface units, of the minor axis of the approaching
64tool. Omit if circular.
65
66The above four values can be used to derive additional information about
67the contact. The ratio ABS_MT_TOUCH_MAJOR / ABS_MT_WIDTH_MAJOR approximates
68the notion of pressure. The fingers of the hand and the palm all have
69different characteristic widths [1].
70
71ABS_MT_ORIENTATION
72
73The orientation of the ellipse. The value should describe half a revolution
74clockwise around the touch center. The scale of the value is arbitrary, but
75zero should be returned for an ellipse aligned along the Y axis of the
76surface. As an example, an index finger placed straight onto the axis could
77return zero orientation, something negative when twisted to the left, and
78something positive when twisted to the right. This value can be omitted if
79the touching object is circular, or if the information is not available in
80the kernel driver.
81
82ABS_MT_POSITION_X
83
84The surface X coordinate of the center of the touching ellipse.
85
86ABS_MT_POSITION_Y
87
88The surface Y coordinate of the center of the touching ellipse.
89
90ABS_MT_TOOL_TYPE
91
92The type of approaching tool. A lot of kernel drivers cannot distinguish
93between different tool types, such as a finger or a pen. In such cases, the
94event should be omitted. The protocol currently supports MT_TOOL_FINGER and
95MT_TOOL_PEN [2].
96
97ABS_MT_BLOB_ID
98
99The BLOB_ID groups several packets together into one arbitrarily shaped
100contact. This is a low-level anonymous grouping, and should not be confused
101with the high-level contactID, explained below. Most kernel drivers will
102not have this capability, and can safely omit the event.
103
104
105Finger Tracking
106---------------
107
108The kernel driver should generate an arbitrary enumeration of the set of
109anonymous contacts currently on the surface. The order in which the packets
110appear in the event stream is not important.
111
112The process of finger tracking, i.e., to assign a unique contactID to each
113initiated contact on the surface, is left to user space; preferably the
114multi-touch X driver [3]. In that driver, the contactID stays the same and
115unique until the contact vanishes (when the finger leaves the surface). The
116problem of assigning a set of anonymous fingers to a set of identified
117fingers is a euclidian bipartite matching problem at each event update, and
118relies on a sufficiently rapid update rate.
119
120Notes
121-----
122
123In order to stay compatible with existing applications, the data
124reported in a finger packet must not be recognized as single-touch
125events. In addition, all finger data must bypass input filtering,
126since subsequent events of the same type refer to different fingers.
127
128The first kernel driver to utilize the MT protocol is the bcm5974 driver,
129where examples can be found.
130
131[1] With the extension ABS_MT_APPROACH_X and ABS_MT_APPROACH_Y, the
132difference between the contact position and the approaching tool position
133could be used to derive tilt.
134[2] The list can of course be extended.
135[3] The multi-touch X driver is currently in the prototyping stage. At the
136time of writing (April 2009), the MT protocol is not yet merged, and the
137prototype implements finger matching, basic mouse support and two-finger
138scrolling. The project aims at improving the quality of current multi-touch
139functionality available in the synaptics X driver, and in addition
140implement more advanced gestures.
diff --git a/Documentation/input/rotary-encoder.txt b/Documentation/input/rotary-encoder.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..435102a26d96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/input/rotary-encoder.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
1rotary-encoder - a generic driver for GPIO connected devices
2Daniel Mack <daniel@caiaq.de>, Feb 2009
3
40. Function
5-----------
6
7Rotary encoders are devices which are connected to the CPU or other
8peripherals with two wires. The outputs are phase-shifted by 90 degrees
9and by triggering on falling and rising edges, the turn direction can
10be determined.
11
12The phase diagram of these two outputs look like this:
13
14 _____ _____ _____
15 | | | | | |
16 Channel A ____| |_____| |_____| |____
17
18 : : : : : : : : : : : :
19 __ _____ _____ _____
20 | | | | | | |
21 Channel B |_____| |_____| |_____| |__
22
23 : : : : : : : : : : : :
24 Event a b c d a b c d a b c d
25
26 |<-------->|
27 one step
28
29
30For more information, please see
31 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_encoder
32
33
341. Events / state machine
35-------------------------
36
37a) Rising edge on channel A, channel B in low state
38 This state is used to recognize a clockwise turn
39
40b) Rising edge on channel B, channel A in high state
41 When entering this state, the encoder is put into 'armed' state,
42 meaning that there it has seen half the way of a one-step transition.
43
44c) Falling edge on channel A, channel B in high state
45 This state is used to recognize a counter-clockwise turn
46
47d) Falling edge on channel B, channel A in low state
48 Parking position. If the encoder enters this state, a full transition
49 should have happend, unless it flipped back on half the way. The
50 'armed' state tells us about that.
51
522. Platform requirements
53------------------------
54
55As there is no hardware dependent call in this driver, the platform it is
56used with must support gpiolib. Another requirement is that IRQs must be
57able to fire on both edges.
58
59
603. Board integration
61--------------------
62
63To use this driver in your system, register a platform_device with the
64name 'rotary-encoder' and associate the IRQs and some specific platform
65data with it.
66
67struct rotary_encoder_platform_data is declared in
68include/linux/rotary-encoder.h and needs to be filled with the number of
69steps the encoder has and can carry information about externally inverted
70signals (because of used invertig buffer or other reasons).
71
72Because GPIO to IRQ mapping is platform specific, this information must
73be given in seperately to the driver. See the example below.
74
75---------<snip>---------
76
77/* board support file example */
78
79#include <linux/input.h>
80#include <linux/rotary_encoder.h>
81
82#define GPIO_ROTARY_A 1
83#define GPIO_ROTARY_B 2
84
85static struct rotary_encoder_platform_data my_rotary_encoder_info = {
86 .steps = 24,
87 .axis = ABS_X,
88 .gpio_a = GPIO_ROTARY_A,
89 .gpio_b = GPIO_ROTARY_B,
90 .inverted_a = 0,
91 .inverted_b = 0,
92};
93
94static struct platform_device rotary_encoder_device = {
95 .name = "rotary-encoder",
96 .id = 0,
97 .dev = {
98 .platform_data = &my_rotary_encoder_info,
99 }
100};
101
diff --git a/Documentation/isdn/00-INDEX b/Documentation/isdn/00-INDEX
index 9fee5f2e5c62..5a2d69989a8c 100644
--- a/Documentation/isdn/00-INDEX
+++ b/Documentation/isdn/00-INDEX
@@ -2,8 +2,14 @@
2 - this file (info on ISDN implementation for Linux) 2 - this file (info on ISDN implementation for Linux)
3CREDITS 3CREDITS
4 - list of the kind folks that brought you this stuff. 4 - list of the kind folks that brought you this stuff.
5HiSax.cert
6 - information about the ITU approval certification of the HiSax driver.
5INTERFACE 7INTERFACE
6 - description of Linklevel and Hardwarelevel ISDN interface. 8 - description of isdn4linux Link Level and Hardware Level interfaces.
9INTERFACE.fax
10 - description of the fax subinterface of isdn4linux.
11INTERFACE.CAPI
12 - description of kernel CAPI Link Level to Hardware Level interface.
7README 13README
8 - general info on what you need and what to do for Linux ISDN. 14 - general info on what you need and what to do for Linux ISDN.
9README.FAQ 15README.FAQ
@@ -12,6 +18,8 @@ README.audio
12 - info for running audio over ISDN. 18 - info for running audio over ISDN.
13README.fax 19README.fax
14 - info for using Fax over ISDN. 20 - info for using Fax over ISDN.
21README.gigaset
22 - info on the drivers for Siemens Gigaset ISDN adapters.
15README.icn 23README.icn
16 - info on the ICN-ISDN-card and its driver. 24 - info on the ICN-ISDN-card and its driver.
17README.HiSax 25README.HiSax
@@ -37,7 +45,8 @@ README.diversion
37README.sc 45README.sc
38 - info on driver for Spellcaster cards. 46 - info on driver for Spellcaster cards.
39README.x25 47README.x25
40 _ info for running X.25 over ISDN. 48 - info for running X.25 over ISDN.
41README.hysdn 49README.hysdn
42 - info on driver for Hypercope active HYSDN cards 50 - info on driver for Hypercope active HYSDN cards
43 51README.mISDN
52 - info on the Modular ISDN subsystem (mISDN).
diff --git a/Documentation/isdn/INTERFACE.CAPI b/Documentation/isdn/INTERFACE.CAPI
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..786d619b36e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/isdn/INTERFACE.CAPI
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
1Kernel CAPI Interface to Hardware Drivers
2-----------------------------------------
3
41. Overview
5
6From the CAPI 2.0 specification:
7COMMON-ISDN-API (CAPI) is an application programming interface standard used
8to access ISDN equipment connected to basic rate interfaces (BRI) and primary
9rate interfaces (PRI).
10
11Kernel CAPI operates as a dispatching layer between CAPI applications and CAPI
12hardware drivers. Hardware drivers register ISDN devices (controllers, in CAPI
13lingo) with Kernel CAPI to indicate their readiness to provide their service
14to CAPI applications. CAPI applications also register with Kernel CAPI,
15requesting association with a CAPI device. Kernel CAPI then dispatches the
16application registration to an available device, forwarding it to the
17corresponding hardware driver. Kernel CAPI then forwards CAPI messages in both
18directions between the application and the hardware driver.
19
20Format and semantics of CAPI messages are specified in the CAPI 2.0 standard.
21This standard is freely available from http://www.capi.org.
22
23
242. Driver and Device Registration
25
26CAPI drivers optionally register themselves with Kernel CAPI by calling the
27Kernel CAPI function register_capi_driver() with a pointer to a struct
28capi_driver. This structure must be filled with the name and revision of the
29driver, and optionally a pointer to a callback function, add_card(). The
30registration can be revoked by calling the function unregister_capi_driver()
31with a pointer to the same struct capi_driver.
32
33CAPI drivers must register each of the ISDN devices they control with Kernel
34CAPI by calling the Kernel CAPI function attach_capi_ctr() with a pointer to a
35struct capi_ctr before they can be used. This structure must be filled with
36the names of the driver and controller, and a number of callback function
37pointers which are subsequently used by Kernel CAPI for communicating with the
38driver. The registration can be revoked by calling the function
39detach_capi_ctr() with a pointer to the same struct capi_ctr.
40
41Before the device can be actually used, the driver must fill in the device
42information fields 'manu', 'version', 'profile' and 'serial' in the capi_ctr
43structure of the device, and signal its readiness by calling capi_ctr_ready().
44From then on, Kernel CAPI may call the registered callback functions for the
45device.
46
47If the device becomes unusable for any reason (shutdown, disconnect ...), the
48driver has to call capi_ctr_reseted(). This will prevent further calls to the
49callback functions by Kernel CAPI.
50
51
523. Application Registration and Communication
53
54Kernel CAPI forwards registration requests from applications (calls to CAPI
55operation CAPI_REGISTER) to an appropriate hardware driver by calling its
56register_appl() callback function. A unique Application ID (ApplID, u16) is
57allocated by Kernel CAPI and passed to register_appl() along with the
58parameter structure provided by the application. This is analogous to the
59open() operation on regular files or character devices.
60
61After a successful return from register_appl(), CAPI messages from the
62application may be passed to the driver for the device via calls to the
63send_message() callback function. The CAPI message to send is stored in the
64data portion of an skb. Conversely, the driver may call Kernel CAPI's
65capi_ctr_handle_message() function to pass a received CAPI message to Kernel
66CAPI for forwarding to an application, specifying its ApplID.
67
68Deregistration requests (CAPI operation CAPI_RELEASE) from applications are
69forwarded as calls to the release_appl() callback function, passing the same
70ApplID as with register_appl(). After return from release_appl(), no CAPI
71messages for that application may be passed to or from the device anymore.
72
73
744. Data Structures
75
764.1 struct capi_driver
77
78This structure describes a Kernel CAPI driver itself. It is used in the
79register_capi_driver() and unregister_capi_driver() functions, and contains
80the following non-private fields, all to be set by the driver before calling
81register_capi_driver():
82
83char name[32]
84 the name of the driver, as a zero-terminated ASCII string
85char revision[32]
86 the revision number of the driver, as a zero-terminated ASCII string
87int (*add_card)(struct capi_driver *driver, capicardparams *data)
88 a callback function pointer (may be NULL)
89
90
914.2 struct capi_ctr
92
93This structure describes an ISDN device (controller) handled by a Kernel CAPI
94driver. After registration via the attach_capi_ctr() function it is passed to
95all controller specific lower layer interface and callback functions to
96identify the controller to operate on.
97
98It contains the following non-private fields:
99
100- to be set by the driver before calling attach_capi_ctr():
101
102struct module *owner
103 pointer to the driver module owning the device
104
105void *driverdata
106 an opaque pointer to driver specific data, not touched by Kernel CAPI
107
108char name[32]
109 the name of the controller, as a zero-terminated ASCII string
110
111char *driver_name
112 the name of the driver, as a zero-terminated ASCII string
113
114int (*load_firmware)(struct capi_ctr *ctrlr, capiloaddata *ldata)
115 (optional) pointer to a callback function for sending firmware and
116 configuration data to the device
117
118void (*reset_ctr)(struct capi_ctr *ctrlr)
119 pointer to a callback function for performing a reset on the device,
120 releasing all registered applications
121
122void (*register_appl)(struct capi_ctr *ctrlr, u16 applid,
123 capi_register_params *rparam)
124void (*release_appl)(struct capi_ctr *ctrlr, u16 applid)
125 pointers to callback functions for registration and deregistration of
126 applications with the device
127
128u16 (*send_message)(struct capi_ctr *ctrlr, struct sk_buff *skb)
129 pointer to a callback function for sending a CAPI message to the
130 device
131
132char *(*procinfo)(struct capi_ctr *ctrlr)
133 pointer to a callback function returning the entry for the device in
134 the CAPI controller info table, /proc/capi/controller
135
136read_proc_t *ctr_read_proc
137 pointer to the read_proc callback function for the device's proc file
138 system entry, /proc/capi/controllers/<n>; will be called with a
139 pointer to the device's capi_ctr structure as the last (data) argument
140
141- to be filled in before calling capi_ctr_ready():
142
143u8 manu[CAPI_MANUFACTURER_LEN]
144 value to return for CAPI_GET_MANUFACTURER
145
146capi_version version
147 value to return for CAPI_GET_VERSION
148
149capi_profile profile
150 value to return for CAPI_GET_PROFILE
151
152u8 serial[CAPI_SERIAL_LEN]
153 value to return for CAPI_GET_SERIAL
154
155
1565. Lower Layer Interface Functions
157
158(declared in <linux/isdn/capilli.h>)
159
160void register_capi_driver(struct capi_driver *drvr)
161void unregister_capi_driver(struct capi_driver *drvr)
162 register/unregister a driver with Kernel CAPI
163
164int attach_capi_ctr(struct capi_ctr *ctrlr)
165int detach_capi_ctr(struct capi_ctr *ctrlr)
166 register/unregister a device (controller) with Kernel CAPI
167
168void capi_ctr_ready(struct capi_ctr *ctrlr)
169void capi_ctr_reseted(struct capi_ctr *ctrlr)
170 signal controller ready/not ready
171
172void capi_ctr_suspend_output(struct capi_ctr *ctrlr)
173void capi_ctr_resume_output(struct capi_ctr *ctrlr)
174 signal suspend/resume
175
176void capi_ctr_handle_message(struct capi_ctr * ctrlr, u16 applid,
177 struct sk_buff *skb)
178 pass a received CAPI message to Kernel CAPI
179 for forwarding to the specified application
180
181
1826. Helper Functions and Macros
183
184Library functions (from <linux/isdn/capilli.h>):
185
186void capilib_new_ncci(struct list_head *head, u16 applid,
187 u32 ncci, u32 winsize)
188void capilib_free_ncci(struct list_head *head, u16 applid, u32 ncci)
189void capilib_release_appl(struct list_head *head, u16 applid)
190void capilib_release(struct list_head *head)
191void capilib_data_b3_conf(struct list_head *head, u16 applid,
192 u32 ncci, u16 msgid)
193u16 capilib_data_b3_req(struct list_head *head, u16 applid,
194 u32 ncci, u16 msgid)
195
196
197Macros to extract/set element values from/in a CAPI message header
198(from <linux/isdn/capiutil.h>):
199
200Get Macro Set Macro Element (Type)
201
202CAPIMSG_LEN(m) CAPIMSG_SETLEN(m, len) Total Length (u16)
203CAPIMSG_APPID(m) CAPIMSG_SETAPPID(m, applid) ApplID (u16)
204CAPIMSG_COMMAND(m) CAPIMSG_SETCOMMAND(m,cmd) Command (u8)
205CAPIMSG_SUBCOMMAND(m) CAPIMSG_SETSUBCOMMAND(m, cmd) Subcommand (u8)
206CAPIMSG_CMD(m) - Command*256
207 + Subcommand (u16)
208CAPIMSG_MSGID(m) CAPIMSG_SETMSGID(m, msgid) Message Number (u16)
209
210CAPIMSG_CONTROL(m) CAPIMSG_SETCONTROL(m, contr) Controller/PLCI/NCCI
211 (u32)
212CAPIMSG_DATALEN(m) CAPIMSG_SETDATALEN(m, len) Data Length (u16)
213
diff --git a/Documentation/isdn/README.gigaset b/Documentation/isdn/README.gigaset
index 55b2852904a4..02c0e9341dd8 100644
--- a/Documentation/isdn/README.gigaset
+++ b/Documentation/isdn/README.gigaset
@@ -61,24 +61,28 @@ GigaSet 307x Device Driver
61 --------------------- 61 ---------------------
622.1. Modules 622.1. Modules
63 ------- 63 -------
64 To get the device working, you have to load the proper kernel module. You 64 For the devices to work, the proper kernel modules have to be loaded.
65 can do this using 65 This normally happens automatically when the system detects the USB
66 modprobe modulename 66 device (base, M105) or when the line discipline is attached (M101). It
67 where modulename is ser_gigaset (M101), usb_gigaset (M105), or 67 can also be triggered manually using the modprobe(8) command, for example
68 bas_gigaset (direct USB connection to the base). 68 for troubleshooting or to pass module parameters.
69 69
70 The module ser_gigaset provides a serial line discipline N_GIGASET_M101 70 The module ser_gigaset provides a serial line discipline N_GIGASET_M101
71 which drives the device through the regular serial line driver. To use it, 71 which drives the device through the regular serial line driver. It must
72 run the Gigaset M101 daemon "gigasetm101d" (also available from 72 be attached to the serial line to which the M101 is connected with the
73 http://sourceforge.net/projects/gigaset307x/) with the device file of the 73 ldattach(8) command (requires util-linux-ng release 2.14 or later), for
74 RS232 port to the M101 as an argument, for example: 74 example:
75 gigasetm101d /dev/ttyS1 75 ldattach GIGASET_M101 /dev/ttyS1
76 This will open the device file, set its line discipline to N_GIGASET_M101, 76 This will open the device file, attach the line discipline to it, and
77 and then sleep in the background, keeping the device open so that the 77 then sleep in the background, keeping the device open so that the line
78 line discipline remains active. To deactivate it, kill the daemon, for 78 discipline remains active. To deactivate it, kill the daemon, for example
79 example with 79 with
80 killall gigasetm101d 80 killall ldattach
81 before disconnecting the device. 81 before disconnecting the device. To have this happen automatically at
82 system startup/shutdown on an LSB compatible system, create and activate
83 an appropriate LSB startup script /etc/init.d/gigaset. (The init name
84 'gigaset' is officially assigned to this project by LANANA.)
85 Alternatively, just add the 'ldattach' command line to /etc/rc.local.
82 86
832.2. Device nodes for user space programs 872.2. Device nodes for user space programs
84 ------------------------------------ 88 ------------------------------------
@@ -194,10 +198,11 @@ GigaSet 307x Device Driver
194 operation (for wireless access to the base), but are needed for access 198 operation (for wireless access to the base), but are needed for access
195 to the M105's own configuration mode (registration to the base, baudrate 199 to the M105's own configuration mode (registration to the base, baudrate
196 and line format settings, device status queries) via the gigacontr 200 and line format settings, device status queries) via the gigacontr
197 utility. Their use is disabled in the driver by default for safety 201 utility. Their use is controlled by the kernel configuration option
198 reasons but can be enabled by setting the kernel configuration option 202 "Support for undocumented USB requests" (CONFIG_GIGASET_UNDOCREQ). If you
199 "Support for undocumented USB requests" (GIGASET_UNDOCREQ) to "Y" and 203 encounter error code -ENOTTY when trying to use some features of the
200 recompiling. 204 M105, try setting that option to "y" via 'make {x,menu}config' and
205 recompiling the driver.
201 206
202 207
2033. Troubleshooting 2083. Troubleshooting
@@ -228,6 +233,13 @@ GigaSet 307x Device Driver
228 Solution: 233 Solution:
229 Select Unimodem mode for all DECT data adapters. (see section 2.4.) 234 Select Unimodem mode for all DECT data adapters. (see section 2.4.)
230 235
236 Problem:
237 You want to configure your USB DECT data adapter (M105) but gigacontr
238 reports an error: "/dev/ttyGU0: Inappropriate ioctl for device".
239 Solution:
240 Recompile the usb_gigaset driver with the kernel configuration option
241 CONFIG_GIGASET_UNDOCREQ set to 'y'. (see section 2.6.)
242
2313.2. Telling the driver to provide more information 2433.2. Telling the driver to provide more information
232 ---------------------------------------------- 244 ----------------------------------------------
233 Building the driver with the "Gigaset debugging" kernel configuration 245 Building the driver with the "Gigaset debugging" kernel configuration
diff --git a/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt b/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt
index 51104f9194a5..d76cfd8712e1 100644
--- a/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt
+++ b/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt
@@ -40,10 +40,16 @@ This document describes the Linux kernel Makefiles.
40 --- 6.7 Custom kbuild commands 40 --- 6.7 Custom kbuild commands
41 --- 6.8 Preprocessing linker scripts 41 --- 6.8 Preprocessing linker scripts
42 42
43 === 7 Kbuild Variables 43 === 7 Kbuild syntax for exported headers
44 === 8 Makefile language 44 --- 7.1 header-y
45 === 9 Credits 45 --- 7.2 objhdr-y
46 === 10 TODO 46 --- 7.3 destination-y
47 --- 7.4 unifdef-y (deprecated)
48
49 === 8 Kbuild Variables
50 === 9 Makefile language
51 === 10 Credits
52 === 11 TODO
47 53
48=== 1 Overview 54=== 1 Overview
49 55
@@ -310,6 +316,16 @@ more details, with real examples.
310 #arch/m68k/fpsp040/Makefile 316 #arch/m68k/fpsp040/Makefile
311 ldflags-y := -x 317 ldflags-y := -x
312 318
319 subdir-ccflags-y, subdir-asflags-y
320 The two flags listed above are similar to ccflags-y and as-falgs-y.
321 The difference is that the subdir- variants has effect for the kbuild
322 file where tey are present and all subdirectories.
323 Options specified using subdir-* are added to the commandline before
324 the options specified using the non-subdir variants.
325
326 Example:
327 subdir-ccflags-y := -Werror
328
313 CFLAGS_$@, AFLAGS_$@ 329 CFLAGS_$@, AFLAGS_$@
314 330
315 CFLAGS_$@ and AFLAGS_$@ only apply to commands in current 331 CFLAGS_$@ and AFLAGS_$@ only apply to commands in current
@@ -1143,8 +1159,69 @@ When kbuild executes, the following steps are followed (roughly):
1143 The kbuild infrastructure for *lds file are used in several 1159 The kbuild infrastructure for *lds file are used in several
1144 architecture-specific files. 1160 architecture-specific files.
1145 1161
1162=== 7 Kbuild syntax for exported headers
1163
1164The kernel include a set of headers that is exported to userspace.
1165Many headers can be exported as-is but other headers requires a
1166minimal pre-processing before they are ready for user-space.
1167The pre-processing does:
1168- drop kernel specific annotations
1169- drop include of compiler.h
1170- drop all sections that is kernel internat (guarded by ifdef __KERNEL__)
1171
1172Each relevant directory contain a file name "Kbuild" which specify the
1173headers to be exported.
1174See subsequent chapter for the syntax of the Kbuild file.
1175
1176 --- 7.1 header-y
1177
1178 header-y specify header files to be exported.
1179
1180 Example:
1181 #include/linux/Kbuild
1182 header-y += usb/
1183 header-y += aio_abi.h
1184
1185 The convention is to list one file per line and
1186 preferably in alphabetic order.
1187
1188 header-y also specify which subdirectories to visit.
1189 A subdirectory is identified by a trailing '/' which
1190 can be seen in the example above for the usb subdirectory.
1191
1192 Subdirectories are visited before their parent directories.
1193
1194 --- 7.2 objhdr-y
1195
1196 objhdr-y specifies generated files to be exported.
1197 Generated files are special as they need to be looked
1198 up in another directory when doing 'make O=...' builds.
1199
1200 Example:
1201 #include/linux/Kbuild
1202 objhdr-y += version.h
1203
1204 --- 7.3 destination-y
1205
1206 When an architecture have a set of exported headers that needs to be
1207 exported to a different directory destination-y is used.
1208 destination-y specify the destination directory for all exported
1209 headers in the file where it is present.
1210
1211 Example:
1212 #arch/xtensa/platforms/s6105/include/platform/Kbuild
1213 destination-y := include/linux
1214
1215 In the example above all exported headers in the Kbuild file
1216 will be located in the directory "include/linux" when exported.
1217
1218
1219 --- 7.4 unifdef-y (deprecated)
1220
1221 unifdef-y is deprecated. A direct replacement is header-y.
1222
1146 1223
1147=== 7 Kbuild Variables 1224=== 8 Kbuild Variables
1148 1225
1149The top Makefile exports the following variables: 1226The top Makefile exports the following variables:
1150 1227
@@ -1206,7 +1283,7 @@ The top Makefile exports the following variables:
1206 INSTALL_MOD_STRIP will used as the option(s) to the strip command. 1283 INSTALL_MOD_STRIP will used as the option(s) to the strip command.
1207 1284
1208 1285
1209=== 8 Makefile language 1286=== 9 Makefile language
1210 1287
1211The kernel Makefiles are designed to be run with GNU Make. The Makefiles 1288The kernel Makefiles are designed to be run with GNU Make. The Makefiles
1212use only the documented features of GNU Make, but they do use many 1289use only the documented features of GNU Make, but they do use many
@@ -1225,14 +1302,14 @@ time the left-hand side is used.
1225There are some cases where "=" is appropriate. Usually, though, ":=" 1302There are some cases where "=" is appropriate. Usually, though, ":="
1226is the right choice. 1303is the right choice.
1227 1304
1228=== 9 Credits 1305=== 10 Credits
1229 1306
1230Original version made by Michael Elizabeth Chastain, <mailto:mec@shout.net> 1307Original version made by Michael Elizabeth Chastain, <mailto:mec@shout.net>
1231Updates by Kai Germaschewski <kai@tp1.ruhr-uni-bochum.de> 1308Updates by Kai Germaschewski <kai@tp1.ruhr-uni-bochum.de>
1232Updates by Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org> 1309Updates by Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
1233Language QA by Jan Engelhardt <jengelh@gmx.de> 1310Language QA by Jan Engelhardt <jengelh@gmx.de>
1234 1311
1235=== 10 TODO 1312=== 11 TODO
1236 1313
1237- Describe how kbuild supports shipped files with _shipped. 1314- Describe how kbuild supports shipped files with _shipped.
1238- Generating offset header files. 1315- Generating offset header files.
diff --git a/Documentation/kernel-doc-nano-HOWTO.txt b/Documentation/kernel-doc-nano-HOWTO.txt
index 026ec7d57384..4d04572b6549 100644
--- a/Documentation/kernel-doc-nano-HOWTO.txt
+++ b/Documentation/kernel-doc-nano-HOWTO.txt
@@ -269,7 +269,10 @@ Use the argument mechanism to document members or constants.
269 269
270Inside a struct description, you can use the "private:" and "public:" 270Inside a struct description, you can use the "private:" and "public:"
271comment tags. Structure fields that are inside a "private:" area 271comment tags. Structure fields that are inside a "private:" area
272are not listed in the generated output documentation. 272are not listed in the generated output documentation. The "private:"
273and "public:" tags must begin immediately following a "/*" comment
274marker. They may optionally include comments between the ":" and the
275ending "*/" marker.
273 276
274Example: 277Example:
275 278
@@ -283,7 +286,7 @@ Example:
283struct my_struct { 286struct my_struct {
284 int a; 287 int a;
285 int b; 288 int b;
286/* private: */ 289/* private: internal use only */
287 int c; 290 int c;
288}; 291};
289 292
diff --git a/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt b/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt
index 421920897a37..e87bdbfbcc75 100644
--- a/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt
+++ b/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt
@@ -17,6 +17,12 @@ are specified on the kernel command line with the module name plus
17 17
18 usbcore.blinkenlights=1 18 usbcore.blinkenlights=1
19 19
20Hyphens (dashes) and underscores are equivalent in parameter names, so
21 log_buf_len=1M print-fatal-signals=1
22can also be entered as
23 log-buf-len=1M print_fatal_signals=1
24
25
20This document may not be entirely up to date and comprehensive. The command 26This document may not be entirely up to date and comprehensive. The command
21"modinfo -p ${modulename}" shows a current list of all parameters of a loadable 27"modinfo -p ${modulename}" shows a current list of all parameters of a loadable
22module. Loadable modules, after being loaded into the running kernel, also 28module. Loadable modules, after being loaded into the running kernel, also
@@ -50,6 +56,7 @@ parameter is applicable:
50 ISAPNP ISA PnP code is enabled. 56 ISAPNP ISA PnP code is enabled.
51 ISDN Appropriate ISDN support is enabled. 57 ISDN Appropriate ISDN support is enabled.
52 JOY Appropriate joystick support is enabled. 58 JOY Appropriate joystick support is enabled.
59 KMEMTRACE kmemtrace is enabled.
53 LIBATA Libata driver is enabled 60 LIBATA Libata driver is enabled
54 LP Printer support is enabled. 61 LP Printer support is enabled.
55 LOOP Loopback device support is enabled. 62 LOOP Loopback device support is enabled.
@@ -133,7 +140,7 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
133./include/asm/setup.h as COMMAND_LINE_SIZE. 140./include/asm/setup.h as COMMAND_LINE_SIZE.
134 141
135 142
136 acpi= [HW,ACPI,X86-64,i386] 143 acpi= [HW,ACPI,X86]
137 Advanced Configuration and Power Interface 144 Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
138 Format: { force | off | ht | strict | noirq | rsdt } 145 Format: { force | off | ht | strict | noirq | rsdt }
139 force -- enable ACPI if default was off 146 force -- enable ACPI if default was off
@@ -152,60 +159,6 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
152 1,0: use 1st APIC table 159 1,0: use 1st APIC table
153 default: 0 160 default: 0
154 161
155 acpi_sleep= [HW,ACPI] Sleep options
156 Format: { s3_bios, s3_mode, s3_beep, s4_nohwsig,
157 old_ordering, s4_nonvs }
158 See Documentation/power/video.txt for information on
159 s3_bios and s3_mode.
160 s3_beep is for debugging; it makes the PC's speaker beep
161 as soon as the kernel's real-mode entry point is called.
162 s4_nohwsig prevents ACPI hardware signature from being
163 used during resume from hibernation.
164 old_ordering causes the ACPI 1.0 ordering of the _PTS
165 control method, with respect to putting devices into
166 low power states, to be enforced (the ACPI 2.0 ordering
167 of _PTS is used by default).
168 s4_nonvs prevents the kernel from saving/restoring the
169 ACPI NVS memory during hibernation.
170
171 acpi_sci= [HW,ACPI] ACPI System Control Interrupt trigger mode
172 Format: { level | edge | high | low }
173
174 acpi_irq_balance [HW,ACPI]
175 ACPI will balance active IRQs
176 default in APIC mode
177
178 acpi_irq_nobalance [HW,ACPI]
179 ACPI will not move active IRQs (default)
180 default in PIC mode
181
182 acpi_irq_pci= [HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, clear listed IRQs for
183 use by PCI
184 Format: <irq>,<irq>...
185
186 acpi_irq_isa= [HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, mark listed IRQs used by ISA
187 Format: <irq>,<irq>...
188
189 acpi_no_auto_ssdt [HW,ACPI] Disable automatic loading of SSDT
190
191 acpi_os_name= [HW,ACPI] Tell ACPI BIOS the name of the OS
192 Format: To spoof as Windows 98: ="Microsoft Windows"
193
194 acpi_osi= [HW,ACPI] Modify list of supported OS interface strings
195 acpi_osi="string1" # add string1 -- only one string
196 acpi_osi="!string2" # remove built-in string2
197 acpi_osi= # disable all strings
198
199 acpi_serialize [HW,ACPI] force serialization of AML methods
200
201 acpi_skip_timer_override [HW,ACPI]
202 Recognize and ignore IRQ0/pin2 Interrupt Override.
203 For broken nForce2 BIOS resulting in XT-PIC timer.
204 acpi_use_timer_override [HW,ACPI]
205 Use timer override. For some broken Nvidia NF5 boards
206 that require a timer override, but don't have
207 HPET
208
209 acpi_backlight= [HW,ACPI] 162 acpi_backlight= [HW,ACPI]
210 acpi_backlight=vendor 163 acpi_backlight=vendor
211 acpi_backlight=video 164 acpi_backlight=video
@@ -213,11 +166,6 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
213 (e.g. thinkpad_acpi, sony_acpi, etc.) instead 166 (e.g. thinkpad_acpi, sony_acpi, etc.) instead
214 of the ACPI video.ko driver. 167 of the ACPI video.ko driver.
215 168
216 acpi_display_output= [HW,ACPI]
217 acpi_display_output=vendor
218 acpi_display_output=video
219 See above.
220
221 acpi.debug_layer= [HW,ACPI,ACPI_DEBUG] 169 acpi.debug_layer= [HW,ACPI,ACPI_DEBUG]
222 acpi.debug_level= [HW,ACPI,ACPI_DEBUG] 170 acpi.debug_level= [HW,ACPI,ACPI_DEBUG]
223 Format: <int> 171 Format: <int>
@@ -246,6 +194,41 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
246 unusable. The "log_buf_len" parameter may be useful 194 unusable. The "log_buf_len" parameter may be useful
247 if you need to capture more output. 195 if you need to capture more output.
248 196
197 acpi_display_output= [HW,ACPI]
198 acpi_display_output=vendor
199 acpi_display_output=video
200 See above.
201
202 acpi_irq_balance [HW,ACPI]
203 ACPI will balance active IRQs
204 default in APIC mode
205
206 acpi_irq_nobalance [HW,ACPI]
207 ACPI will not move active IRQs (default)
208 default in PIC mode
209
210 acpi_irq_isa= [HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, mark listed IRQs used by ISA
211 Format: <irq>,<irq>...
212
213 acpi_irq_pci= [HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, clear listed IRQs for
214 use by PCI
215 Format: <irq>,<irq>...
216
217 acpi_no_auto_ssdt [HW,ACPI] Disable automatic loading of SSDT
218
219 acpi_os_name= [HW,ACPI] Tell ACPI BIOS the name of the OS
220 Format: To spoof as Windows 98: ="Microsoft Windows"
221
222 acpi_osi= [HW,ACPI] Modify list of supported OS interface strings
223 acpi_osi="string1" # add string1 -- only one string
224 acpi_osi="!string2" # remove built-in string2
225 acpi_osi= # disable all strings
226
227 acpi_pm_good [X86]
228 Override the pmtimer bug detection: force the kernel
229 to assume that this machine's pmtimer latches its value
230 and always returns good values.
231
249 acpi.power_nocheck= [HW,ACPI] 232 acpi.power_nocheck= [HW,ACPI]
250 Format: 1/0 enable/disable the check of power state. 233 Format: 1/0 enable/disable the check of power state.
251 On some bogus BIOS the _PSC object/_STA object of 234 On some bogus BIOS the _PSC object/_STA object of
@@ -254,30 +237,57 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
254 power state again in power transition. 237 power state again in power transition.
255 1 : disable the power state check 238 1 : disable the power state check
256 239
257 acpi_pm_good [X86-32,X86-64] 240 acpi_sci= [HW,ACPI] ACPI System Control Interrupt trigger mode
258 Override the pmtimer bug detection: force the kernel 241 Format: { level | edge | high | low }
259 to assume that this machine's pmtimer latches its value
260 and always returns good values.
261 242
262 agp= [AGP] 243 acpi_serialize [HW,ACPI] force serialization of AML methods
263 { off | try_unsupported }
264 off: disable AGP support
265 try_unsupported: try to drive unsupported chipsets
266 (may crash computer or cause data corruption)
267 244
268 enable_timer_pin_1 [i386,x86-64] 245 acpi_skip_timer_override [HW,ACPI]
269 Enable PIN 1 of APIC timer 246 Recognize and ignore IRQ0/pin2 Interrupt Override.
270 Can be useful to work around chipset bugs 247 For broken nForce2 BIOS resulting in XT-PIC timer.
271 (in particular on some ATI chipsets).
272 The kernel tries to set a reasonable default.
273 248
274 disable_timer_pin_1 [i386,x86-64] 249 acpi_sleep= [HW,ACPI] Sleep options
275 Disable PIN 1 of APIC timer 250 Format: { s3_bios, s3_mode, s3_beep, s4_nohwsig,
276 Can be useful to work around chipset bugs. 251 old_ordering, s4_nonvs }
252 See Documentation/power/video.txt for information on
253 s3_bios and s3_mode.
254 s3_beep is for debugging; it makes the PC's speaker beep
255 as soon as the kernel's real-mode entry point is called.
256 s4_nohwsig prevents ACPI hardware signature from being
257 used during resume from hibernation.
258 old_ordering causes the ACPI 1.0 ordering of the _PTS
259 control method, with respect to putting devices into
260 low power states, to be enforced (the ACPI 2.0 ordering
261 of _PTS is used by default).
262 s4_nonvs prevents the kernel from saving/restoring the
263 ACPI NVS memory during hibernation.
264
265 acpi_use_timer_override [HW,ACPI]
266 Use timer override. For some broken Nvidia NF5 boards
267 that require a timer override, but don't have HPET
268
269 acpi_enforce_resources= [ACPI]
270 { strict | lax | no }
271 Check for resource conflicts between native drivers
272 and ACPI OperationRegions (SystemIO and SystemMemory
273 only). IO ports and memory declared in ACPI might be
274 used by the ACPI subsystem in arbitrary AML code and
275 can interfere with legacy drivers.
276 strict (default): access to resources claimed by ACPI
277 is denied; legacy drivers trying to access reserved
278 resources will fail to bind to device using them.
279 lax: access to resources claimed by ACPI is allowed;
280 legacy drivers trying to access reserved resources
281 will bind successfully but a warning message is logged.
282 no: ACPI OperationRegions are not marked as reserved,
283 no further checks are performed.
277 284
278 ad1848= [HW,OSS] 285 ad1848= [HW,OSS]
279 Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>,<type> 286 Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>,<type>
280 287
288 add_efi_memmap [EFI; X86] Include EFI memory map in
289 kernel's map of available physical RAM.
290
281 advansys= [HW,SCSI] 291 advansys= [HW,SCSI]
282 See header of drivers/scsi/advansys.c. 292 See header of drivers/scsi/advansys.c.
283 293
@@ -288,6 +298,12 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
288 Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<mss_io>,<mpu_io>,<mpu_irq> 298 Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<mss_io>,<mpu_io>,<mpu_irq>
289 See also header of sound/oss/aedsp16.c. 299 See also header of sound/oss/aedsp16.c.
290 300
301 agp= [AGP]
302 { off | try_unsupported }
303 off: disable AGP support
304 try_unsupported: try to drive unsupported chipsets
305 (may crash computer or cause data corruption)
306
291 aha152x= [HW,SCSI] 307 aha152x= [HW,SCSI]
292 See Documentation/scsi/aha152x.txt. 308 See Documentation/scsi/aha152x.txt.
293 309
@@ -335,7 +351,7 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
335 not play well with APC CPU idle - disable it if you have 351 not play well with APC CPU idle - disable it if you have
336 APC and your system crashes randomly. 352 APC and your system crashes randomly.
337 353
338 apic= [APIC,i386] Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller 354 apic= [APIC,X86-32] Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
339 Change the output verbosity whilst booting 355 Change the output verbosity whilst booting
340 Format: { quiet (default) | verbose | debug } 356 Format: { quiet (default) | verbose | debug }
341 Change the amount of debugging information output 357 Change the amount of debugging information output
@@ -415,12 +431,6 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
415 possible to determine what the correct size should be. 431 possible to determine what the correct size should be.
416 This option provides an override for these situations. 432 This option provides an override for these situations.
417 433
418 security= [SECURITY] Choose a security module to enable at boot.
419 If this boot parameter is not specified, only the first
420 security module asking for security registration will be
421 loaded. An invalid security module name will be treated
422 as if no module has been chosen.
423
424 capability.disable= 434 capability.disable=
425 [SECURITY] Disable capabilities. This would normally 435 [SECURITY] Disable capabilities. This would normally
426 be used only if an alternative security model is to be 436 be used only if an alternative security model is to be
@@ -487,29 +497,11 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
487 Also note the kernel might malfunction if you disable 497 Also note the kernel might malfunction if you disable
488 some critical bits. 498 some critical bits.
489 499
490 code_bytes [IA32/X86_64] How many bytes of object code to print 500 code_bytes [X86] How many bytes of object code to print
491 in an oops report. 501 in an oops report.
492 Range: 0 - 8192 502 Range: 0 - 8192
493 Default: 64 503 Default: 64
494 504
495 dma_debug=off If the kernel is compiled with DMA_API_DEBUG support
496 this option disables the debugging code at boot.
497
498 dma_debug_entries=<number>
499 This option allows to tune the number of preallocated
500 entries for DMA-API debugging code. One entry is
501 required per DMA-API allocation. Use this if the
502 DMA-API debugging code disables itself because the
503 architectural default is too low.
504
505 hpet= [X86-32,HPET] option to control HPET usage
506 Format: { enable (default) | disable | force |
507 verbose }
508 disable: disable HPET and use PIT instead
509 force: allow force enabled of undocumented chips (ICH4,
510 VIA, nVidia)
511 verbose: show contents of HPET registers during setup
512
513 com20020= [HW,NET] ARCnet - COM20020 chipset 505 com20020= [HW,NET] ARCnet - COM20020 chipset
514 Format: 506 Format:
515 <io>[,<irq>[,<nodeID>[,<backplane>[,<ckp>[,<timeout>]]]]] 507 <io>[,<irq>[,<nodeID>[,<backplane>[,<ckp>[,<timeout>]]]]]
@@ -553,23 +545,6 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
553 console=brl,ttyS0 545 console=brl,ttyS0
554 For now, only VisioBraille is supported. 546 For now, only VisioBraille is supported.
555 547
556 earlycon= [KNL] Output early console device and options.
557 uart[8250],io,<addr>[,options]
558 uart[8250],mmio,<addr>[,options]
559 Start an early, polled-mode console on the 8250/16550
560 UART at the specified I/O port or MMIO address.
561 The options are the same as for ttyS, above.
562
563 no_console_suspend
564 [HW] Never suspend the console
565 Disable suspending of consoles during suspend and
566 hibernate operations. Once disabled, debugging
567 messages can reach various consoles while the rest
568 of the system is being put to sleep (ie, while
569 debugging driver suspend/resume hooks). This may
570 not work reliably with all consoles, but is known
571 to work with serial and VGA consoles.
572
573 coredump_filter= 548 coredump_filter=
574 [KNL] Change the default value for 549 [KNL] Change the default value for
575 /proc/<pid>/coredump_filter. 550 /proc/<pid>/coredump_filter.
@@ -617,36 +592,22 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
617 592
618 debug_objects [KNL] Enable object debugging 593 debug_objects [KNL] Enable object debugging
619 594
595 no_debug_objects
596 [KNL] Disable object debugging
597
620 debugpat [X86] Enable PAT debugging 598 debugpat [X86] Enable PAT debugging
621 599
622 decnet.addr= [HW,NET] 600 decnet.addr= [HW,NET]
623 Format: <area>[,<node>] 601 Format: <area>[,<node>]
624 See also Documentation/networking/decnet.txt. 602 See also Documentation/networking/decnet.txt.
625 603
626 vt.default_blu= [VT] 604 default_hugepagesz=
627 Format: <blue0>,<blue1>,<blue2>,...,<blue15> 605 [same as hugepagesz=] The size of the default
628 Change the default blue palette of the console. 606 HugeTLB page size. This is the size represented by
629 This is a 16-member array composed of values 607 the legacy /proc/ hugepages APIs, used for SHM, and
630 ranging from 0-255. 608 default size when mounting hugetlbfs filesystems.
631 609 Defaults to the default architecture's huge page size
632 vt.default_grn= [VT] 610 if not specified.
633 Format: <green0>,<green1>,<green2>,...,<green15>
634 Change the default green palette of the console.
635 This is a 16-member array composed of values
636 ranging from 0-255.
637
638 vt.default_red= [VT]
639 Format: <red0>,<red1>,<red2>,...,<red15>
640 Change the default red palette of the console.
641 This is a 16-member array composed of values
642 ranging from 0-255.
643
644 vt.default_utf8=
645 [VT]
646 Format=<0|1>
647 Set system-wide default UTF-8 mode for all tty's.
648 Default is 1, i.e. UTF-8 mode is enabled for all
649 newly opened terminals.
650 611
651 dhash_entries= [KNL] 612 dhash_entries= [KNL]
652 Set number of hash buckets for dentry cache. 613 Set number of hash buckets for dentry cache.
@@ -659,27 +620,9 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
659 Documentation/serial/digiepca.txt. 620 Documentation/serial/digiepca.txt.
660 621
661 disable_mtrr_cleanup [X86] 622 disable_mtrr_cleanup [X86]
662 enable_mtrr_cleanup [X86]
663 The kernel tries to adjust MTRR layout from continuous 623 The kernel tries to adjust MTRR layout from continuous
664 to discrete, to make X server driver able to add WB 624 to discrete, to make X server driver able to add WB
665 entry later. This parameter enables/disables that. 625 entry later. This parameter disables that.
666
667 mtrr_chunk_size=nn[KMG] [X86]
668 used for mtrr cleanup. It is largest continous chunk
669 that could hold holes aka. UC entries.
670
671 mtrr_gran_size=nn[KMG] [X86]
672 Used for mtrr cleanup. It is granularity of mtrr block.
673 Default is 1.
674 Large value could prevent small alignment from
675 using up MTRRs.
676
677 mtrr_spare_reg_nr=n [X86]
678 Format: <integer>
679 Range: 0,7 : spare reg number
680 Default : 1
681 Used for mtrr cleanup. It is spare mtrr entries number.
682 Set to 2 or more if your graphical card needs more.
683 626
684 disable_mtrr_trim [X86, Intel and AMD only] 627 disable_mtrr_trim [X86, Intel and AMD only]
685 By default the kernel will trim any uncacheable 628 By default the kernel will trim any uncacheable
@@ -687,13 +630,39 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
687 MTRR settings. This parameter disables that behavior, 630 MTRR settings. This parameter disables that behavior,
688 possibly causing your machine to run very slowly. 631 possibly causing your machine to run very slowly.
689 632
633 disable_timer_pin_1 [X86]
634 Disable PIN 1 of APIC timer
635 Can be useful to work around chipset bugs.
636
690 dmasound= [HW,OSS] Sound subsystem buffers 637 dmasound= [HW,OSS] Sound subsystem buffers
691 638
639 dma_debug=off If the kernel is compiled with DMA_API_DEBUG support,
640 this option disables the debugging code at boot.
641
642 dma_debug_entries=<number>
643 This option allows to tune the number of preallocated
644 entries for DMA-API debugging code. One entry is
645 required per DMA-API allocation. Use this if the
646 DMA-API debugging code disables itself because the
647 architectural default is too low.
648
692 dscc4.setup= [NET] 649 dscc4.setup= [NET]
693 650
694 dtc3181e= [HW,SCSI] 651 dtc3181e= [HW,SCSI]
695 652
696 earlyprintk= [X86-32,X86-64,SH,BLACKFIN] 653 dynamic_printk Enables pr_debug()/dev_dbg() calls if
654 CONFIG_DYNAMIC_PRINTK_DEBUG has been enabled.
655 These can also be switched on/off via
656 <debugfs>/dynamic_printk/modules
657
658 earlycon= [KNL] Output early console device and options.
659 uart[8250],io,<addr>[,options]
660 uart[8250],mmio,<addr>[,options]
661 Start an early, polled-mode console on the 8250/16550
662 UART at the specified I/O port or MMIO address.
663 The options are the same as for ttyS, above.
664
665 earlyprintk= [X86,SH,BLACKFIN]
697 earlyprintk=vga 666 earlyprintk=vga
698 earlyprintk=serial[,ttySn[,baudrate]] 667 earlyprintk=serial[,ttySn[,baudrate]]
699 earlyprintk=dbgp 668 earlyprintk=dbgp
@@ -728,12 +697,23 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
728 See Documentation/block/as-iosched.txt and 697 See Documentation/block/as-iosched.txt and
729 Documentation/block/deadline-iosched.txt for details. 698 Documentation/block/deadline-iosched.txt for details.
730 699
731 elfcorehdr= [IA64,PPC,SH,X86-32,X86_64] 700 elfcorehdr= [IA64,PPC,SH,X86]
732 Specifies physical address of start of kernel core 701 Specifies physical address of start of kernel core
733 image elf header. Generally kexec loader will 702 image elf header. Generally kexec loader will
734 pass this option to capture kernel. 703 pass this option to capture kernel.
735 See Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt for details. 704 See Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt for details.
736 705
706 enable_mtrr_cleanup [X86]
707 The kernel tries to adjust MTRR layout from continuous
708 to discrete, to make X server driver able to add WB
709 entry later. This parameter enables that.
710
711 enable_timer_pin_1 [X86]
712 Enable PIN 1 of APIC timer
713 Can be useful to work around chipset bugs
714 (in particular on some ATI chipsets).
715 The kernel tries to set a reasonable default.
716
737 enforcing [SELINUX] Set initial enforcing status. 717 enforcing [SELINUX] Set initial enforcing status.
738 Format: {"0" | "1"} 718 Format: {"0" | "1"}
739 See security/selinux/Kconfig help text. 719 See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
@@ -801,7 +781,7 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
801 781
802 hashdist= [KNL,NUMA] Large hashes allocated during boot 782 hashdist= [KNL,NUMA] Large hashes allocated during boot
803 are distributed across NUMA nodes. Defaults on 783 are distributed across NUMA nodes. Defaults on
804 for IA-64, off otherwise. 784 for 64bit NUMA, off otherwise.
805 Format: 0 | 1 (for off | on) 785 Format: 0 | 1 (for off | on)
806 786
807 hcl= [IA-64] SGI's Hardware Graph compatibility layer 787 hcl= [IA-64] SGI's Hardware Graph compatibility layer
@@ -821,6 +801,16 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
821 hisax= [HW,ISDN] 801 hisax= [HW,ISDN]
822 See Documentation/isdn/README.HiSax. 802 See Documentation/isdn/README.HiSax.
823 803
804 hlt [BUGS=ARM,SH]
805
806 hpet= [X86-32,HPET] option to control HPET usage
807 Format: { enable (default) | disable | force |
808 verbose }
809 disable: disable HPET and use PIT instead
810 force: allow force enabled of undocumented chips (ICH4,
811 VIA, nVidia)
812 verbose: show contents of HPET registers during setup
813
824 hugepages= [HW,X86-32,IA-64] HugeTLB pages to allocate at boot. 814 hugepages= [HW,X86-32,IA-64] HugeTLB pages to allocate at boot.
825 hugepagesz= [HW,IA-64,PPC,X86-64] The size of the HugeTLB pages. 815 hugepagesz= [HW,IA-64,PPC,X86-64] The size of the HugeTLB pages.
826 On x86-64 and powerpc, this option can be specified 816 On x86-64 and powerpc, this option can be specified
@@ -830,15 +820,6 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
830 (when the CPU supports the "pdpe1gb" cpuinfo flag) 820 (when the CPU supports the "pdpe1gb" cpuinfo flag)
831 Note that 1GB pages can only be allocated at boot time 821 Note that 1GB pages can only be allocated at boot time
832 using hugepages= and not freed afterwards. 822 using hugepages= and not freed afterwards.
833 default_hugepagesz=
834 [same as hugepagesz=] The size of the default
835 HugeTLB page size. This is the size represented by
836 the legacy /proc/ hugepages APIs, used for SHM, and
837 default size when mounting hugetlbfs filesystems.
838 Defaults to the default architecture's huge page size
839 if not specified.
840
841 hlt [BUGS=ARM,SH]
842 823
843 hvc_iucv= [S390] Number of z/VM IUCV hypervisor console (HVC) 824 hvc_iucv= [S390] Number of z/VM IUCV hypervisor console (HVC)
844 terminal devices. Valid values: 0..8 825 terminal devices. Valid values: 0..8
@@ -899,6 +880,9 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
899 idebus= [HW] (E)IDE subsystem - VLB/PCI bus speed 880 idebus= [HW] (E)IDE subsystem - VLB/PCI bus speed
900 See Documentation/ide/ide.txt. 881 See Documentation/ide/ide.txt.
901 882
883 ide-pci-generic.all-generic-ide [HW] (E)IDE subsystem
884 Claim all unknown PCI IDE storage controllers.
885
902 idle= [X86] 886 idle= [X86]
903 Format: idle=poll, idle=mwait, idle=halt, idle=nomwait 887 Format: idle=poll, idle=mwait, idle=halt, idle=nomwait
904 Poll forces a polling idle loop that can slightly 888 Poll forces a polling idle loop that can slightly
@@ -914,9 +898,6 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
914 In such case C2/C3 won't be used again. 898 In such case C2/C3 won't be used again.
915 idle=nomwait: Disable mwait for CPU C-states 899 idle=nomwait: Disable mwait for CPU C-states
916 900
917 ide-pci-generic.all-generic-ide [HW] (E)IDE subsystem
918 Claim all unknown PCI IDE storage controllers.
919
920 ignore_loglevel [KNL] 901 ignore_loglevel [KNL]
921 Ignore loglevel setting - this will print /all/ 902 Ignore loglevel setting - this will print /all/
922 kernel messages to the console. Useful for debugging. 903 kernel messages to the console. Useful for debugging.
@@ -950,25 +931,6 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
950 inport.irq= [HW] Inport (ATI XL and Microsoft) busmouse driver 931 inport.irq= [HW] Inport (ATI XL and Microsoft) busmouse driver
951 Format: <irq> 932 Format: <irq>
952 933
953 inttest= [IA64]
954
955 iomem= Disable strict checking of access to MMIO memory
956 strict regions from userspace.
957 relaxed
958
959 iommu= [x86]
960 off
961 force
962 noforce
963 biomerge
964 panic
965 nopanic
966 merge
967 nomerge
968 forcesac
969 soft
970
971
972 intel_iommu= [DMAR] Intel IOMMU driver (DMAR) option 934 intel_iommu= [DMAR] Intel IOMMU driver (DMAR) option
973 on 935 on
974 Enable intel iommu driver. 936 Enable intel iommu driver.
@@ -992,7 +954,29 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
992 result in a hardware IOTLB flush operation as opposed 954 result in a hardware IOTLB flush operation as opposed
993 to batching them for performance. 955 to batching them for performance.
994 956
995 io_delay= [X86-32,X86-64] I/O delay method 957 inttest= [IA64]
958
959 iomem= Disable strict checking of access to MMIO memory
960 strict regions from userspace.
961 relaxed
962
963 iommu= [x86]
964 off
965 force
966 noforce
967 biomerge
968 panic
969 nopanic
970 merge
971 nomerge
972 forcesac
973 soft
974
975 io7= [HW] IO7 for Marvel based alpha systems
976 See comment before marvel_specify_io7 in
977 arch/alpha/kernel/core_marvel.c.
978
979 io_delay= [X86] I/O delay method
996 0x80 980 0x80
997 Standard port 0x80 based delay 981 Standard port 0x80 based delay
998 0xed 982 0xed
@@ -1002,10 +986,6 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
1002 none 986 none
1003 No delay 987 No delay
1004 988
1005 io7= [HW] IO7 for Marvel based alpha systems
1006 See comment before marvel_specify_io7 in
1007 arch/alpha/kernel/core_marvel.c.
1008
1009 ip= [IP_PNP] 989 ip= [IP_PNP]
1010 See Documentation/filesystems/nfsroot.txt. 990 See Documentation/filesystems/nfsroot.txt.
1011 991
@@ -1016,12 +996,6 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
1016 ips= [HW,SCSI] Adaptec / IBM ServeRAID controller 996 ips= [HW,SCSI] Adaptec / IBM ServeRAID controller
1017 See header of drivers/scsi/ips.c. 997 See header of drivers/scsi/ips.c.
1018 998
1019 ports= [IP_VS_FTP] IPVS ftp helper module
1020 Default is 21.
1021 Up to 8 (IP_VS_APP_MAX_PORTS) ports
1022 may be specified.
1023 Format: <port>,<port>....
1024
1025 irqfixup [HW] 999 irqfixup [HW]
1026 When an interrupt is not handled search all handlers 1000 When an interrupt is not handled search all handlers
1027 for it. Intended to get systems with badly broken 1001 for it. Intended to get systems with badly broken
@@ -1062,7 +1036,9 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
1062 js= [HW,JOY] Analog joystick 1036 js= [HW,JOY] Analog joystick
1063 See Documentation/input/joystick.txt. 1037 See Documentation/input/joystick.txt.
1064 1038
1065 kernelcore=nn[KMG] [KNL,X86-32,IA-64,PPC,X86-64] This parameter 1039 keepinitrd [HW,ARM]
1040
1041 kernelcore=nn[KMG] [KNL,X86,IA-64,PPC] This parameter
1066 specifies the amount of memory usable by the kernel 1042 specifies the amount of memory usable by the kernel
1067 for non-movable allocations. The requested amount is 1043 for non-movable allocations. The requested amount is
1068 spread evenly throughout all nodes in the system. The 1044 spread evenly throughout all nodes in the system. The
@@ -1078,20 +1054,14 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
1078 use the HighMem zone if it exists, and the Normal 1054 use the HighMem zone if it exists, and the Normal
1079 zone if it does not. 1055 zone if it does not.
1080 1056
1081 movablecore=nn[KMG] [KNL,X86-32,IA-64,PPC,X86-64] This parameter 1057 kmemtrace.enable= [KNL,KMEMTRACE] Format: { yes | no }
1082 is similar to kernelcore except it specifies the 1058 Controls whether kmemtrace is enabled
1083 amount of memory used for migratable allocations. 1059 at boot-time.
1084 If both kernelcore and movablecore is specified,
1085 then kernelcore will be at *least* the specified
1086 value but may be more. If movablecore on its own
1087 is specified, the administrator must be careful
1088 that the amount of memory usable for all allocations
1089 is not too small.
1090 1060
1091 keepinitrd [HW,ARM] 1061 kmemtrace.subbufs=n [KNL,KMEMTRACE] Overrides the number of
1092 1062 subbufs kmemtrace's relay channel has. Set this
1093 kstack=N [X86-32,X86-64] Print N words from the kernel stack 1063 higher than default (KMEMTRACE_N_SUBBUFS in code) if
1094 in oops dumps. 1064 you experience buffer overruns.
1095 1065
1096 kgdboc= [HW] kgdb over consoles. 1066 kgdboc= [HW] kgdb over consoles.
1097 Requires a tty driver that supports console polling. 1067 Requires a tty driver that supports console polling.
@@ -1102,6 +1072,9 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
1102 Configure the RouterBoard 532 series on-chip 1072 Configure the RouterBoard 532 series on-chip
1103 Ethernet adapter MAC address. 1073 Ethernet adapter MAC address.
1104 1074
1075 kstack=N [X86] Print N words from the kernel stack
1076 in oops dumps.
1077
1105 l2cr= [PPC] 1078 l2cr= [PPC]
1106 1079
1107 l3cr= [PPC] 1080 l3cr= [PPC]
@@ -1109,7 +1082,7 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
1109 lapic [X86-32,APIC] Enable the local APIC even if BIOS 1082 lapic [X86-32,APIC] Enable the local APIC even if BIOS
1110 disabled it. 1083 disabled it.
1111 1084
1112 lapic_timer_c2_ok [X86-32,x86-64,APIC] trust the local apic timer 1085 lapic_timer_c2_ok [X86,APIC] trust the local apic timer
1113 in C2 power state. 1086 in C2 power state.
1114 1087
1115 libata.dma= [LIBATA] DMA control 1088 libata.dma= [LIBATA] DMA control
@@ -1247,9 +1220,8 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
1247 (machvec) in a generic kernel. 1220 (machvec) in a generic kernel.
1248 Example: machvec=hpzx1_swiotlb 1221 Example: machvec=hpzx1_swiotlb
1249 1222
1250 max_loop= [LOOP] Maximum number of loopback devices that can 1223 max_addr=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT,ia64] All physical memory greater
1251 be mounted 1224 than or equal to this physical address is ignored.
1252 Format: <1-256>
1253 1225
1254 maxcpus= [SMP] Maximum number of processors that an SMP kernel 1226 maxcpus= [SMP] Maximum number of processors that an SMP kernel
1255 should make use of. maxcpus=n : n >= 0 limits the 1227 should make use of. maxcpus=n : n >= 0 limits the
@@ -1257,8 +1229,9 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
1257 it is equivalent to "nosmp", which also disables 1229 it is equivalent to "nosmp", which also disables
1258 the IO APIC. 1230 the IO APIC.
1259 1231
1260 max_addr=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT,ia64] All physical memory greater than 1232 max_loop= [LOOP] Maximum number of loopback devices that can
1261 or equal to this physical address is ignored. 1233 be mounted
1234 Format: <1-256>
1262 1235
1263 max_luns= [SCSI] Maximum number of LUNs to probe. 1236 max_luns= [SCSI] Maximum number of LUNs to probe.
1264 Should be between 1 and 2^32-1. 1237 Should be between 1 and 2^32-1.
@@ -1294,7 +1267,7 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
1294 [KNL,SH] Allow user to override the default size for 1267 [KNL,SH] Allow user to override the default size for
1295 per-device physically contiguous DMA buffers. 1268 per-device physically contiguous DMA buffers.
1296 1269
1297 memmap=exactmap [KNL,X86-32,X86_64] Enable setting of an exact 1270 memmap=exactmap [KNL,X86] Enable setting of an exact
1298 E820 memory map, as specified by the user. 1271 E820 memory map, as specified by the user.
1299 Such memmap=exactmap lines can be constructed based on 1272 Such memmap=exactmap lines can be constructed based on
1300 BIOS output or other requirements. See the memmap=nn@ss 1273 BIOS output or other requirements. See the memmap=nn@ss
@@ -1385,6 +1358,16 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
1385 mousedev.yres= [MOUSE] Vertical screen resolution, used for devices 1358 mousedev.yres= [MOUSE] Vertical screen resolution, used for devices
1386 reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets 1359 reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets
1387 1360
1361 movablecore=nn[KMG] [KNL,X86,IA-64,PPC] This parameter
1362 is similar to kernelcore except it specifies the
1363 amount of memory used for migratable allocations.
1364 If both kernelcore and movablecore is specified,
1365 then kernelcore will be at *least* the specified
1366 value but may be more. If movablecore on its own
1367 is specified, the administrator must be careful
1368 that the amount of memory usable for all allocations
1369 is not too small.
1370
1388 mpu401= [HW,OSS] 1371 mpu401= [HW,OSS]
1389 Format: <io>,<irq> 1372 Format: <io>,<irq>
1390 1373
@@ -1406,6 +1389,23 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
1406 [HW] Make the MicroTouch USB driver use raw coordinates 1389 [HW] Make the MicroTouch USB driver use raw coordinates
1407 ('y', default) or cooked coordinates ('n') 1390 ('y', default) or cooked coordinates ('n')
1408 1391
1392 mtrr_chunk_size=nn[KMG] [X86]
1393 used for mtrr cleanup. It is largest continous chunk
1394 that could hold holes aka. UC entries.
1395
1396 mtrr_gran_size=nn[KMG] [X86]
1397 Used for mtrr cleanup. It is granularity of mtrr block.
1398 Default is 1.
1399 Large value could prevent small alignment from
1400 using up MTRRs.
1401
1402 mtrr_spare_reg_nr=n [X86]
1403 Format: <integer>
1404 Range: 0,7 : spare reg number
1405 Default : 1
1406 Used for mtrr cleanup. It is spare mtrr entries number.
1407 Set to 2 or more if your graphical card needs more.
1408
1409 n2= [NET] SDL Inc. RISCom/N2 synchronous serial card 1409 n2= [NET] SDL Inc. RISCom/N2 synchronous serial card
1410 1410
1411 NCR_D700= [HW,SCSI] 1411 NCR_D700= [HW,SCSI]
@@ -1460,17 +1460,19 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
1460 when a NMI is triggered. 1460 when a NMI is triggered.
1461 Format: [state][,regs][,debounce][,die] 1461 Format: [state][,regs][,debounce][,die]
1462 1462
1463 nmi_watchdog= [KNL,BUGS=X86-32,X86-64] Debugging features for SMP kernels 1463 nmi_watchdog= [KNL,BUGS=X86] Debugging features for SMP kernels
1464 Format: [panic,][num] 1464 Format: [panic,][num]
1465 Valid num: 0,1,2 1465 Valid num: 0,1,2
1466 0 - turn nmi_watchdog off 1466 0 - turn nmi_watchdog off
1467 1 - use the IO-APIC timer for the NMI watchdog 1467 1 - use the IO-APIC timer for the NMI watchdog
1468 2 - use the local APIC for the NMI watchdog using 1468 2 - use the local APIC for the NMI watchdog using
1469 a performance counter. Note: This will use one performance 1469 a performance counter. Note: This will use one
1470 counter and the local APIC's performance vector. 1470 performance counter and the local APIC's performance
1471 When panic is specified panic when an NMI watchdog timeout occurs. 1471 vector.
1472 This is useful when you use a panic=... timeout and need the box 1472 When panic is specified, panic when an NMI watchdog
1473 quickly up again. 1473 timeout occurs.
1474 This is useful when you use a panic=... timeout and
1475 need the box quickly up again.
1474 Instead of 1 and 2 it is possible to use the following 1476 Instead of 1 and 2 it is possible to use the following
1475 symbolic names: lapic and ioapic 1477 symbolic names: lapic and ioapic
1476 Example: nmi_watchdog=2 or nmi_watchdog=panic,lapic 1478 Example: nmi_watchdog=2 or nmi_watchdog=panic,lapic
@@ -1479,6 +1481,16 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
1479 emulation library even if a 387 maths coprocessor 1481 emulation library even if a 387 maths coprocessor
1480 is present. 1482 is present.
1481 1483
1484 no_console_suspend
1485 [HW] Never suspend the console
1486 Disable suspending of consoles during suspend and
1487 hibernate operations. Once disabled, debugging
1488 messages can reach various consoles while the rest
1489 of the system is being put to sleep (ie, while
1490 debugging driver suspend/resume hooks). This may
1491 not work reliably with all consoles, but is known
1492 to work with serial and VGA consoles.
1493
1482 noaliencache [MM, NUMA, SLAB] Disables the allocation of alien 1494 noaliencache [MM, NUMA, SLAB] Disables the allocation of alien
1483 caches in the slab allocator. Saves per-node memory, 1495 caches in the slab allocator. Saves per-node memory,
1484 but will impact performance. 1496 but will impact performance.
@@ -1493,17 +1505,19 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
1493 1505
1494 nocache [ARM] 1506 nocache [ARM]
1495 1507
1508 noclflush [BUGS=X86] Don't use the CLFLUSH instruction
1509
1496 nodelayacct [KNL] Disable per-task delay accounting 1510 nodelayacct [KNL] Disable per-task delay accounting
1497 1511
1498 nodisconnect [HW,SCSI,M68K] Disables SCSI disconnects. 1512 nodisconnect [HW,SCSI,M68K] Disables SCSI disconnects.
1499 1513
1500 nodsp [SH] Disable hardware DSP at boot time. 1514 nodsp [SH] Disable hardware DSP at boot time.
1501 1515
1502 noefi [X86-32,X86-64] Disable EFI runtime services support. 1516 noefi [X86] Disable EFI runtime services support.
1503 1517
1504 noexec [IA-64] 1518 noexec [IA-64]
1505 1519
1506 noexec [X86-32,X86-64] 1520 noexec [X86]
1507 On X86-32 available only on PAE configured kernels. 1521 On X86-32 available only on PAE configured kernels.
1508 noexec=on: enable non-executable mappings (default) 1522 noexec=on: enable non-executable mappings (default)
1509 noexec=off: disable non-executable mappings 1523 noexec=off: disable non-executable mappings
@@ -1521,8 +1535,6 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
1521 register save and restore. The kernel will only save 1535 register save and restore. The kernel will only save
1522 legacy floating-point registers on task switch. 1536 legacy floating-point registers on task switch.
1523 1537
1524 noclflush [BUGS=X86] Don't use the CLFLUSH instruction
1525
1526 nohlt [BUGS=ARM,SH] Tells the kernel that the sleep(SH) or 1538 nohlt [BUGS=ARM,SH] Tells the kernel that the sleep(SH) or
1527 wfi(ARM) instruction doesn't work correctly and not to 1539 wfi(ARM) instruction doesn't work correctly and not to
1528 use it. This is also useful when using JTAG debugger. 1540 use it. This is also useful when using JTAG debugger.
@@ -1546,10 +1558,12 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
1546 Valid arguments: on, off 1558 Valid arguments: on, off
1547 Default: on 1559 Default: on
1548 1560
1561 noiotrap [SH] Disables trapped I/O port accesses.
1562
1549 noirqdebug [X86-32] Disables the code which attempts to detect and 1563 noirqdebug [X86-32] Disables the code which attempts to detect and
1550 disable unhandled interrupt sources. 1564 disable unhandled interrupt sources.
1551 1565
1552 no_timer_check [X86-32,X86_64,APIC] Disables the code which tests for 1566 no_timer_check [X86,APIC] Disables the code which tests for
1553 broken timer IRQ sources. 1567 broken timer IRQ sources.
1554 1568
1555 noisapnp [ISAPNP] Disables ISA PnP code. 1569 noisapnp [ISAPNP] Disables ISA PnP code.
@@ -1565,12 +1579,6 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
1565 1579
1566 nolapic_timer [X86-32,APIC] Do not use the local APIC timer. 1580 nolapic_timer [X86-32,APIC] Do not use the local APIC timer.
1567 1581
1568 nox2apic [X86-64,APIC] Do not enable x2APIC mode.
1569
1570 x2apic_phys [X86-64,APIC] Use x2apic physical mode instead of
1571 default x2apic cluster mode on platforms
1572 supporting x2apic.
1573
1574 noltlbs [PPC] Do not use large page/tlb entries for kernel 1582 noltlbs [PPC] Do not use large page/tlb entries for kernel
1575 lowmem mapping on PPC40x. 1583 lowmem mapping on PPC40x.
1576 1584
@@ -1581,6 +1589,9 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
1581 nomfgpt [X86-32] Disable Multi-Function General Purpose 1589 nomfgpt [X86-32] Disable Multi-Function General Purpose
1582 Timer usage (for AMD Geode machines). 1590 Timer usage (for AMD Geode machines).
1583 1591
1592 norandmaps Don't use address space randomization. Equivalent to
1593 echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space
1594
1584 noreplace-paravirt [X86-32,PV_OPS] Don't patch paravirt_ops 1595 noreplace-paravirt [X86-32,PV_OPS] Don't patch paravirt_ops
1585 1596
1586 noreplace-smp [X86-32,SMP] Don't replace SMP instructions 1597 noreplace-smp [X86-32,SMP] Don't replace SMP instructions
@@ -1615,17 +1626,19 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
1615 1626
1616 nowb [ARM] 1627 nowb [ARM]
1617 1628
1629 nox2apic [X86-64,APIC] Do not enable x2APIC mode.
1630
1618 nptcg= [IA64] Override max number of concurrent global TLB 1631 nptcg= [IA64] Override max number of concurrent global TLB
1619 purges which is reported from either PAL_VM_SUMMARY or 1632 purges which is reported from either PAL_VM_SUMMARY or
1620 SAL PALO. 1633 SAL PALO.
1621 1634
1635 nr_uarts= [SERIAL] maximum number of UARTs to be registered.
1636
1622 numa_zonelist_order= [KNL, BOOT] Select zonelist order for NUMA. 1637 numa_zonelist_order= [KNL, BOOT] Select zonelist order for NUMA.
1623 one of ['zone', 'node', 'default'] can be specified 1638 one of ['zone', 'node', 'default'] can be specified
1624 This can be set from sysctl after boot. 1639 This can be set from sysctl after boot.
1625 See Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt for details. 1640 See Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt for details.
1626 1641
1627 nr_uarts= [SERIAL] maximum number of UARTs to be registered.
1628
1629 ohci1394_dma=early [HW] enable debugging via the ohci1394 driver. 1642 ohci1394_dma=early [HW] enable debugging via the ohci1394 driver.
1630 See Documentation/debugging-via-ohci1394.txt for more 1643 See Documentation/debugging-via-ohci1394.txt for more
1631 info. 1644 info.
@@ -1716,7 +1729,7 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
1716 disable the use of PCIE advanced error reporting. 1729 disable the use of PCIE advanced error reporting.
1717 nodomains [PCI] Disable support for multiple PCI 1730 nodomains [PCI] Disable support for multiple PCI
1718 root domains (aka PCI segments, in ACPI-speak). 1731 root domains (aka PCI segments, in ACPI-speak).
1719 nommconf [X86-32,X86_64] Disable use of MMCONFIG for PCI 1732 nommconf [X86] Disable use of MMCONFIG for PCI
1720 Configuration 1733 Configuration
1721 nomsi [MSI] If the PCI_MSI kernel config parameter is 1734 nomsi [MSI] If the PCI_MSI kernel config parameter is
1722 enabled, this kernel boot option can be used to 1735 enabled, this kernel boot option can be used to
@@ -1865,6 +1878,12 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
1865 autoconfiguration. 1878 autoconfiguration.
1866 Ranges are in pairs (memory base and size). 1879 Ranges are in pairs (memory base and size).
1867 1880
1881 ports= [IP_VS_FTP] IPVS ftp helper module
1882 Default is 21.
1883 Up to 8 (IP_VS_APP_MAX_PORTS) ports
1884 may be specified.
1885 Format: <port>,<port>....
1886
1868 print-fatal-signals= 1887 print-fatal-signals=
1869 [KNL] debug: print fatal signals 1888 [KNL] debug: print fatal signals
1870 print-fatal-signals=1: print segfault info to 1889 print-fatal-signals=1: print segfault info to
@@ -1874,6 +1893,14 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
1874 printk.time= Show timing data prefixed to each printk message line 1893 printk.time= Show timing data prefixed to each printk message line
1875 Format: <bool> (1/Y/y=enable, 0/N/n=disable) 1894 Format: <bool> (1/Y/y=enable, 0/N/n=disable)
1876 1895
1896 processor.max_cstate= [HW,ACPI]
1897 Limit processor to maximum C-state
1898 max_cstate=9 overrides any DMI blacklist limit.
1899
1900 processor.nocst [HW,ACPI]
1901 Ignore the _CST method to determine C-states,
1902 instead using the legacy FADT method
1903
1877 profile= [KNL] Enable kernel profiling via /proc/profile 1904 profile= [KNL] Enable kernel profiling via /proc/profile
1878 Format: [schedule,]<number> 1905 Format: [schedule,]<number>
1879 Param: "schedule" - profile schedule points. 1906 Param: "schedule" - profile schedule points.
@@ -1883,14 +1910,6 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
1883 Requires CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS 1910 Requires CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS
1884 Param: "kvm" - profile VM exits. 1911 Param: "kvm" - profile VM exits.
1885 1912
1886 processor.max_cstate= [HW,ACPI]
1887 Limit processor to maximum C-state
1888 max_cstate=9 overrides any DMI blacklist limit.
1889
1890 processor.nocst [HW,ACPI]
1891 Ignore the _CST method to determine C-states,
1892 instead using the legacy FADT method
1893
1894 prompt_ramdisk= [RAM] List of RAM disks to prompt for floppy disk 1913 prompt_ramdisk= [RAM] List of RAM disks to prompt for floppy disk
1895 before loading. 1914 before loading.
1896 See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt. 1915 See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
@@ -2044,7 +2063,13 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
2044 allowing boot to proceed. none ignores them, expecting 2063 allowing boot to proceed. none ignores them, expecting
2045 user space to do the scan. 2064 user space to do the scan.
2046 2065
2047 selinux [SELINUX] Disable or enable SELinux at boot time. 2066 security= [SECURITY] Choose a security module to enable at boot.
2067 If this boot parameter is not specified, only the first
2068 security module asking for security registration will be
2069 loaded. An invalid security module name will be treated
2070 as if no module has been chosen.
2071
2072 selinux= [SELINUX] Disable or enable SELinux at boot time.
2048 Format: { "0" | "1" } 2073 Format: { "0" | "1" }
2049 See security/selinux/Kconfig help text. 2074 See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
2050 0 -- disable. 2075 0 -- disable.
@@ -2364,6 +2389,8 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
2364 2389
2365 tp720= [HW,PS2] 2390 tp720= [HW,PS2]
2366 2391
2392 trace_buf_size=nn[KMG] [ftrace] will set tracing buffer size.
2393
2367 trix= [HW,OSS] MediaTrix AudioTrix Pro 2394 trix= [HW,OSS] MediaTrix AudioTrix Pro
2368 Format: 2395 Format:
2369 <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>,<sb_io>,<sb_irq>,<sb_dma>,<mpu_io>,<mpu_irq> 2396 <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>,<sb_io>,<sb_irq>,<sb_dma>,<mpu_io>,<mpu_irq>
@@ -2399,7 +2426,7 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
2399 reported either. 2426 reported either.
2400 2427
2401 unknown_nmi_panic 2428 unknown_nmi_panic
2402 [X86-32,X86-64] 2429 [X86]
2403 Set unknown_nmi_panic=1 early on boot. 2430 Set unknown_nmi_panic=1 early on boot.
2404 2431
2405 usbcore.autosuspend= 2432 usbcore.autosuspend=
@@ -2466,15 +2493,12 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
2466 medium is write-protected). 2493 medium is write-protected).
2467 Example: quirks=0419:aaf5:rl,0421:0433:rc 2494 Example: quirks=0419:aaf5:rl,0421:0433:rc
2468 2495
2469 add_efi_memmap [EFI; x86-32,X86-64] Include EFI memory map in 2496 vdso= [X86,SH]
2470 kernel's map of available physical RAM.
2471
2472 vdso= [X86-32,SH,x86-64]
2473 vdso=2: enable compat VDSO (default with COMPAT_VDSO) 2497 vdso=2: enable compat VDSO (default with COMPAT_VDSO)
2474 vdso=1: enable VDSO (default) 2498 vdso=1: enable VDSO (default)
2475 vdso=0: disable VDSO mapping 2499 vdso=0: disable VDSO mapping
2476 2500
2477 vdso32= [X86-32,X86-64] 2501 vdso32= [X86]
2478 vdso32=2: enable compat VDSO (default with COMPAT_VDSO) 2502 vdso32=2: enable compat VDSO (default with COMPAT_VDSO)
2479 vdso32=1: enable 32-bit VDSO (default) 2503 vdso32=1: enable 32-bit VDSO (default)
2480 vdso32=0: disable 32-bit VDSO mapping 2504 vdso32=0: disable 32-bit VDSO mapping
@@ -2507,6 +2531,31 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
2507 vmpoff= [KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after power off. 2531 vmpoff= [KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after power off.
2508 Format: <command> 2532 Format: <command>
2509 2533
2534 vt.default_blu= [VT]
2535 Format: <blue0>,<blue1>,<blue2>,...,<blue15>
2536 Change the default blue palette of the console.
2537 This is a 16-member array composed of values
2538 ranging from 0-255.
2539
2540 vt.default_grn= [VT]
2541 Format: <green0>,<green1>,<green2>,...,<green15>
2542 Change the default green palette of the console.
2543 This is a 16-member array composed of values
2544 ranging from 0-255.
2545
2546 vt.default_red= [VT]
2547 Format: <red0>,<red1>,<red2>,...,<red15>
2548 Change the default red palette of the console.
2549 This is a 16-member array composed of values
2550 ranging from 0-255.
2551
2552 vt.default_utf8=
2553 [VT]
2554 Format=<0|1>
2555 Set system-wide default UTF-8 mode for all tty's.
2556 Default is 1, i.e. UTF-8 mode is enabled for all
2557 newly opened terminals.
2558
2510 waveartist= [HW,OSS] 2559 waveartist= [HW,OSS]
2511 Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2> 2560 Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>
2512 2561
@@ -2519,6 +2568,10 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
2519 wdt= [WDT] Watchdog 2568 wdt= [WDT] Watchdog
2520 See Documentation/watchdog/wdt.txt. 2569 See Documentation/watchdog/wdt.txt.
2521 2570
2571 x2apic_phys [X86-64,APIC] Use x2apic physical mode instead of
2572 default x2apic cluster mode on platforms
2573 supporting x2apic.
2574
2522 xd= [HW,XT] Original XT pre-IDE (RLL encoded) disks. 2575 xd= [HW,XT] Original XT pre-IDE (RLL encoded) disks.
2523 xd_geo= See header of drivers/block/xd.c. 2576 xd_geo= See header of drivers/block/xd.c.
2524 2577
@@ -2526,9 +2579,6 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
2526 Format: 2579 Format:
2527 <irq>,<irq_mask>,<io>,<full_duplex>,<do_sound>,<lockup_hack>[,<irq2>[,<irq3>[,<irq4>]]] 2580 <irq>,<irq_mask>,<io>,<full_duplex>,<do_sound>,<lockup_hack>[,<irq2>[,<irq3>[,<irq4>]]]
2528 2581
2529 norandmaps Don't use address space randomization. Equivalent to
2530 echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space
2531
2532______________________________________________________________________ 2582______________________________________________________________________
2533 2583
2534TODO: 2584TODO:
diff --git a/Documentation/kprobes.txt b/Documentation/kprobes.txt
index 48b3de90eb1e..1e7a769a10f9 100644
--- a/Documentation/kprobes.txt
+++ b/Documentation/kprobes.txt
@@ -212,7 +212,9 @@ hit, Kprobes calls kp->pre_handler. After the probed instruction
212is single-stepped, Kprobe calls kp->post_handler. If a fault 212is single-stepped, Kprobe calls kp->post_handler. If a fault
213occurs during execution of kp->pre_handler or kp->post_handler, 213occurs during execution of kp->pre_handler or kp->post_handler,
214or during single-stepping of the probed instruction, Kprobes calls 214or during single-stepping of the probed instruction, Kprobes calls
215kp->fault_handler. Any or all handlers can be NULL. 215kp->fault_handler. Any or all handlers can be NULL. If kp->flags
216is set KPROBE_FLAG_DISABLED, that kp will be registered but disabled,
217so, it's handlers aren't hit until calling enable_kprobe(kp).
216 218
217NOTE: 219NOTE:
2181. With the introduction of the "symbol_name" field to struct kprobe, 2201. With the introduction of the "symbol_name" field to struct kprobe,
@@ -363,6 +365,26 @@ probes) in the specified array, they clear the addr field of those
363incorrect probes. However, other probes in the array are 365incorrect probes. However, other probes in the array are
364unregistered correctly. 366unregistered correctly.
365 367
3684.7 disable_*probe
369
370#include <linux/kprobes.h>
371int disable_kprobe(struct kprobe *kp);
372int disable_kretprobe(struct kretprobe *rp);
373int disable_jprobe(struct jprobe *jp);
374
375Temporarily disables the specified *probe. You can enable it again by using
376enable_*probe(). You must specify the probe which has been registered.
377
3784.8 enable_*probe
379
380#include <linux/kprobes.h>
381int enable_kprobe(struct kprobe *kp);
382int enable_kretprobe(struct kretprobe *rp);
383int enable_jprobe(struct jprobe *jp);
384
385Enables *probe which has been disabled by disable_*probe(). You must specify
386the probe which has been registered.
387
3665. Kprobes Features and Limitations 3885. Kprobes Features and Limitations
367 389
368Kprobes allows multiple probes at the same address. Currently, 390Kprobes allows multiple probes at the same address. Currently,
@@ -500,10 +522,14 @@ the probe. If the probed function belongs to a module, the module name
500is also specified. Following columns show probe status. If the probe is on 522is also specified. Following columns show probe status. If the probe is on
501a virtual address that is no longer valid (module init sections, module 523a virtual address that is no longer valid (module init sections, module
502virtual addresses that correspond to modules that've been unloaded), 524virtual addresses that correspond to modules that've been unloaded),
503such probes are marked with [GONE]. 525such probes are marked with [GONE]. If the probe is temporarily disabled,
526such probes are marked with [DISABLED].
504 527
505/debug/kprobes/enabled: Turn kprobes ON/OFF 528/debug/kprobes/enabled: Turn kprobes ON/OFF forcibly.
506 529
507Provides a knob to globally turn registered kprobes ON or OFF. By default, 530Provides a knob to globally and forcibly turn registered kprobes ON or OFF.
508all kprobes are enabled. By echoing "0" to this file, all registered probes 531By default, all kprobes are enabled. By echoing "0" to this file, all
509will be disarmed, till such time a "1" is echoed to this file. 532registered probes will be disarmed, till such time a "1" is echoed to this
533file. Note that this knob just disarms and arms all kprobes and doesn't
534change each probe's disabling state. This means that disabled kprobes (marked
535[DISABLED]) will be not enabled if you turn ON all kprobes by this knob.
diff --git a/Documentation/laptops/acer-wmi.txt b/Documentation/laptops/acer-wmi.txt
index 2b3a6b5260bf..5ee2a02b3b40 100644
--- a/Documentation/laptops/acer-wmi.txt
+++ b/Documentation/laptops/acer-wmi.txt
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
1Acer Laptop WMI Extras Driver 1Acer Laptop WMI Extras Driver
2http://code.google.com/p/aceracpi 2http://code.google.com/p/aceracpi
3Version 0.2 3Version 0.3
418th August 2008 44th April 2009
5 5
6Copyright 2007-2008 Carlos Corbacho <carlos@strangeworlds.co.uk> 6Copyright 2007-2009 Carlos Corbacho <carlos@strangeworlds.co.uk>
7 7
8acer-wmi is a driver to allow you to control various parts of your Acer laptop 8acer-wmi is a driver to allow you to control various parts of your Acer laptop
9hardware under Linux which are exposed via ACPI-WMI. 9hardware under Linux which are exposed via ACPI-WMI.
@@ -36,6 +36,10 @@ not possible in kernel space from a 64 bit OS.
36Supported Hardware 36Supported Hardware
37****************** 37******************
38 38
39NOTE: The Acer Aspire One is not supported hardware. It cannot work with
40acer-wmi until Acer fix their ACPI-WMI implementation on them, so has been
41blacklisted until that happens.
42
39Please see the website for the current list of known working hardare: 43Please see the website for the current list of known working hardare:
40 44
41http://code.google.com/p/aceracpi/wiki/SupportedHardware 45http://code.google.com/p/aceracpi/wiki/SupportedHardware
diff --git a/Documentation/laptops/thinkpad-acpi.txt b/Documentation/laptops/thinkpad-acpi.txt
index 41bc99fa1884..e7e9a69069e1 100644
--- a/Documentation/laptops/thinkpad-acpi.txt
+++ b/Documentation/laptops/thinkpad-acpi.txt
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
1 ThinkPad ACPI Extras Driver 1 ThinkPad ACPI Extras Driver
2 2
3 Version 0.22 3 Version 0.23
4 November 23rd, 2008 4 April 10th, 2009
5 5
6 Borislav Deianov <borislav@users.sf.net> 6 Borislav Deianov <borislav@users.sf.net>
7 Henrique de Moraes Holschuh <hmh@hmh.eng.br> 7 Henrique de Moraes Holschuh <hmh@hmh.eng.br>
@@ -20,7 +20,8 @@ moved to the drivers/misc tree and renamed to thinkpad-acpi for kernel
20kernel 2.6.29 and release 0.22. 20kernel 2.6.29 and release 0.22.
21 21
22The driver is named "thinkpad-acpi". In some places, like module 22The driver is named "thinkpad-acpi". In some places, like module
23names, "thinkpad_acpi" is used because of userspace issues. 23names and log messages, "thinkpad_acpi" is used because of userspace
24issues.
24 25
25"tpacpi" is used as a shorthand where "thinkpad-acpi" would be too 26"tpacpi" is used as a shorthand where "thinkpad-acpi" would be too
26long due to length limitations on some Linux kernel versions. 27long due to length limitations on some Linux kernel versions.
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ detailed description):
37 - ThinkLight on and off 38 - ThinkLight on and off
38 - limited docking and undocking 39 - limited docking and undocking
39 - UltraBay eject 40 - UltraBay eject
40 - CMOS control 41 - CMOS/UCMS control
41 - LED control 42 - LED control
42 - ACPI sounds 43 - ACPI sounds
43 - temperature sensors 44 - temperature sensors
@@ -46,6 +47,7 @@ detailed description):
46 - Volume control 47 - Volume control
47 - Fan control and monitoring: fan speed, fan enable/disable 48 - Fan control and monitoring: fan speed, fan enable/disable
48 - WAN enable and disable 49 - WAN enable and disable
50 - UWB enable and disable
49 51
50A compatibility table by model and feature is maintained on the web 52A compatibility table by model and feature is maintained on the web
51site, http://ibm-acpi.sf.net/. I appreciate any success or failure 53site, http://ibm-acpi.sf.net/. I appreciate any success or failure
@@ -53,7 +55,7 @@ reports, especially if they add to or correct the compatibility table.
53Please include the following information in your report: 55Please include the following information in your report:
54 56
55 - ThinkPad model name 57 - ThinkPad model name
56 - a copy of your DSDT, from /proc/acpi/dsdt 58 - a copy of your ACPI tables, using the "acpidump" utility
57 - a copy of the output of dmidecode, with serial numbers 59 - a copy of the output of dmidecode, with serial numbers
58 and UUIDs masked off 60 and UUIDs masked off
59 - which driver features work and which don't 61 - which driver features work and which don't
@@ -66,17 +68,18 @@ Installation
66------------ 68------------
67 69
68If you are compiling this driver as included in the Linux kernel 70If you are compiling this driver as included in the Linux kernel
69sources, simply enable the CONFIG_THINKPAD_ACPI option, and optionally 71sources, look for the CONFIG_THINKPAD_ACPI Kconfig option.
70enable the CONFIG_THINKPAD_ACPI_BAY option if you want the 72It is located on the menu path: "Device Drivers" -> "X86 Platform
71thinkpad-specific bay functionality. 73Specific Device Drivers" -> "ThinkPad ACPI Laptop Extras".
74
72 75
73Features 76Features
74-------- 77--------
75 78
76The driver exports two different interfaces to userspace, which can be 79The driver exports two different interfaces to userspace, which can be
77used to access the features it provides. One is a legacy procfs-based 80used to access the features it provides. One is a legacy procfs-based
78interface, which will be removed at some time in the distant future. 81interface, which will be removed at some time in the future. The other
79The other is a new sysfs-based interface which is not complete yet. 82is a new sysfs-based interface which is not complete yet.
80 83
81The procfs interface creates the /proc/acpi/ibm directory. There is a 84The procfs interface creates the /proc/acpi/ibm directory. There is a
82file under that directory for each feature it supports. The procfs 85file under that directory for each feature it supports. The procfs
@@ -111,15 +114,17 @@ The version of thinkpad-acpi's sysfs interface is exported by the driver
111as a driver attribute (see below). 114as a driver attribute (see below).
112 115
113Sysfs driver attributes are on the driver's sysfs attribute space, 116Sysfs driver attributes are on the driver's sysfs attribute space,
114for 2.6.23 this is /sys/bus/platform/drivers/thinkpad_acpi/ and 117for 2.6.23+ this is /sys/bus/platform/drivers/thinkpad_acpi/ and
115/sys/bus/platform/drivers/thinkpad_hwmon/ 118/sys/bus/platform/drivers/thinkpad_hwmon/
116 119
117Sysfs device attributes are on the thinkpad_acpi device sysfs attribute 120Sysfs device attributes are on the thinkpad_acpi device sysfs attribute
118space, for 2.6.23 this is /sys/devices/platform/thinkpad_acpi/. 121space, for 2.6.23+ this is /sys/devices/platform/thinkpad_acpi/.
119 122
120Sysfs device attributes for the sensors and fan are on the 123Sysfs device attributes for the sensors and fan are on the
121thinkpad_hwmon device's sysfs attribute space, but you should locate it 124thinkpad_hwmon device's sysfs attribute space, but you should locate it
122looking for a hwmon device with the name attribute of "thinkpad". 125looking for a hwmon device with the name attribute of "thinkpad", or
126better yet, through libsensors.
127
123 128
124Driver version 129Driver version
125-------------- 130--------------
@@ -129,6 +134,7 @@ sysfs driver attribute: version
129 134
130The driver name and version. No commands can be written to this file. 135The driver name and version. No commands can be written to this file.
131 136
137
132Sysfs interface version 138Sysfs interface version
133----------------------- 139-----------------------
134 140
@@ -160,6 +166,7 @@ expect that an attribute might not be there, and deal with it properly
160(an attribute not being there *is* a valid way to make it clear that a 166(an attribute not being there *is* a valid way to make it clear that a
161feature is not available in sysfs). 167feature is not available in sysfs).
162 168
169
163Hot keys 170Hot keys
164-------- 171--------
165 172
@@ -172,17 +179,14 @@ system. Enabling the hotkey functionality of thinkpad-acpi signals the
172firmware that such a driver is present, and modifies how the ThinkPad 179firmware that such a driver is present, and modifies how the ThinkPad
173firmware will behave in many situations. 180firmware will behave in many situations.
174 181
175The driver enables the hot key feature automatically when loaded. The 182The driver enables the HKEY ("hot key") event reporting automatically
176feature can later be disabled and enabled back at runtime. The driver 183when loaded, and disables it when it is removed.
177will also restore the hot key feature to its previous state and mask
178when it is unloaded.
179 184
180When the hotkey feature is enabled and the hot key mask is set (see 185The driver will report HKEY events in the following format:
181below), the driver will report HKEY events in the following format:
182 186
183 ibm/hotkey HKEY 00000080 0000xxxx 187 ibm/hotkey HKEY 00000080 0000xxxx
184 188
185Some of these events refer to hot key presses, but not all. 189Some of these events refer to hot key presses, but not all of them.
186 190
187The driver will generate events over the input layer for hot keys and 191The driver will generate events over the input layer for hot keys and
188radio switches, and over the ACPI netlink layer for other events. The 192radio switches, and over the ACPI netlink layer for other events. The
@@ -214,13 +218,17 @@ procfs notes:
214 218
215The following commands can be written to the /proc/acpi/ibm/hotkey file: 219The following commands can be written to the /proc/acpi/ibm/hotkey file:
216 220
217 echo enable > /proc/acpi/ibm/hotkey -- enable the hot keys feature
218 echo disable > /proc/acpi/ibm/hotkey -- disable the hot keys feature
219 echo 0xffffffff > /proc/acpi/ibm/hotkey -- enable all hot keys 221 echo 0xffffffff > /proc/acpi/ibm/hotkey -- enable all hot keys
220 echo 0 > /proc/acpi/ibm/hotkey -- disable all possible hot keys 222 echo 0 > /proc/acpi/ibm/hotkey -- disable all possible hot keys
221 ... any other 8-hex-digit mask ... 223 ... any other 8-hex-digit mask ...
222 echo reset > /proc/acpi/ibm/hotkey -- restore the original mask 224 echo reset > /proc/acpi/ibm/hotkey -- restore the original mask
223 225
226The following commands have been deprecated and will cause the kernel
227to log a warning:
228
229 echo enable > /proc/acpi/ibm/hotkey -- does nothing
230 echo disable > /proc/acpi/ibm/hotkey -- returns an error
231
224The procfs interface does not support NVRAM polling control. So as to 232The procfs interface does not support NVRAM polling control. So as to
225maintain maximum bug-to-bug compatibility, it does not report any masks, 233maintain maximum bug-to-bug compatibility, it does not report any masks,
226nor does it allow one to manipulate the hot key mask when the firmware 234nor does it allow one to manipulate the hot key mask when the firmware
@@ -229,12 +237,9 @@ does not support masks at all, even if NVRAM polling is in use.
229sysfs notes: 237sysfs notes:
230 238
231 hotkey_bios_enabled: 239 hotkey_bios_enabled:
232 Returns the status of the hot keys feature when 240 DEPRECATED, WILL BE REMOVED SOON.
233 thinkpad-acpi was loaded. Upon module unload, the hot
234 key feature status will be restored to this value.
235 241
236 0: hot keys were disabled 242 Returns 0.
237 1: hot keys were enabled (unusual)
238 243
239 hotkey_bios_mask: 244 hotkey_bios_mask:
240 Returns the hot keys mask when thinkpad-acpi was loaded. 245 Returns the hot keys mask when thinkpad-acpi was loaded.
@@ -242,13 +247,10 @@ sysfs notes:
242 to this value. 247 to this value.
243 248
244 hotkey_enable: 249 hotkey_enable:
245 Enables/disables the hot keys feature in the ACPI 250 DEPRECATED, WILL BE REMOVED SOON.
246 firmware, and reports current status of the hot keys
247 feature. Has no effect on the NVRAM hot key polling
248 functionality.
249 251
250 0: disables the hot keys feature / feature disabled 252 0: returns -EPERM
251 1: enables the hot keys feature / feature enabled 253 1: does nothing
252 254
253 hotkey_mask: 255 hotkey_mask:
254 bit mask to enable driver-handling (and depending on 256 bit mask to enable driver-handling (and depending on
@@ -618,6 +620,7 @@ For Lenovo models *with* ACPI backlight control:
618 and map them to KEY_BRIGHTNESS_UP and KEY_BRIGHTNESS_DOWN. Process 620 and map them to KEY_BRIGHTNESS_UP and KEY_BRIGHTNESS_DOWN. Process
619 these keys on userspace somehow (e.g. by calling xbacklight). 621 these keys on userspace somehow (e.g. by calling xbacklight).
620 622
623
621Bluetooth 624Bluetooth
622--------- 625---------
623 626
@@ -628,6 +631,9 @@ sysfs rfkill class: switch "tpacpi_bluetooth_sw"
628This feature shows the presence and current state of a ThinkPad 631This feature shows the presence and current state of a ThinkPad
629Bluetooth device in the internal ThinkPad CDC slot. 632Bluetooth device in the internal ThinkPad CDC slot.
630 633
634If the ThinkPad supports it, the Bluetooth state is stored in NVRAM,
635so it is kept across reboots and power-off.
636
631Procfs notes: 637Procfs notes:
632 638
633If Bluetooth is installed, the following commands can be used: 639If Bluetooth is installed, the following commands can be used:
@@ -652,6 +658,7 @@ Sysfs notes:
652 rfkill controller switch "tpacpi_bluetooth_sw": refer to 658 rfkill controller switch "tpacpi_bluetooth_sw": refer to
653 Documentation/rfkill.txt for details. 659 Documentation/rfkill.txt for details.
654 660
661
655Video output control -- /proc/acpi/ibm/video 662Video output control -- /proc/acpi/ibm/video
656-------------------------------------------- 663--------------------------------------------
657 664
@@ -693,11 +700,8 @@ Fn-F7 from working. This also disables the video output switching
693features of this driver, as it uses the same ACPI methods as 700features of this driver, as it uses the same ACPI methods as
694Fn-F7. Video switching on the console should still work. 701Fn-F7. Video switching on the console should still work.
695 702
696UPDATE: There's now a patch for the X.org Radeon driver which 703UPDATE: refer to https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2000
697addresses this issue. Some people are reporting success with the patch
698while others are still having problems. For more information:
699 704
700https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2000
701 705
702ThinkLight control 706ThinkLight control
703------------------ 707------------------
@@ -720,10 +724,11 @@ The ThinkLight sysfs interface is documented by the LED class
720documentation, in Documentation/leds-class.txt. The ThinkLight LED name 724documentation, in Documentation/leds-class.txt. The ThinkLight LED name
721is "tpacpi::thinklight". 725is "tpacpi::thinklight".
722 726
723Due to limitations in the sysfs LED class, if the status of the thinklight 727Due to limitations in the sysfs LED class, if the status of the ThinkLight
724cannot be read or if it is unknown, thinkpad-acpi will report it as "off". 728cannot be read or if it is unknown, thinkpad-acpi will report it as "off".
725It is impossible to know if the status returned through sysfs is valid. 729It is impossible to know if the status returned through sysfs is valid.
726 730
731
727Docking / undocking -- /proc/acpi/ibm/dock 732Docking / undocking -- /proc/acpi/ibm/dock
728------------------------------------------ 733------------------------------------------
729 734
@@ -784,6 +789,7 @@ the only docking stations currently supported are the X-series
784UltraBase docks and "dumb" port replicators like the Mini Dock (the 789UltraBase docks and "dumb" port replicators like the Mini Dock (the
785latter don't need any ACPI support, actually). 790latter don't need any ACPI support, actually).
786 791
792
787UltraBay eject -- /proc/acpi/ibm/bay 793UltraBay eject -- /proc/acpi/ibm/bay
788------------------------------------ 794------------------------------------
789 795
@@ -847,8 +853,9 @@ supported. Use "eject2" instead of "eject" for the second bay.
847Note: the UltraBay eject support on the 600e/x, A22p and A3x is 853Note: the UltraBay eject support on the 600e/x, A22p and A3x is
848EXPERIMENTAL and may not work as expected. USE WITH CAUTION! 854EXPERIMENTAL and may not work as expected. USE WITH CAUTION!
849 855
850CMOS control 856
851------------ 857CMOS/UCMS control
858-----------------
852 859
853procfs: /proc/acpi/ibm/cmos 860procfs: /proc/acpi/ibm/cmos
854sysfs device attribute: cmos_command 861sysfs device attribute: cmos_command
@@ -882,6 +889,7 @@ The cmos command interface is prone to firmware split-brain problems, as
882in newer ThinkPads it is just a compatibility layer. Do not use it, it is 889in newer ThinkPads it is just a compatibility layer. Do not use it, it is
883exported just as a debug tool. 890exported just as a debug tool.
884 891
892
885LED control 893LED control
886----------- 894-----------
887 895
@@ -893,6 +901,17 @@ some older ThinkPad models, it is possible to query the status of the
893LED indicators as well. Newer ThinkPads cannot query the real status 901LED indicators as well. Newer ThinkPads cannot query the real status
894of the LED indicators. 902of the LED indicators.
895 903
904Because misuse of the LEDs could induce an unaware user to perform
905dangerous actions (like undocking or ejecting a bay device while the
906buses are still active), or mask an important alarm (such as a nearly
907empty battery, or a broken battery), access to most LEDs is
908restricted.
909
910Unrestricted access to all LEDs requires that thinkpad-acpi be
911compiled with the CONFIG_THINKPAD_ACPI_UNSAFE_LEDS option enabled.
912Distributions must never enable this option. Individual users that
913are aware of the consequences are welcome to enabling it.
914
896procfs notes: 915procfs notes:
897 916
898The available commands are: 917The available commands are:
@@ -939,6 +958,7 @@ ThinkPad indicator LED should blink in hardware accelerated mode, use the
939"timer" trigger, and leave the delay_on and delay_off parameters set to 958"timer" trigger, and leave the delay_on and delay_off parameters set to
940zero (to request hardware acceleration autodetection). 959zero (to request hardware acceleration autodetection).
941 960
961
942ACPI sounds -- /proc/acpi/ibm/beep 962ACPI sounds -- /proc/acpi/ibm/beep
943---------------------------------- 963----------------------------------
944 964
@@ -968,6 +988,7 @@ X40:
968 16 - one medium-pitched beep repeating constantly, stop with 17 988 16 - one medium-pitched beep repeating constantly, stop with 17
969 17 - stop 16 989 17 - stop 16
970 990
991
971Temperature sensors 992Temperature sensors
972------------------- 993-------------------
973 994
@@ -1115,6 +1136,7 @@ registers contain the current battery capacity, etc. If you experiment
1115with this, do send me your results (including some complete dumps with 1136with this, do send me your results (including some complete dumps with
1116a description of the conditions when they were taken.) 1137a description of the conditions when they were taken.)
1117 1138
1139
1118LCD brightness control 1140LCD brightness control
1119---------------------- 1141----------------------
1120 1142
@@ -1124,10 +1146,9 @@ sysfs backlight device "thinkpad_screen"
1124This feature allows software control of the LCD brightness on ThinkPad 1146This feature allows software control of the LCD brightness on ThinkPad
1125models which don't have a hardware brightness slider. 1147models which don't have a hardware brightness slider.
1126 1148
1127It has some limitations: the LCD backlight cannot be actually turned on or 1149It has some limitations: the LCD backlight cannot be actually turned
1128off by this interface, and in many ThinkPad models, the "dim while on 1150on or off by this interface, it just controls the backlight brightness
1129battery" functionality will be enabled by the BIOS when this interface is 1151level.
1130used, and cannot be controlled.
1131 1152
1132On IBM (and some of the earlier Lenovo) ThinkPads, the backlight control 1153On IBM (and some of the earlier Lenovo) ThinkPads, the backlight control
1133has eight brightness levels, ranging from 0 to 7. Some of the levels 1154has eight brightness levels, ranging from 0 to 7. Some of the levels
@@ -1136,10 +1157,15 @@ display backlight brightness control methods have 16 levels, ranging
1136from 0 to 15. 1157from 0 to 15.
1137 1158
1138There are two interfaces to the firmware for direct brightness control, 1159There are two interfaces to the firmware for direct brightness control,
1139EC and CMOS. To select which one should be used, use the 1160EC and UCMS (or CMOS). To select which one should be used, use the
1140brightness_mode module parameter: brightness_mode=1 selects EC mode, 1161brightness_mode module parameter: brightness_mode=1 selects EC mode,
1141brightness_mode=2 selects CMOS mode, brightness_mode=3 selects both EC 1162brightness_mode=2 selects UCMS mode, brightness_mode=3 selects EC
1142and CMOS. The driver tries to auto-detect which interface to use. 1163mode with NVRAM backing (so that brightness changes are remembered
1164across shutdown/reboot).
1165
1166The driver tries to select which interface to use from a table of
1167defaults for each ThinkPad model. If it makes a wrong choice, please
1168report this as a bug, so that we can fix it.
1143 1169
1144When display backlight brightness controls are available through the 1170When display backlight brightness controls are available through the
1145standard ACPI interface, it is best to use it instead of this direct 1171standard ACPI interface, it is best to use it instead of this direct
@@ -1201,6 +1227,7 @@ WARNING:
1201 and maybe reduce the life of the backlight lamps by needlessly kicking 1227 and maybe reduce the life of the backlight lamps by needlessly kicking
1202 its level up and down at every change. 1228 its level up and down at every change.
1203 1229
1230
1204Volume control -- /proc/acpi/ibm/volume 1231Volume control -- /proc/acpi/ibm/volume
1205--------------------------------------- 1232---------------------------------------
1206 1233
@@ -1217,6 +1244,11 @@ distinct. The unmute the volume after the mute command, use either the
1217up or down command (the level command will not unmute the volume). 1244up or down command (the level command will not unmute the volume).
1218The current volume level and mute state is shown in the file. 1245The current volume level and mute state is shown in the file.
1219 1246
1247The ALSA mixer interface to this feature is still missing, but patches
1248to add it exist. That problem should be addressed in the not so
1249distant future.
1250
1251
1220Fan control and monitoring: fan speed, fan enable/disable 1252Fan control and monitoring: fan speed, fan enable/disable
1221--------------------------------------------------------- 1253---------------------------------------------------------
1222 1254
@@ -1383,8 +1415,11 @@ procfs: /proc/acpi/ibm/wan
1383sysfs device attribute: wwan_enable (deprecated) 1415sysfs device attribute: wwan_enable (deprecated)
1384sysfs rfkill class: switch "tpacpi_wwan_sw" 1416sysfs rfkill class: switch "tpacpi_wwan_sw"
1385 1417
1386This feature shows the presence and current state of a W-WAN (Sierra 1418This feature shows the presence and current state of the built-in
1387Wireless EV-DO) device. 1419Wireless WAN device.
1420
1421If the ThinkPad supports it, the WWAN state is stored in NVRAM,
1422so it is kept across reboots and power-off.
1388 1423
1389It was tested on a Lenovo ThinkPad X60. It should probably work on other 1424It was tested on a Lenovo ThinkPad X60. It should probably work on other
1390ThinkPad models which come with this module installed. 1425ThinkPad models which come with this module installed.
@@ -1413,6 +1448,7 @@ Sysfs notes:
1413 rfkill controller switch "tpacpi_wwan_sw": refer to 1448 rfkill controller switch "tpacpi_wwan_sw": refer to
1414 Documentation/rfkill.txt for details. 1449 Documentation/rfkill.txt for details.
1415 1450
1451
1416EXPERIMENTAL: UWB 1452EXPERIMENTAL: UWB
1417----------------- 1453-----------------
1418 1454
@@ -1431,6 +1467,7 @@ Sysfs notes:
1431 rfkill controller switch "tpacpi_uwb_sw": refer to 1467 rfkill controller switch "tpacpi_uwb_sw": refer to
1432 Documentation/rfkill.txt for details. 1468 Documentation/rfkill.txt for details.
1433 1469
1470
1434Multiple Commands, Module Parameters 1471Multiple Commands, Module Parameters
1435------------------------------------ 1472------------------------------------
1436 1473
@@ -1445,6 +1482,7 @@ for example:
1445 1482
1446 modprobe thinkpad_acpi hotkey=enable,0xffff video=auto_disable 1483 modprobe thinkpad_acpi hotkey=enable,0xffff video=auto_disable
1447 1484
1485
1448Enabling debugging output 1486Enabling debugging output
1449------------------------- 1487-------------------------
1450 1488
@@ -1457,8 +1495,15 @@ will enable all debugging output classes. It takes a bitmask, so
1457to enable more than one output class, just add their values. 1495to enable more than one output class, just add their values.
1458 1496
1459 Debug bitmask Description 1497 Debug bitmask Description
1498 0x8000 Disclose PID of userspace programs
1499 accessing some functions of the driver
1460 0x0001 Initialization and probing 1500 0x0001 Initialization and probing
1461 0x0002 Removal 1501 0x0002 Removal
1502 0x0004 RF Transmitter control (RFKILL)
1503 (bluetooth, WWAN, UWB...)
1504 0x0008 HKEY event interface, hotkeys
1505 0x0010 Fan control
1506 0x0020 Backlight brightness
1462 1507
1463There is also a kernel build option to enable more debugging 1508There is also a kernel build option to enable more debugging
1464information, which may be necessary to debug driver problems. 1509information, which may be necessary to debug driver problems.
@@ -1467,6 +1512,7 @@ The level of debugging information output by the driver can be changed
1467at runtime through sysfs, using the driver attribute debug_level. The 1512at runtime through sysfs, using the driver attribute debug_level. The
1468attribute takes the same bitmask as the debug module parameter above. 1513attribute takes the same bitmask as the debug module parameter above.
1469 1514
1515
1470Force loading of module 1516Force loading of module
1471----------------------- 1517-----------------------
1472 1518
@@ -1505,3 +1551,7 @@ Sysfs interface changelog:
1505 1551
15060x020200: Add poll()/select() support to the following attributes: 15520x020200: Add poll()/select() support to the following attributes:
1507 hotkey_radio_sw, wakeup_hotunplug_complete, wakeup_reason 1553 hotkey_radio_sw, wakeup_hotunplug_complete, wakeup_reason
1554
15550x020300: hotkey enable/disable support removed, attributes
1556 hotkey_bios_enabled and hotkey_enable deprecated and
1557 marked for removal.
diff --git a/Documentation/lguest/.gitignore b/Documentation/lguest/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..115587fd5f65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/lguest/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
lguest
diff --git a/Documentation/lguest/lguest.txt b/Documentation/lguest/lguest.txt
index 29510dc51510..28c747362f95 100644
--- a/Documentation/lguest/lguest.txt
+++ b/Documentation/lguest/lguest.txt
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
3 /, /` - or, A Young Coder's Illustrated Hypervisor 3 /, /` - or, A Young Coder's Illustrated Hypervisor
4 \\"--\\ http://lguest.ozlabs.org 4 \\"--\\ http://lguest.ozlabs.org
5 5
6Lguest is designed to be a minimal hypervisor for the Linux kernel, for 6Lguest is designed to be a minimal 32-bit x86 hypervisor for the Linux kernel,
7Linux developers and users to experiment with virtualization with the 7for Linux developers and users to experiment with virtualization with the
8minimum of complexity. Nonetheless, it should have sufficient 8minimum of complexity. Nonetheless, it should have sufficient features to
9features to make it useful for specific tasks, and, of course, you are 9make it useful for specific tasks, and, of course, you are encouraged to fork
10encouraged to fork and enhance it (see drivers/lguest/README). 10and enhance it (see drivers/lguest/README).
11 11
12Features: 12Features:
13 13
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ Running Lguest:
37 "Paravirtualized guest support" = Y 37 "Paravirtualized guest support" = Y
38 "Lguest guest support" = Y 38 "Lguest guest support" = Y
39 "High Memory Support" = off/4GB 39 "High Memory Support" = off/4GB
40 "PAE (Physical Address Extension) Support" = N
40 "Alignment value to which kernel should be aligned" = 0x100000 41 "Alignment value to which kernel should be aligned" = 0x100000
41 (CONFIG_PARAVIRT=y, CONFIG_LGUEST_GUEST=y, CONFIG_HIGHMEM64G=n and 42 (CONFIG_PARAVIRT=y, CONFIG_LGUEST_GUEST=y, CONFIG_HIGHMEM64G=n and
42 CONFIG_PHYSICAL_ALIGN=0x100000) 43 CONFIG_PHYSICAL_ALIGN=0x100000)
diff --git a/Documentation/lockdep-design.txt b/Documentation/lockdep-design.txt
index 938ea22f2cc0..e20d913d5914 100644
--- a/Documentation/lockdep-design.txt
+++ b/Documentation/lockdep-design.txt
@@ -54,9 +54,9 @@ locking error messages, inside curlies. A contrived example:
54The bit position indicates STATE, STATE-read, for each of the states listed 54The bit position indicates STATE, STATE-read, for each of the states listed
55above, and the character displayed in each indicates: 55above, and the character displayed in each indicates:
56 56
57 '.' acquired while irqs disabled 57 '.' acquired while irqs disabled and not in irq context
58 '+' acquired in irq context 58 '-' acquired in irq context
59 '-' acquired with irqs enabled 59 '+' acquired with irqs enabled
60 '?' acquired in irq context with irqs enabled. 60 '?' acquired in irq context with irqs enabled.
61 61
62Unused mutexes cannot be part of the cause of an error. 62Unused mutexes cannot be part of the cause of an error.
diff --git a/Documentation/logo.gif b/Documentation/logo.gif
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diff --git a/Documentation/logo.txt b/Documentation/logo.txt
index a2e62445e28e..296f0f7f67eb 100644
--- a/Documentation/logo.txt
+++ b/Documentation/logo.txt
@@ -1,4 +1,13 @@
1Tux is taking a three month sabbatical to work as a barber, so Tuz is 1This is the full-colour version of the currently unofficial Linux logo
2standing in. He's taken pains to ensure you'll hardly notice. 2("currently unofficial" just means that there has been no paperwork and
3that I have not really announced it yet). It was created by Larry Ewing,
4and is freely usable as long as you acknowledge Larry as the original
5artist.
6
7Note that there are black-and-white versions of this available that
8scale down to smaller sizes and are better for letterheads or whatever
9you want to use it for: for the full range of logos take a look at
10Larry's web-page:
11
12 http://www.isc.tamu.edu/~lewing/linux/
3 13
4Image by Andrew McGown and Josh Bush. Image is licensed CC BY-SA.
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/bonding.txt b/Documentation/networking/bonding.txt
index 5ede7473b425..08762750f121 100644
--- a/Documentation/networking/bonding.txt
+++ b/Documentation/networking/bonding.txt
@@ -1242,7 +1242,7 @@ monitoring is enabled, and vice-versa.
1242To add ARP targets: 1242To add ARP targets:
1243# echo +192.168.0.100 > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/arp_ip_target 1243# echo +192.168.0.100 > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/arp_ip_target
1244# echo +192.168.0.101 > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/arp_ip_target 1244# echo +192.168.0.101 > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/arp_ip_target
1245 NOTE: up to 10 target addresses may be specified. 1245 NOTE: up to 16 target addresses may be specified.
1246 1246
1247To remove an ARP target: 1247To remove an ARP target:
1248# echo -192.168.0.100 > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/arp_ip_target 1248# echo -192.168.0.100 > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/arp_ip_target
diff --git a/Documentation/powerpc/booting-without-of.txt b/Documentation/powerpc/booting-without-of.txt
index 0ab0230cbcb0..d16b7a1c3793 100644
--- a/Documentation/powerpc/booting-without-of.txt
+++ b/Documentation/powerpc/booting-without-of.txt
@@ -43,12 +43,11 @@ Table of Contents
43 2) Representing devices without a current OF specification 43 2) Representing devices without a current OF specification
44 a) PHY nodes 44 a) PHY nodes
45 b) Interrupt controllers 45 b) Interrupt controllers
46 c) CFI or JEDEC memory-mapped NOR flash 46 c) 4xx/Axon EMAC ethernet nodes
47 d) 4xx/Axon EMAC ethernet nodes 47 d) Xilinx IP cores
48 e) Xilinx IP cores 48 e) USB EHCI controllers
49 f) USB EHCI controllers 49 f) MDIO on GPIOs
50 g) MDIO on GPIOs 50 g) SPI busses
51 h) SPI busses
52 51
53 VII - Marvell Discovery mv64[345]6x System Controller chips 52 VII - Marvell Discovery mv64[345]6x System Controller chips
54 1) The /system-controller node 53 1) The /system-controller node
@@ -999,7 +998,7 @@ compatibility.
999 translation of SOC addresses for memory mapped SOC registers. 998 translation of SOC addresses for memory mapped SOC registers.
1000 - bus-frequency: Contains the bus frequency for the SOC node. 999 - bus-frequency: Contains the bus frequency for the SOC node.
1001 Typically, the value of this field is filled in by the boot 1000 Typically, the value of this field is filled in by the boot
1002 loader. 1001 loader.
1003 1002
1004 1003
1005 Recommended properties: 1004 Recommended properties:
@@ -1287,71 +1286,7 @@ platforms are moved over to use the flattened-device-tree model.
1287 device_type = "open-pic"; 1286 device_type = "open-pic";
1288 }; 1287 };
1289 1288
1290 c) CFI or JEDEC memory-mapped NOR flash 1289 c) 4xx/Axon EMAC ethernet nodes
1291
1292 Flash chips (Memory Technology Devices) are often used for solid state
1293 file systems on embedded devices.
1294
1295 - compatible : should contain the specific model of flash chip(s)
1296 used, if known, followed by either "cfi-flash" or "jedec-flash"
1297 - reg : Address range of the flash chip
1298 - bank-width : Width (in bytes) of the flash bank. Equal to the
1299 device width times the number of interleaved chips.
1300 - device-width : (optional) Width of a single flash chip. If
1301 omitted, assumed to be equal to 'bank-width'.
1302 - #address-cells, #size-cells : Must be present if the flash has
1303 sub-nodes representing partitions (see below). In this case
1304 both #address-cells and #size-cells must be equal to 1.
1305
1306 For JEDEC compatible devices, the following additional properties
1307 are defined:
1308
1309 - vendor-id : Contains the flash chip's vendor id (1 byte).
1310 - device-id : Contains the flash chip's device id (1 byte).
1311
1312 In addition to the information on the flash bank itself, the
1313 device tree may optionally contain additional information
1314 describing partitions of the flash address space. This can be
1315 used on platforms which have strong conventions about which
1316 portions of the flash are used for what purposes, but which don't
1317 use an on-flash partition table such as RedBoot.
1318
1319 Each partition is represented as a sub-node of the flash device.
1320 Each node's name represents the name of the corresponding
1321 partition of the flash device.
1322
1323 Flash partitions
1324 - reg : The partition's offset and size within the flash bank.
1325 - label : (optional) The label / name for this flash partition.
1326 If omitted, the label is taken from the node name (excluding
1327 the unit address).
1328 - read-only : (optional) This parameter, if present, is a hint to
1329 Linux that this flash partition should only be mounted
1330 read-only. This is usually used for flash partitions
1331 containing early-boot firmware images or data which should not
1332 be clobbered.
1333
1334 Example:
1335
1336 flash@ff000000 {
1337 compatible = "amd,am29lv128ml", "cfi-flash";
1338 reg = <ff000000 01000000>;
1339 bank-width = <4>;
1340 device-width = <1>;
1341 #address-cells = <1>;
1342 #size-cells = <1>;
1343 fs@0 {
1344 label = "fs";
1345 reg = <0 f80000>;
1346 };
1347 firmware@f80000 {
1348 label ="firmware";
1349 reg = <f80000 80000>;
1350 read-only;
1351 };
1352 };
1353
1354 d) 4xx/Axon EMAC ethernet nodes
1355 1290
1356 The EMAC ethernet controller in IBM and AMCC 4xx chips, and also 1291 The EMAC ethernet controller in IBM and AMCC 4xx chips, and also
1357 the Axon bridge. To operate this needs to interact with a ths 1292 the Axon bridge. To operate this needs to interact with a ths
@@ -1499,7 +1434,7 @@ platforms are moved over to use the flattened-device-tree model.
1499 available. 1434 available.
1500 For Axon: 0x0000012a 1435 For Axon: 0x0000012a
1501 1436
1502 e) Xilinx IP cores 1437 d) Xilinx IP cores
1503 1438
1504 The Xilinx EDK toolchain ships with a set of IP cores (devices) for use 1439 The Xilinx EDK toolchain ships with a set of IP cores (devices) for use
1505 in Xilinx Spartan and Virtex FPGAs. The devices cover the whole range 1440 in Xilinx Spartan and Virtex FPGAs. The devices cover the whole range
@@ -1761,7 +1696,7 @@ platforms are moved over to use the flattened-device-tree model.
1761 listed above, nodes for these devices should include a phy-handle 1696 listed above, nodes for these devices should include a phy-handle
1762 property, and may include other common network device properties 1697 property, and may include other common network device properties
1763 like local-mac-address. 1698 like local-mac-address.
1764 1699
1765 iv) Xilinx Uartlite 1700 iv) Xilinx Uartlite
1766 1701
1767 Xilinx uartlite devices are simple fixed speed serial ports. 1702 Xilinx uartlite devices are simple fixed speed serial ports.
@@ -1793,7 +1728,7 @@ platforms are moved over to use the flattened-device-tree model.
1793 - reg-offset : A value of 3 is required 1728 - reg-offset : A value of 3 is required
1794 - reg-shift : A value of 2 is required 1729 - reg-shift : A value of 2 is required
1795 1730
1796 f) USB EHCI controllers 1731 e) USB EHCI controllers
1797 1732
1798 Required properties: 1733 Required properties:
1799 - compatible : should be "usb-ehci". 1734 - compatible : should be "usb-ehci".
@@ -1819,7 +1754,7 @@ platforms are moved over to use the flattened-device-tree model.
1819 big-endian; 1754 big-endian;
1820 }; 1755 };
1821 1756
1822 g) MDIO on GPIOs 1757 f) MDIO on GPIOs
1823 1758
1824 Currently defined compatibles: 1759 Currently defined compatibles:
1825 - virtual,gpio-mdio 1760 - virtual,gpio-mdio
@@ -1839,7 +1774,7 @@ platforms are moved over to use the flattened-device-tree model.
1839 &qe_pio_c 6>; 1774 &qe_pio_c 6>;
1840 }; 1775 };
1841 1776
1842 h) SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) busses 1777 g) SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) busses
1843 1778
1844 SPI busses can be described with a node for the SPI master device 1779 SPI busses can be described with a node for the SPI master device
1845 and a set of child nodes for each SPI slave on the bus. For this 1780 and a set of child nodes for each SPI slave on the bus. For this
diff --git a/Documentation/powerpc/dts-bindings/fsl/i2c.txt b/Documentation/powerpc/dts-bindings/fsl/i2c.txt
index d0ab33e21fe6..b6d2e21474f9 100644
--- a/Documentation/powerpc/dts-bindings/fsl/i2c.txt
+++ b/Documentation/powerpc/dts-bindings/fsl/i2c.txt
@@ -7,8 +7,10 @@ Required properties :
7 7
8Recommended properties : 8Recommended properties :
9 9
10 - compatible : Should be "fsl-i2c" for parts compatible with 10 - compatible : compatibility list with 2 entries, the first should
11 Freescale I2C specifications. 11 be "fsl,CHIP-i2c" where CHIP is the name of a compatible processor,
12 e.g. mpc8313, mpc8543, mpc8544, mpc5200 or mpc5200b. The second one
13 should be "fsl-i2c".
12 - interrupts : <a b> where a is the interrupt number and b is a 14 - interrupts : <a b> where a is the interrupt number and b is a
13 field that represents an encoding of the sense and level 15 field that represents an encoding of the sense and level
14 information for the interrupt. This should be encoded based on 16 information for the interrupt. This should be encoded based on
@@ -16,17 +18,31 @@ Recommended properties :
16 controller you have. 18 controller you have.
17 - interrupt-parent : the phandle for the interrupt controller that 19 - interrupt-parent : the phandle for the interrupt controller that
18 services interrupts for this device. 20 services interrupts for this device.
19 - dfsrr : boolean; if defined, indicates that this I2C device has 21 - fsl,preserve-clocking : boolean; if defined, the clock settings
20 a digital filter sampling rate register 22 from the bootloader are preserved (not touched).
21 - fsl5200-clocking : boolean; if defined, indicated that this device 23 - clock-frequency : desired I2C bus clock frequency in Hz.
22 uses the FSL 5200 clocking mechanism. 24
23 25Examples :
24Example : 26
25 i2c@3000 { 27 i2c@3d00 {
26 interrupt-parent = <40000>; 28 #address-cells = <1>;
27 interrupts = <1b 3>; 29 #size-cells = <0>;
28 reg = <3000 18>; 30 compatible = "fsl,mpc5200b-i2c","fsl,mpc5200-i2c","fsl-i2c";
29 device_type = "i2c"; 31 cell-index = <0>;
30 compatible = "fsl-i2c"; 32 reg = <0x3d00 0x40>;
31 dfsrr; 33 interrupts = <2 15 0>;
34 interrupt-parent = <&mpc5200_pic>;
35 fsl,preserve-clocking;
32 }; 36 };
37
38 i2c@3100 {
39 #address-cells = <1>;
40 #size-cells = <0>;
41 cell-index = <1>;
42 compatible = "fsl,mpc8544-i2c", "fsl-i2c";
43 reg = <0x3100 0x100>;
44 interrupts = <43 2>;
45 interrupt-parent = <&mpic>;
46 clock-frequency = <400000>;
47 };
48
diff --git a/Documentation/powerpc/dts-bindings/fsl/upm-nand.txt b/Documentation/powerpc/dts-bindings/fsl/upm-nand.txt
index 84a04d5eb8e6..a48b2cadc7f0 100644
--- a/Documentation/powerpc/dts-bindings/fsl/upm-nand.txt
+++ b/Documentation/powerpc/dts-bindings/fsl/upm-nand.txt
@@ -5,9 +5,21 @@ Required properties:
5- reg : should specify localbus chip select and size used for the chip. 5- reg : should specify localbus chip select and size used for the chip.
6- fsl,upm-addr-offset : UPM pattern offset for the address latch. 6- fsl,upm-addr-offset : UPM pattern offset for the address latch.
7- fsl,upm-cmd-offset : UPM pattern offset for the command latch. 7- fsl,upm-cmd-offset : UPM pattern offset for the command latch.
8- gpios : may specify optional GPIO connected to the Ready-Not-Busy pin.
9 8
10Example: 9Optional properties:
10- fsl,upm-wait-flags : add chip-dependent short delays after running the
11 UPM pattern (0x1), after writing a data byte (0x2) or after
12 writing out a buffer (0x4).
13- fsl,upm-addr-line-cs-offsets : address offsets for multi-chip support.
14 The corresponding address lines are used to select the chip.
15- gpios : may specify optional GPIOs connected to the Ready-Not-Busy pins
16 (R/B#). For multi-chip devices, "n" GPIO definitions are required
17 according to the number of chips.
18- chip-delay : chip dependent delay for transfering data from array to
19 read registers (tR). Required if property "gpios" is not used
20 (R/B# pins not connected).
21
22Examples:
11 23
12upm@1,0 { 24upm@1,0 {
13 compatible = "fsl,upm-nand"; 25 compatible = "fsl,upm-nand";
@@ -26,3 +38,26 @@ upm@1,0 {
26 }; 38 };
27 }; 39 };
28}; 40};
41
42upm@3,0 {
43 #address-cells = <0>;
44 #size-cells = <0>;
45 compatible = "tqc,tqm8548-upm-nand", "fsl,upm-nand";
46 reg = <3 0x0 0x800>;
47 fsl,upm-addr-offset = <0x10>;
48 fsl,upm-cmd-offset = <0x08>;
49 /* Multi-chip NAND device */
50 fsl,upm-addr-line-cs-offsets = <0x0 0x200>;
51 fsl,upm-wait-flags = <0x5>;
52 chip-delay = <25>; // in micro-seconds
53
54 nand@0 {
55 #address-cells = <1>;
56 #size-cells = <1>;
57
58 partition@0 {
59 label = "fs";
60 reg = <0x00000000 0x10000000>;
61 };
62 };
63};
diff --git a/Documentation/powerpc/dts-bindings/gpio/led.txt b/Documentation/powerpc/dts-bindings/gpio/led.txt
index ff51f4c0fa9d..4fe14deedc0a 100644
--- a/Documentation/powerpc/dts-bindings/gpio/led.txt
+++ b/Documentation/powerpc/dts-bindings/gpio/led.txt
@@ -1,15 +1,43 @@
1LED connected to GPIO 1LEDs connected to GPIO lines
2 2
3Required properties: 3Required properties:
4- compatible : should be "gpio-led". 4- compatible : should be "gpio-leds".
5- label : (optional) the label for this LED. If omitted, the label is 5
6Each LED is represented as a sub-node of the gpio-leds device. Each
7node's name represents the name of the corresponding LED.
8
9LED sub-node properties:
10- gpios : Should specify the LED's GPIO, see "Specifying GPIO information
11 for devices" in Documentation/powerpc/booting-without-of.txt. Active
12 low LEDs should be indicated using flags in the GPIO specifier.
13- label : (optional) The label for this LED. If omitted, the label is
6 taken from the node name (excluding the unit address). 14 taken from the node name (excluding the unit address).
7- gpios : should specify LED GPIO. 15- linux,default-trigger : (optional) This parameter, if present, is a
16 string defining the trigger assigned to the LED. Current triggers are:
17 "backlight" - LED will act as a back-light, controlled by the framebuffer
18 system
19 "default-on" - LED will turn on
20 "heartbeat" - LED "double" flashes at a load average based rate
21 "ide-disk" - LED indicates disk activity
22 "timer" - LED flashes at a fixed, configurable rate
8 23
9Example: 24Examples:
10 25
11led@0 { 26leds {
12 compatible = "gpio-led"; 27 compatible = "gpio-leds";
13 label = "hdd"; 28 hdd {
14 gpios = <&mcu_pio 0 1>; 29 label = "IDE Activity";
30 gpios = <&mcu_pio 0 1>; /* Active low */
31 linux,default-trigger = "ide-disk";
32 };
15}; 33};
34
35run-control {
36 compatible = "gpio-leds";
37 red {
38 gpios = <&mpc8572 6 0>;
39 };
40 green {
41 gpios = <&mpc8572 7 0>;
42 };
43}
diff --git a/Documentation/powerpc/dts-bindings/mtd-physmap.txt b/Documentation/powerpc/dts-bindings/mtd-physmap.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..667c9bde8699
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/powerpc/dts-bindings/mtd-physmap.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
1CFI or JEDEC memory-mapped NOR flash
2
3Flash chips (Memory Technology Devices) are often used for solid state
4file systems on embedded devices.
5
6 - compatible : should contain the specific model of flash chip(s)
7 used, if known, followed by either "cfi-flash" or "jedec-flash"
8 - reg : Address range(s) of the flash chip(s)
9 It's possible to (optionally) define multiple "reg" tuples so that
10 non-identical NOR chips can be described in one flash node.
11 - bank-width : Width (in bytes) of the flash bank. Equal to the
12 device width times the number of interleaved chips.
13 - device-width : (optional) Width of a single flash chip. If
14 omitted, assumed to be equal to 'bank-width'.
15 - #address-cells, #size-cells : Must be present if the flash has
16 sub-nodes representing partitions (see below). In this case
17 both #address-cells and #size-cells must be equal to 1.
18
19For JEDEC compatible devices, the following additional properties
20are defined:
21
22 - vendor-id : Contains the flash chip's vendor id (1 byte).
23 - device-id : Contains the flash chip's device id (1 byte).
24
25In addition to the information on the flash bank itself, the
26device tree may optionally contain additional information
27describing partitions of the flash address space. This can be
28used on platforms which have strong conventions about which
29portions of the flash are used for what purposes, but which don't
30use an on-flash partition table such as RedBoot.
31
32Each partition is represented as a sub-node of the flash device.
33Each node's name represents the name of the corresponding
34partition of the flash device.
35
36Flash partitions
37 - reg : The partition's offset and size within the flash bank.
38 - label : (optional) The label / name for this flash partition.
39 If omitted, the label is taken from the node name (excluding
40 the unit address).
41 - read-only : (optional) This parameter, if present, is a hint to
42 Linux that this flash partition should only be mounted
43 read-only. This is usually used for flash partitions
44 containing early-boot firmware images or data which should not
45 be clobbered.
46
47Example:
48
49 flash@ff000000 {
50 compatible = "amd,am29lv128ml", "cfi-flash";
51 reg = <ff000000 01000000>;
52 bank-width = <4>;
53 device-width = <1>;
54 #address-cells = <1>;
55 #size-cells = <1>;
56 fs@0 {
57 label = "fs";
58 reg = <0 f80000>;
59 };
60 firmware@f80000 {
61 label ="firmware";
62 reg = <f80000 80000>;
63 read-only;
64 };
65 };
66
67Here an example with multiple "reg" tuples:
68
69 flash@f0000000,0 {
70 #address-cells = <1>;
71 #size-cells = <1>;
72 compatible = "intel,PC48F4400P0VB", "cfi-flash";
73 reg = <0 0x00000000 0x02000000
74 0 0x02000000 0x02000000>;
75 bank-width = <2>;
76 partition@0 {
77 label = "test-part1";
78 reg = <0 0x04000000>;
79 };
80 };
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/aacraid.txt b/Documentation/scsi/aacraid.txt
index ddace3afc83b..30f643f611b2 100644
--- a/Documentation/scsi/aacraid.txt
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/aacraid.txt
@@ -60,17 +60,9 @@ Supported Cards/Chipsets
60 9005:0285:9005:02d5 Adaptec ASR-2405 (Voodoo40 Lite) 60 9005:0285:9005:02d5 Adaptec ASR-2405 (Voodoo40 Lite)
61 9005:0285:9005:02d6 Adaptec ASR-2445 (Voodoo44 Lite) 61 9005:0285:9005:02d6 Adaptec ASR-2445 (Voodoo44 Lite)
62 9005:0285:9005:02d7 Adaptec ASR-2805 (Voodoo80 Lite) 62 9005:0285:9005:02d7 Adaptec ASR-2805 (Voodoo80 Lite)
63 9005:0285:9005:02d8 Adaptec 5405G (Voodoo40 PM) 63 9005:0285:9005:02d8 Adaptec 5405Z (Voodoo40 BLBU)
64 9005:0285:9005:02d9 Adaptec 5445G (Voodoo44 PM) 64 9005:0285:9005:02d9 Adaptec 5445Z (Voodoo44 BLBU)
65 9005:0285:9005:02da Adaptec 5805G (Voodoo80 PM) 65 9005:0285:9005:02da Adaptec 5805Z (Voodoo80 BLBU)
66 9005:0285:9005:02db Adaptec 5085G (Voodoo08 PM)
67 9005:0285:9005:02dc Adaptec 51245G (Voodoo124 PM)
68 9005:0285:9005:02dd Adaptec 51645G (Voodoo164 PM)
69 9005:0285:9005:02de Adaptec 52445G (Voodoo244 PM)
70 9005:0285:9005:02df Adaptec ASR-2045G (Voodoo04 Lite PM)
71 9005:0285:9005:02e0 Adaptec ASR-2405G (Voodoo40 Lite PM)
72 9005:0285:9005:02e1 Adaptec ASR-2445G (Voodoo44 Lite PM)
73 9005:0285:9005:02e2 Adaptec ASR-2805G (Voodoo80 Lite PM)
74 1011:0046:9005:0364 Adaptec 5400S (Mustang) 66 1011:0046:9005:0364 Adaptec 5400S (Mustang)
75 1011:0046:9005:0365 Adaptec 5400S (Mustang) 67 1011:0046:9005:0365 Adaptec 5400S (Mustang)
76 9005:0287:9005:0800 Adaptec Themisto (Jupiter) 68 9005:0287:9005:0800 Adaptec Themisto (Jupiter)
@@ -140,6 +132,7 @@ Deanna Bonds (non-DASD support, PAE fibs and 64 bit,
140 where fibs that go to the hardware are consistently called hw_fibs and 132 where fibs that go to the hardware are consistently called hw_fibs and
141 not just fibs like the name of the driver tracking structure) 133 not just fibs like the name of the driver tracking structure)
142Mark Salyzyn <Mark_Salyzyn@adaptec.com> Fixed panic issues and added some new product ids for upcoming hbas. Performance tuning, card failover and bug mitigations. 134Mark Salyzyn <Mark_Salyzyn@adaptec.com> Fixed panic issues and added some new product ids for upcoming hbas. Performance tuning, card failover and bug mitigations.
135Achim Leubner <Achim_Leubner@adaptec.com>
143 136
144Original Driver 137Original Driver
145------------------------- 138-------------------------
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/HD-Audio.txt b/Documentation/sound/alsa/HD-Audio.txt
index c5948f2f9a25..88b7433d2f11 100644
--- a/Documentation/sound/alsa/HD-Audio.txt
+++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/HD-Audio.txt
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ PCI SSID look-up.
169What `model` option values are available depends on the codec chip. 169What `model` option values are available depends on the codec chip.
170Check your codec chip from the codec proc file (see "Codec Proc-File" 170Check your codec chip from the codec proc file (see "Codec Proc-File"
171section below). It will show the vendor/product name of your codec 171section below). It will show the vendor/product name of your codec
172chip. Then, see Documentation/sound/alsa/HD-Audio-Modelstxt file, 172chip. Then, see Documentation/sound/alsa/HD-Audio-Models.txt file,
173the section of HD-audio driver. You can find a list of codecs 173the section of HD-audio driver. You can find a list of codecs
174and `model` options belonging to each codec. For example, for Realtek 174and `model` options belonging to each codec. For example, for Realtek
175ALC262 codec chip, pass `model=ultra` for devices that are compatible 175ALC262 codec chip, pass `model=ultra` for devices that are compatible
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ with Samsung Q1 Ultra.
177 177
178Thus, the first thing you can do for any brand-new, unsupported and 178Thus, the first thing you can do for any brand-new, unsupported and
179non-working HD-audio hardware is to check HD-audio codec and several 179non-working HD-audio hardware is to check HD-audio codec and several
180different `model` option values. If you have a luck, some of them 180different `model` option values. If you have any luck, some of them
181might suit with your device well. 181might suit with your device well.
182 182
183Some codecs such as ALC880 have a special model option `model=test`. 183Some codecs such as ALC880 have a special model option `model=test`.
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/jack.txt b/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/jack.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..fcf82a417293
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/jack.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
1ASoC jack detection
2===================
3
4ALSA has a standard API for representing physical jacks to user space,
5the kernel side of which can be seen in include/sound/jack.h. ASoC
6provides a version of this API adding two additional features:
7
8 - It allows more than one jack detection method to work together on one
9 user visible jack. In embedded systems it is common for multiple
10 to be present on a single jack but handled by separate bits of
11 hardware.
12
13 - Integration with DAPM, allowing DAPM endpoints to be updated
14 automatically based on the detected jack status (eg, turning off the
15 headphone outputs if no headphones are present).
16
17This is done by splitting the jacks up into three things working
18together: the jack itself represented by a struct snd_soc_jack, sets of
19snd_soc_jack_pins representing DAPM endpoints to update and blocks of
20code providing jack reporting mechanisms.
21
22For example, a system may have a stereo headset jack with two reporting
23mechanisms, one for the headphone and one for the microphone. Some
24systems won't be able to use their speaker output while a headphone is
25connected and so will want to make sure to update both speaker and
26headphone when the headphone jack status changes.
27
28The jack - struct snd_soc_jack
29==============================
30
31This represents a physical jack on the system and is what is visible to
32user space. The jack itself is completely passive, it is set up by the
33machine driver and updated by jack detection methods.
34
35Jacks are created by the machine driver calling snd_soc_jack_new().
36
37snd_soc_jack_pin
38================
39
40These represent a DAPM pin to update depending on some of the status
41bits supported by the jack. Each snd_soc_jack has zero or more of these
42which are updated automatically. They are created by the machine driver
43and associated with the jack using snd_soc_jack_add_pins(). The status
44of the endpoint may configured to be the opposite of the jack status if
45required (eg, enabling a built in microphone if a microphone is not
46connected via a jack).
47
48Jack detection methods
49======================
50
51Actual jack detection is done by code which is able to monitor some
52input to the system and update a jack by calling snd_soc_jack_report(),
53specifying a subset of bits to update. The jack detection code should
54be set up by the machine driver, taking configuration for the jack to
55update and the set of things to report when the jack is connected.
56
57Often this is done based on the status of a GPIO - a handler for this is
58provided by the snd_soc_jack_add_gpio() function. Other methods are
59also available, for example integrated into CODECs. One example of
60CODEC integrated jack detection can be see in the WM8350 driver.
61
62Each jack may have multiple reporting mechanisms, though it will need at
63least one to be useful.
64
65Machine drivers
66===============
67
68These are all hooked together by the machine driver depending on the
69system hardware. The machine driver will set up the snd_soc_jack and
70the list of pins to update then set up one or more jack detection
71mechanisms to update that jack based on their current status.
diff --git a/Documentation/sparse.txt b/Documentation/sparse.txt
index 42f43fa59f24..34c76a55bc04 100644
--- a/Documentation/sparse.txt
+++ b/Documentation/sparse.txt
@@ -42,6 +42,14 @@ sure that bitwise types don't get mixed up (little-endian vs big-endian
42vs cpu-endian vs whatever), and there the constant "0" really _is_ 42vs cpu-endian vs whatever), and there the constant "0" really _is_
43special. 43special.
44 44
45__bitwise__ - to be used for relatively compact stuff (gfp_t, etc.) that
46is mostly warning-free and is supposed to stay that way. Warnings will
47be generated without __CHECK_ENDIAN__.
48
49__bitwise - noisy stuff; in particular, __le*/__be* are that. We really
50don't want to drown in noise unless we'd explicitly asked for it.
51
52
45Getting sparse 53Getting sparse
46~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 54~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
47 55
diff --git a/Documentation/spi/spi-summary b/Documentation/spi/spi-summary
index 0f5122eb282b..4a02d2508bc8 100644
--- a/Documentation/spi/spi-summary
+++ b/Documentation/spi/spi-summary
@@ -511,10 +511,16 @@ SPI MASTER METHODS
511 This sets up the device clock rate, SPI mode, and word sizes. 511 This sets up the device clock rate, SPI mode, and word sizes.
512 Drivers may change the defaults provided by board_info, and then 512 Drivers may change the defaults provided by board_info, and then
513 call spi_setup(spi) to invoke this routine. It may sleep. 513 call spi_setup(spi) to invoke this routine. It may sleep.
514
514 Unless each SPI slave has its own configuration registers, don't 515 Unless each SPI slave has its own configuration registers, don't
515 change them right away ... otherwise drivers could corrupt I/O 516 change them right away ... otherwise drivers could corrupt I/O
516 that's in progress for other SPI devices. 517 that's in progress for other SPI devices.
517 518
519 ** BUG ALERT: for some reason the first version of
520 ** many spi_master drivers seems to get this wrong.
521 ** When you code setup(), ASSUME that the controller
522 ** is actively processing transfers for another device.
523
518 master->transfer(struct spi_device *spi, struct spi_message *message) 524 master->transfer(struct spi_device *spi, struct spi_message *message)
519 This must not sleep. Its responsibility is arrange that the 525 This must not sleep. Its responsibility is arrange that the
520 transfer happens and its complete() callback is issued. The two 526 transfer happens and its complete() callback is issued. The two
diff --git a/Documentation/sysctl/net.txt b/Documentation/sysctl/net.txt
index a34d55b65441..df38ef046f8d 100644
--- a/Documentation/sysctl/net.txt
+++ b/Documentation/sysctl/net.txt
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ of struct cmsghdr structures with appended data.
95 95
96There is only one file in this directory. 96There is only one file in this directory.
97unix_dgram_qlen limits the max number of datagrams queued in Unix domain 97unix_dgram_qlen limits the max number of datagrams queued in Unix domain
98socket's buffer. It will not take effect unless PF_UNIX flag is spicified. 98socket's buffer. It will not take effect unless PF_UNIX flag is specified.
99 99
100 100
1013. /proc/sys/net/ipv4 - IPV4 settings 1013. /proc/sys/net/ipv4 - IPV4 settings
diff --git a/Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt b/Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt
index 3197fc83bc51..c302ddf629a0 100644
--- a/Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt
+++ b/Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt
@@ -88,6 +88,10 @@ will itself start writeback.
88If dirty_bytes is written, dirty_ratio becomes a function of its value 88If dirty_bytes is written, dirty_ratio becomes a function of its value
89(dirty_bytes / the amount of dirtyable system memory). 89(dirty_bytes / the amount of dirtyable system memory).
90 90
91Note: the minimum value allowed for dirty_bytes is two pages (in bytes); any
92value lower than this limit will be ignored and the old configuration will be
93retained.
94
91============================================================== 95==============================================================
92 96
93dirty_expire_centisecs 97dirty_expire_centisecs
diff --git a/Documentation/sysfs-rules.txt b/Documentation/sysfs-rules.txt
index 6049a2a84dda..5d8bc2cd250c 100644
--- a/Documentation/sysfs-rules.txt
+++ b/Documentation/sysfs-rules.txt
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ versions of the sysfs interface.
113 "devices" directory at /sys/subsystem/<name>/devices. 113 "devices" directory at /sys/subsystem/<name>/devices.
114 114
115 If /sys/subsystem exists, /sys/bus, /sys/class and /sys/block can be 115 If /sys/subsystem exists, /sys/bus, /sys/class and /sys/block can be
116 ignored. If it does not exist, you have always to scan all three 116 ignored. If it does not exist, you always have to scan all three
117 places, as the kernel is free to move a subsystem from one place to 117 places, as the kernel is free to move a subsystem from one place to
118 the other, as long as the devices are still reachable by the same 118 the other, as long as the devices are still reachable by the same
119 subsystem name. 119 subsystem name.
diff --git a/Documentation/sysrq.txt b/Documentation/sysrq.txt
index afa2946892da..cf42b820ff9d 100644
--- a/Documentation/sysrq.txt
+++ b/Documentation/sysrq.txt
@@ -115,6 +115,8 @@ On all - write a character to /proc/sysrq-trigger. e.g.:
115 115
116'x' - Used by xmon interface on ppc/powerpc platforms. 116'x' - Used by xmon interface on ppc/powerpc platforms.
117 117
118'z' - Dump the ftrace buffer
119
118'0'-'9' - Sets the console log level, controlling which kernel messages 120'0'-'9' - Sets the console log level, controlling which kernel messages
119 will be printed to your console. ('0', for example would make 121 will be printed to your console. ('0', for example would make
120 it so that only emergency messages like PANICs or OOPSes would 122 it so that only emergency messages like PANICs or OOPSes would
diff --git a/Documentation/tomoyo.txt b/Documentation/tomoyo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b3a232cae7f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/tomoyo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
1--- What is TOMOYO? ---
2
3TOMOYO is a name-based MAC extension (LSM module) for the Linux kernel.
4
5LiveCD-based tutorials are available at
6http://tomoyo.sourceforge.jp/en/1.6.x/1st-step/ubuntu8.04-live/
7http://tomoyo.sourceforge.jp/en/1.6.x/1st-step/centos5-live/ .
8Though these tutorials use non-LSM version of TOMOYO, they are useful for you
9to know what TOMOYO is.
10
11--- How to enable TOMOYO? ---
12
13Build the kernel with CONFIG_SECURITY_TOMOYO=y and pass "security=tomoyo" on
14kernel's command line.
15
16Please see http://tomoyo.sourceforge.jp/en/2.2.x/ for details.
17
18--- Where is documentation? ---
19
20User <-> Kernel interface documentation is available at
21http://tomoyo.sourceforge.jp/en/2.2.x/policy-reference.html .
22
23Materials we prepared for seminars and symposiums are available at
24http://sourceforge.jp/projects/tomoyo/docs/?category_id=532&language_id=1 .
25Below lists are chosen from three aspects.
26
27What is TOMOYO?
28 TOMOYO Linux Overview
29 http://sourceforge.jp/projects/tomoyo/docs/lca2009-takeda.pdf
30 TOMOYO Linux: pragmatic and manageable security for Linux
31 http://sourceforge.jp/projects/tomoyo/docs/freedomhectaipei-tomoyo.pdf
32 TOMOYO Linux: A Practical Method to Understand and Protect Your Own Linux Box
33 http://sourceforge.jp/projects/tomoyo/docs/PacSec2007-en-no-demo.pdf
34
35What can TOMOYO do?
36 Deep inside TOMOYO Linux
37 http://sourceforge.jp/projects/tomoyo/docs/lca2009-kumaneko.pdf
38 The role of "pathname based access control" in security.
39 http://sourceforge.jp/projects/tomoyo/docs/lfj2008-bof.pdf
40
41History of TOMOYO?
42 Realities of Mainlining
43 http://sourceforge.jp/projects/tomoyo/docs/lfj2008.pdf
44
45--- What is future plan? ---
46
47We believe that inode based security and name based security are complementary
48and both should be used together. But unfortunately, so far, we cannot enable
49multiple LSM modules at the same time. We feel sorry that you have to give up
50SELinux/SMACK/AppArmor etc. when you want to use TOMOYO.
51
52We hope that LSM becomes stackable in future. Meanwhile, you can use non-LSM
53version of TOMOYO, available at http://tomoyo.sourceforge.jp/en/1.6.x/ .
54LSM version of TOMOYO is a subset of non-LSM version of TOMOYO. We are planning
55to port non-LSM version's functionalities to LSM versions.
diff --git a/Documentation/ftrace.txt b/Documentation/trace/ftrace.txt
index 803b1318b13d..fd9a3e693813 100644
--- a/Documentation/ftrace.txt
+++ b/Documentation/trace/ftrace.txt
@@ -15,31 +15,31 @@ Introduction
15 15
16Ftrace is an internal tracer designed to help out developers and 16Ftrace is an internal tracer designed to help out developers and
17designers of systems to find what is going on inside the kernel. 17designers of systems to find what is going on inside the kernel.
18It can be used for debugging or analyzing latencies and performance 18It can be used for debugging or analyzing latencies and
19issues that take place outside of user-space. 19performance issues that take place outside of user-space.
20 20
21Although ftrace is the function tracer, it also includes an 21Although ftrace is the function tracer, it also includes an
22infrastructure that allows for other types of tracing. Some of the 22infrastructure that allows for other types of tracing. Some of
23tracers that are currently in ftrace include a tracer to trace 23the tracers that are currently in ftrace include a tracer to
24context switches, the time it takes for a high priority task to 24trace context switches, the time it takes for a high priority
25run after it was woken up, the time interrupts are disabled, and 25task to run after it was woken up, the time interrupts are
26more (ftrace allows for tracer plugins, which means that the list of 26disabled, and more (ftrace allows for tracer plugins, which
27tracers can always grow). 27means that the list of tracers can always grow).
28 28
29 29
30The File System 30The File System
31--------------- 31---------------
32 32
33Ftrace uses the debugfs file system to hold the control files as well 33Ftrace uses the debugfs file system to hold the control files as
34as the files to display output. 34well as the files to display output.
35 35
36To mount the debugfs system: 36To mount the debugfs system:
37 37
38 # mkdir /debug 38 # mkdir /debug
39 # mount -t debugfs nodev /debug 39 # mount -t debugfs nodev /debug
40 40
41(Note: it is more common to mount at /sys/kernel/debug, but for simplicity 41( Note: it is more common to mount at /sys/kernel/debug, but for
42 this document will use /debug) 42 simplicity this document will use /debug)
43 43
44That's it! (assuming that you have ftrace configured into your kernel) 44That's it! (assuming that you have ftrace configured into your kernel)
45 45
@@ -50,90 +50,124 @@ of ftrace. Here is a list of some of the key files:
50 50
51 Note: all time values are in microseconds. 51 Note: all time values are in microseconds.
52 52
53 current_tracer: This is used to set or display the current tracer 53 current_tracer:
54 that is configured. 54
55 55 This is used to set or display the current tracer
56 available_tracers: This holds the different types of tracers that 56 that is configured.
57 have been compiled into the kernel. The tracers 57
58 listed here can be configured by echoing their name 58 available_tracers:
59 into current_tracer. 59
60 60 This holds the different types of tracers that
61 tracing_enabled: This sets or displays whether the current_tracer 61 have been compiled into the kernel. The
62 is activated and tracing or not. Echo 0 into this 62 tracers listed here can be configured by
63 file to disable the tracer or 1 to enable it. 63 echoing their name into current_tracer.
64 64
65 trace: This file holds the output of the trace in a human readable 65 tracing_enabled:
66 format (described below). 66
67 67 This sets or displays whether the current_tracer
68 latency_trace: This file shows the same trace but the information 68 is activated and tracing or not. Echo 0 into this
69 is organized more to display possible latencies 69 file to disable the tracer or 1 to enable it.
70 in the system (described below). 70
71 71 trace:
72 trace_pipe: The output is the same as the "trace" file but this 72
73 file is meant to be streamed with live tracing. 73 This file holds the output of the trace in a human
74 Reads from this file will block until new data 74 readable format (described below).
75 is retrieved. Unlike the "trace" and "latency_trace" 75
76 files, this file is a consumer. This means reading 76 latency_trace:
77 from this file causes sequential reads to display 77
78 more current data. Once data is read from this 78 This file shows the same trace but the information
79 file, it is consumed, and will not be read 79 is organized more to display possible latencies
80 again with a sequential read. The "trace" and 80 in the system (described below).
81 "latency_trace" files are static, and if the 81
82 tracer is not adding more data, they will display 82 trace_pipe:
83 the same information every time they are read. 83
84 84 The output is the same as the "trace" file but this
85 trace_options: This file lets the user control the amount of data 85 file is meant to be streamed with live tracing.
86 that is displayed in one of the above output 86 Reads from this file will block until new data
87 files. 87 is retrieved. Unlike the "trace" and "latency_trace"
88 88 files, this file is a consumer. This means reading
89 trace_max_latency: Some of the tracers record the max latency. 89 from this file causes sequential reads to display
90 For example, the time interrupts are disabled. 90 more current data. Once data is read from this
91 This time is saved in this file. The max trace 91 file, it is consumed, and will not be read
92 will also be stored, and displayed by either 92 again with a sequential read. The "trace" and
93 "trace" or "latency_trace". A new max trace will 93 "latency_trace" files are static, and if the
94 only be recorded if the latency is greater than 94 tracer is not adding more data, they will display
95 the value in this file. (in microseconds) 95 the same information every time they are read.
96 96
97 buffer_size_kb: This sets or displays the number of kilobytes each CPU 97 trace_options:
98 buffer can hold. The tracer buffers are the same size 98
99 for each CPU. The displayed number is the size of the 99 This file lets the user control the amount of data
100 CPU buffer and not total size of all buffers. The 100 that is displayed in one of the above output
101 trace buffers are allocated in pages (blocks of memory 101 files.
102 that the kernel uses for allocation, usually 4 KB in size). 102
103 If the last page allocated has room for more bytes 103 tracing_max_latency:
104 than requested, the rest of the page will be used, 104
105 making the actual allocation bigger than requested. 105 Some of the tracers record the max latency.
106 (Note, the size may not be a multiple of the page size due 106 For example, the time interrupts are disabled.
107 to buffer managment overhead.) 107 This time is saved in this file. The max trace
108 108 will also be stored, and displayed by either
109 This can only be updated when the current_tracer 109 "trace" or "latency_trace". A new max trace will
110 is set to "nop". 110 only be recorded if the latency is greater than
111 111 the value in this file. (in microseconds)
112 tracing_cpumask: This is a mask that lets the user only trace 112
113 on specified CPUS. The format is a hex string 113 buffer_size_kb:
114 representing the CPUS. 114
115 115 This sets or displays the number of kilobytes each CPU
116 set_ftrace_filter: When dynamic ftrace is configured in (see the 116 buffer can hold. The tracer buffers are the same size
117 section below "dynamic ftrace"), the code is dynamically 117 for each CPU. The displayed number is the size of the
118 modified (code text rewrite) to disable calling of the 118 CPU buffer and not total size of all buffers. The
119 function profiler (mcount). This lets tracing be configured 119 trace buffers are allocated in pages (blocks of memory
120 in with practically no overhead in performance. This also 120 that the kernel uses for allocation, usually 4 KB in size).
121 has a side effect of enabling or disabling specific functions 121 If the last page allocated has room for more bytes
122 to be traced. Echoing names of functions into this file 122 than requested, the rest of the page will be used,
123 will limit the trace to only those functions. 123 making the actual allocation bigger than requested.
124 124 ( Note, the size may not be a multiple of the page size
125 set_ftrace_notrace: This has an effect opposite to that of 125 due to buffer managment overhead. )
126 set_ftrace_filter. Any function that is added here will not 126
127 be traced. If a function exists in both set_ftrace_filter 127 This can only be updated when the current_tracer
128 and set_ftrace_notrace, the function will _not_ be traced. 128 is set to "nop".
129 129
130 set_ftrace_pid: Have the function tracer only trace a single thread. 130 tracing_cpumask:
131 131
132 available_filter_functions: This lists the functions that ftrace 132 This is a mask that lets the user only trace
133 has processed and can trace. These are the function 133 on specified CPUS. The format is a hex string
134 names that you can pass to "set_ftrace_filter" or 134 representing the CPUS.
135 "set_ftrace_notrace". (See the section "dynamic ftrace" 135
136 below for more details.) 136 set_ftrace_filter:
137
138 When dynamic ftrace is configured in (see the
139 section below "dynamic ftrace"), the code is dynamically
140 modified (code text rewrite) to disable calling of the
141 function profiler (mcount). This lets tracing be configured
142 in with practically no overhead in performance. This also
143 has a side effect of enabling or disabling specific functions
144 to be traced. Echoing names of functions into this file
145 will limit the trace to only those functions.
146
147 set_ftrace_notrace:
148
149 This has an effect opposite to that of
150 set_ftrace_filter. Any function that is added here will not
151 be traced. If a function exists in both set_ftrace_filter
152 and set_ftrace_notrace, the function will _not_ be traced.
153
154 set_ftrace_pid:
155
156 Have the function tracer only trace a single thread.
157
158 set_graph_function:
159
160 Set a "trigger" function where tracing should start
161 with the function graph tracer (See the section
162 "dynamic ftrace" for more details).
163
164 available_filter_functions:
165
166 This lists the functions that ftrace
167 has processed and can trace. These are the function
168 names that you can pass to "set_ftrace_filter" or
169 "set_ftrace_notrace". (See the section "dynamic ftrace"
170 below for more details.)
137 171
138 172
139The Tracers 173The Tracers
@@ -141,36 +175,66 @@ The Tracers
141 175
142Here is the list of current tracers that may be configured. 176Here is the list of current tracers that may be configured.
143 177
144 function - function tracer that uses mcount to trace all functions. 178 "function"
179
180 Function call tracer to trace all kernel functions.
181
182 "function_graph_tracer"
183
184 Similar to the function tracer except that the
185 function tracer probes the functions on their entry
186 whereas the function graph tracer traces on both entry
187 and exit of the functions. It then provides the ability
188 to draw a graph of function calls similar to C code
189 source.
145 190
146 sched_switch - traces the context switches between tasks. 191 "sched_switch"
147 192
148 irqsoff - traces the areas that disable interrupts and saves 193 Traces the context switches and wakeups between tasks.
149 the trace with the longest max latency.
150 See tracing_max_latency. When a new max is recorded,
151 it replaces the old trace. It is best to view this
152 trace via the latency_trace file.
153 194
154 preemptoff - Similar to irqsoff but traces and records the amount of 195 "irqsoff"
155 time for which preemption is disabled.
156 196
157 preemptirqsoff - Similar to irqsoff and preemptoff, but traces and 197 Traces the areas that disable interrupts and saves
158 records the largest time for which irqs and/or preemption 198 the trace with the longest max latency.
159 is disabled. 199 See tracing_max_latency. When a new max is recorded,
200 it replaces the old trace. It is best to view this
201 trace via the latency_trace file.
160 202
161 wakeup - Traces and records the max latency that it takes for 203 "preemptoff"
162 the highest priority task to get scheduled after
163 it has been woken up.
164 204
165 nop - This is not a tracer. To remove all tracers from tracing 205 Similar to irqsoff but traces and records the amount of
166 simply echo "nop" into current_tracer. 206 time for which preemption is disabled.
207
208 "preemptirqsoff"
209
210 Similar to irqsoff and preemptoff, but traces and
211 records the largest time for which irqs and/or preemption
212 is disabled.
213
214 "wakeup"
215
216 Traces and records the max latency that it takes for
217 the highest priority task to get scheduled after
218 it has been woken up.
219
220 "hw-branch-tracer"
221
222 Uses the BTS CPU feature on x86 CPUs to traces all
223 branches executed.
224
225 "nop"
226
227 This is the "trace nothing" tracer. To remove all
228 tracers from tracing simply echo "nop" into
229 current_tracer.
167 230
168 231
169Examples of using the tracer 232Examples of using the tracer
170---------------------------- 233----------------------------
171 234
172Here are typical examples of using the tracers when controlling them only 235Here are typical examples of using the tracers when controlling
173with the debugfs interface (without using any user-land utilities). 236them only with the debugfs interface (without using any
237user-land utilities).
174 238
175Output format: 239Output format:
176-------------- 240--------------
@@ -187,16 +251,16 @@ Here is an example of the output format of the file "trace"
187 bash-4251 [01] 10152.583855: _atomic_dec_and_lock <-dput 251 bash-4251 [01] 10152.583855: _atomic_dec_and_lock <-dput
188 -------- 252 --------
189 253
190A header is printed with the tracer name that is represented by the trace. 254A header is printed with the tracer name that is represented by
191In this case the tracer is "function". Then a header showing the format. Task 255the trace. In this case the tracer is "function". Then a header
192name "bash", the task PID "4251", the CPU that it was running on 256showing the format. Task name "bash", the task PID "4251", the
193"01", the timestamp in <secs>.<usecs> format, the function name that was 257CPU that it was running on "01", the timestamp in <secs>.<usecs>
194traced "path_put" and the parent function that called this function 258format, the function name that was traced "path_put" and the
195"path_walk". The timestamp is the time at which the function was 259parent function that called this function "path_walk". The
196entered. 260timestamp is the time at which the function was entered.
197 261
198The sched_switch tracer also includes tracing of task wakeups and 262The sched_switch tracer also includes tracing of task wakeups
199context switches. 263and context switches.
200 264
201 ksoftirqd/1-7 [01] 1453.070013: 7:115:R + 2916:115:S 265 ksoftirqd/1-7 [01] 1453.070013: 7:115:R + 2916:115:S
202 ksoftirqd/1-7 [01] 1453.070013: 7:115:R + 10:115:S 266 ksoftirqd/1-7 [01] 1453.070013: 7:115:R + 10:115:S
@@ -205,8 +269,8 @@ context switches.
205 kondemand/1-2916 [01] 1453.070013: 2916:115:S ==> 7:115:R 269 kondemand/1-2916 [01] 1453.070013: 2916:115:S ==> 7:115:R
206 ksoftirqd/1-7 [01] 1453.070013: 7:115:S ==> 0:140:R 270 ksoftirqd/1-7 [01] 1453.070013: 7:115:S ==> 0:140:R
207 271
208Wake ups are represented by a "+" and the context switches are shown as 272Wake ups are represented by a "+" and the context switches are
209"==>". The format is: 273shown as "==>". The format is:
210 274
211 Context switches: 275 Context switches:
212 276
@@ -220,19 +284,20 @@ Wake ups are represented by a "+" and the context switches are shown as
220 284
221 <pid>:<prio>:<state> + <pid>:<prio>:<state> 285 <pid>:<prio>:<state> + <pid>:<prio>:<state>
222 286
223The prio is the internal kernel priority, which is the inverse of the 287The prio is the internal kernel priority, which is the inverse
224priority that is usually displayed by user-space tools. Zero represents 288of the priority that is usually displayed by user-space tools.
225the highest priority (99). Prio 100 starts the "nice" priorities with 289Zero represents the highest priority (99). Prio 100 starts the
226100 being equal to nice -20 and 139 being nice 19. The prio "140" is 290"nice" priorities with 100 being equal to nice -20 and 139 being
227reserved for the idle task which is the lowest priority thread (pid 0). 291nice 19. The prio "140" is reserved for the idle task which is
292the lowest priority thread (pid 0).
228 293
229 294
230Latency trace format 295Latency trace format
231-------------------- 296--------------------
232 297
233For traces that display latency times, the latency_trace file gives 298For traces that display latency times, the latency_trace file
234somewhat more information to see why a latency happened. Here is a typical 299gives somewhat more information to see why a latency happened.
235trace. 300Here is a typical trace.
236 301
237# tracer: irqsoff 302# tracer: irqsoff
238# 303#
@@ -259,20 +324,20 @@ irqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 2.6.26-rc8
259 <idle>-0 0d.s1 98us : trace_hardirqs_on (do_softirq) 324 <idle>-0 0d.s1 98us : trace_hardirqs_on (do_softirq)
260 325
261 326
327This shows that the current tracer is "irqsoff" tracing the time
328for which interrupts were disabled. It gives the trace version
329and the version of the kernel upon which this was executed on
330(2.6.26-rc8). Then it displays the max latency in microsecs (97
331us). The number of trace entries displayed and the total number
332recorded (both are three: #3/3). The type of preemption that was
333used (PREEMPT). VP, KP, SP, and HP are always zero and are
334reserved for later use. #P is the number of online CPUS (#P:2).
262 335
263This shows that the current tracer is "irqsoff" tracing the time for which 336The task is the process that was running when the latency
264interrupts were disabled. It gives the trace version and the version 337occurred. (swapper pid: 0).
265of the kernel upon which this was executed on (2.6.26-rc8). Then it displays
266the max latency in microsecs (97 us). The number of trace entries displayed
267and the total number recorded (both are three: #3/3). The type of
268preemption that was used (PREEMPT). VP, KP, SP, and HP are always zero
269and are reserved for later use. #P is the number of online CPUS (#P:2).
270
271The task is the process that was running when the latency occurred.
272(swapper pid: 0).
273 338
274The start and stop (the functions in which the interrupts were disabled and 339The start and stop (the functions in which the interrupts were
275enabled respectively) that caused the latencies: 340disabled and enabled respectively) that caused the latencies:
276 341
277 apic_timer_interrupt is where the interrupts were disabled. 342 apic_timer_interrupt is where the interrupts were disabled.
278 do_softirq is where they were enabled again. 343 do_softirq is where they were enabled again.
@@ -308,12 +373,12 @@ The above is mostly meaningful for kernel developers.
308 latency_trace file is relative to the start of the trace. 373 latency_trace file is relative to the start of the trace.
309 374
310 delay: This is just to help catch your eye a bit better. And 375 delay: This is just to help catch your eye a bit better. And
311 needs to be fixed to be only relative to the same CPU. 376 needs to be fixed to be only relative to the same CPU.
312 The marks are determined by the difference between this 377 The marks are determined by the difference between this
313 current trace and the next trace. 378 current trace and the next trace.
314 '!' - greater than preempt_mark_thresh (default 100) 379 '!' - greater than preempt_mark_thresh (default 100)
315 '+' - greater than 1 microsecond 380 '+' - greater than 1 microsecond
316 ' ' - less than or equal to 1 microsecond. 381 ' ' - less than or equal to 1 microsecond.
317 382
318 The rest is the same as the 'trace' file. 383 The rest is the same as the 'trace' file.
319 384
@@ -321,14 +386,15 @@ The above is mostly meaningful for kernel developers.
321trace_options 386trace_options
322------------- 387-------------
323 388
324The trace_options file is used to control what gets printed in the trace 389The trace_options file is used to control what gets printed in
325output. To see what is available, simply cat the file: 390the trace output. To see what is available, simply cat the file:
326 391
327 cat /debug/tracing/trace_options 392 cat /debug/tracing/trace_options
328 print-parent nosym-offset nosym-addr noverbose noraw nohex nobin \ 393 print-parent nosym-offset nosym-addr noverbose noraw nohex nobin \
329 noblock nostacktrace nosched-tree nouserstacktrace nosym-userobj 394 noblock nostacktrace nosched-tree nouserstacktrace nosym-userobj
330 395
331To disable one of the options, echo in the option prepended with "no". 396To disable one of the options, echo in the option prepended with
397"no".
332 398
333 echo noprint-parent > /debug/tracing/trace_options 399 echo noprint-parent > /debug/tracing/trace_options
334 400
@@ -338,8 +404,8 @@ To enable an option, leave off the "no".
338 404
339Here are the available options: 405Here are the available options:
340 406
341 print-parent - On function traces, display the calling function 407 print-parent - On function traces, display the calling (parent)
342 as well as the function being traced. 408 function as well as the function being traced.
343 409
344 print-parent: 410 print-parent:
345 bash-4000 [01] 1477.606694: simple_strtoul <-strict_strtoul 411 bash-4000 [01] 1477.606694: simple_strtoul <-strict_strtoul
@@ -348,15 +414,16 @@ Here are the available options:
348 bash-4000 [01] 1477.606694: simple_strtoul 414 bash-4000 [01] 1477.606694: simple_strtoul
349 415
350 416
351 sym-offset - Display not only the function name, but also the offset 417 sym-offset - Display not only the function name, but also the
352 in the function. For example, instead of seeing just 418 offset in the function. For example, instead of
353 "ktime_get", you will see "ktime_get+0xb/0x20". 419 seeing just "ktime_get", you will see
420 "ktime_get+0xb/0x20".
354 421
355 sym-offset: 422 sym-offset:
356 bash-4000 [01] 1477.606694: simple_strtoul+0x6/0xa0 423 bash-4000 [01] 1477.606694: simple_strtoul+0x6/0xa0
357 424
358 sym-addr - this will also display the function address as well as 425 sym-addr - this will also display the function address as well
359 the function name. 426 as the function name.
360 427
361 sym-addr: 428 sym-addr:
362 bash-4000 [01] 1477.606694: simple_strtoul <c0339346> 429 bash-4000 [01] 1477.606694: simple_strtoul <c0339346>
@@ -366,35 +433,41 @@ Here are the available options:
366 bash 4000 1 0 00000000 00010a95 [58127d26] 1720.415ms \ 433 bash 4000 1 0 00000000 00010a95 [58127d26] 1720.415ms \
367 (+0.000ms): simple_strtoul (strict_strtoul) 434 (+0.000ms): simple_strtoul (strict_strtoul)
368 435
369 raw - This will display raw numbers. This option is best for use with 436 raw - This will display raw numbers. This option is best for
370 user applications that can translate the raw numbers better than 437 use with user applications that can translate the raw
371 having it done in the kernel. 438 numbers better than having it done in the kernel.
372 439
373 hex - Similar to raw, but the numbers will be in a hexadecimal format. 440 hex - Similar to raw, but the numbers will be in a hexadecimal
441 format.
374 442
375 bin - This will print out the formats in raw binary. 443 bin - This will print out the formats in raw binary.
376 444
377 block - TBD (needs update) 445 block - TBD (needs update)
378 446
379 stacktrace - This is one of the options that changes the trace itself. 447 stacktrace - This is one of the options that changes the trace
380 When a trace is recorded, so is the stack of functions. 448 itself. When a trace is recorded, so is the stack
381 This allows for back traces of trace sites. 449 of functions. This allows for back traces of
450 trace sites.
382 451
383 userstacktrace - This option changes the trace. 452 userstacktrace - This option changes the trace. It records a
384 It records a stacktrace of the current userspace thread. 453 stacktrace of the current userspace thread.
385 454
386 sym-userobj - when user stacktrace are enabled, look up which object the 455 sym-userobj - when user stacktrace are enabled, look up which
387 address belongs to, and print a relative address 456 object the address belongs to, and print a
388 This is especially useful when ASLR is on, otherwise you don't 457 relative address. This is especially useful when
389 get a chance to resolve the address to object/file/line after the app is no 458 ASLR is on, otherwise you don't get a chance to
390 longer running 459 resolve the address to object/file/line after
460 the app is no longer running
391 461
392 The lookup is performed when you read trace,trace_pipe,latency_trace. Example: 462 The lookup is performed when you read
463 trace,trace_pipe,latency_trace. Example:
393 464
394 a.out-1623 [000] 40874.465068: /root/a.out[+0x480] <-/root/a.out[+0 465 a.out-1623 [000] 40874.465068: /root/a.out[+0x480] <-/root/a.out[+0
395x494] <- /root/a.out[+0x4a8] <- /lib/libc-2.7.so[+0x1e1a6] 466x494] <- /root/a.out[+0x4a8] <- /lib/libc-2.7.so[+0x1e1a6]
396 467
397 sched-tree - TBD (any users??) 468 sched-tree - trace all tasks that are on the runqueue, at
469 every scheduling event. Will add overhead if
470 there's a lot of tasks running at once.
398 471
399 472
400sched_switch 473sched_switch
@@ -431,18 +504,19 @@ of how to use it.
431 [...] 504 [...]
432 505
433 506
434As we have discussed previously about this format, the header shows 507As we have discussed previously about this format, the header
435the name of the trace and points to the options. The "FUNCTION" 508shows the name of the trace and points to the options. The
436is a misnomer since here it represents the wake ups and context 509"FUNCTION" is a misnomer since here it represents the wake ups
437switches. 510and context switches.
438 511
439The sched_switch file only lists the wake ups (represented with '+') 512The sched_switch file only lists the wake ups (represented with
440and context switches ('==>') with the previous task or current task 513'+') and context switches ('==>') with the previous task or
441first followed by the next task or task waking up. The format for both 514current task first followed by the next task or task waking up.
442of these is PID:KERNEL-PRIO:TASK-STATE. Remember that the KERNEL-PRIO 515The format for both of these is PID:KERNEL-PRIO:TASK-STATE.
443is the inverse of the actual priority with zero (0) being the highest 516Remember that the KERNEL-PRIO is the inverse of the actual
444priority and the nice values starting at 100 (nice -20). Below is 517priority with zero (0) being the highest priority and the nice
445a quick chart to map the kernel priority to user land priorities. 518values starting at 100 (nice -20). Below is a quick chart to map
519the kernel priority to user land priorities.
446 520
447 Kernel priority: 0 to 99 ==> user RT priority 99 to 0 521 Kernel priority: 0 to 99 ==> user RT priority 99 to 0
448 Kernel priority: 100 to 139 ==> user nice -20 to 19 522 Kernel priority: 100 to 139 ==> user nice -20 to 19
@@ -463,10 +537,10 @@ The task states are:
463ftrace_enabled 537ftrace_enabled
464-------------- 538--------------
465 539
466The following tracers (listed below) give different output depending 540The following tracers (listed below) give different output
467on whether or not the sysctl ftrace_enabled is set. To set ftrace_enabled, 541depending on whether or not the sysctl ftrace_enabled is set. To
468one can either use the sysctl function or set it via the proc 542set ftrace_enabled, one can either use the sysctl function or
469file system interface. 543set it via the proc file system interface.
470 544
471 sysctl kernel.ftrace_enabled=1 545 sysctl kernel.ftrace_enabled=1
472 546
@@ -474,12 +548,12 @@ file system interface.
474 548
475 echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/ftrace_enabled 549 echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/ftrace_enabled
476 550
477To disable ftrace_enabled simply replace the '1' with '0' in 551To disable ftrace_enabled simply replace the '1' with '0' in the
478the above commands. 552above commands.
479 553
480When ftrace_enabled is set the tracers will also record the functions 554When ftrace_enabled is set the tracers will also record the
481that are within the trace. The descriptions of the tracers 555functions that are within the trace. The descriptions of the
482will also show an example with ftrace enabled. 556tracers will also show an example with ftrace enabled.
483 557
484 558
485irqsoff 559irqsoff
@@ -487,17 +561,18 @@ irqsoff
487 561
488When interrupts are disabled, the CPU can not react to any other 562When interrupts are disabled, the CPU can not react to any other
489external event (besides NMIs and SMIs). This prevents the timer 563external event (besides NMIs and SMIs). This prevents the timer
490interrupt from triggering or the mouse interrupt from letting the 564interrupt from triggering or the mouse interrupt from letting
491kernel know of a new mouse event. The result is a latency with the 565the kernel know of a new mouse event. The result is a latency
492reaction time. 566with the reaction time.
493 567
494The irqsoff tracer tracks the time for which interrupts are disabled. 568The irqsoff tracer tracks the time for which interrupts are
495When a new maximum latency is hit, the tracer saves the trace leading up 569disabled. When a new maximum latency is hit, the tracer saves
496to that latency point so that every time a new maximum is reached, the old 570the trace leading up to that latency point so that every time a
497saved trace is discarded and the new trace is saved. 571new maximum is reached, the old saved trace is discarded and the
572new trace is saved.
498 573
499To reset the maximum, echo 0 into tracing_max_latency. Here is an 574To reset the maximum, echo 0 into tracing_max_latency. Here is
500example: 575an example:
501 576
502 # echo irqsoff > /debug/tracing/current_tracer 577 # echo irqsoff > /debug/tracing/current_tracer
503 # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_max_latency 578 # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_max_latency
@@ -532,10 +607,11 @@ irqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 2.6.26
532 607
533 608
534Here we see that that we had a latency of 12 microsecs (which is 609Here we see that that we had a latency of 12 microsecs (which is
535very good). The _write_lock_irq in sys_setpgid disabled interrupts. 610very good). The _write_lock_irq in sys_setpgid disabled
536The difference between the 12 and the displayed timestamp 14us occurred 611interrupts. The difference between the 12 and the displayed
537because the clock was incremented between the time of recording the max 612timestamp 14us occurred because the clock was incremented
538latency and the time of recording the function that had that latency. 613between the time of recording the max latency and the time of
614recording the function that had that latency.
539 615
540Note the above example had ftrace_enabled not set. If we set the 616Note the above example had ftrace_enabled not set. If we set the
541ftrace_enabled, we get a much larger output: 617ftrace_enabled, we get a much larger output:
@@ -586,24 +662,24 @@ irqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 2.6.26-rc8
586 662
587 663
588Here we traced a 50 microsecond latency. But we also see all the 664Here we traced a 50 microsecond latency. But we also see all the
589functions that were called during that time. Note that by enabling 665functions that were called during that time. Note that by
590function tracing, we incur an added overhead. This overhead may 666enabling function tracing, we incur an added overhead. This
591extend the latency times. But nevertheless, this trace has provided 667overhead may extend the latency times. But nevertheless, this
592some very helpful debugging information. 668trace has provided some very helpful debugging information.
593 669
594 670
595preemptoff 671preemptoff
596---------- 672----------
597 673
598When preemption is disabled, we may be able to receive interrupts but 674When preemption is disabled, we may be able to receive
599the task cannot be preempted and a higher priority task must wait 675interrupts but the task cannot be preempted and a higher
600for preemption to be enabled again before it can preempt a lower 676priority task must wait for preemption to be enabled again
601priority task. 677before it can preempt a lower priority task.
602 678
603The preemptoff tracer traces the places that disable preemption. 679The preemptoff tracer traces the places that disable preemption.
604Like the irqsoff tracer, it records the maximum latency for which preemption 680Like the irqsoff tracer, it records the maximum latency for
605was disabled. The control of preemptoff tracer is much like the irqsoff 681which preemption was disabled. The control of preemptoff tracer
606tracer. 682is much like the irqsoff tracer.
607 683
608 # echo preemptoff > /debug/tracing/current_tracer 684 # echo preemptoff > /debug/tracing/current_tracer
609 # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_max_latency 685 # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_max_latency
@@ -637,11 +713,12 @@ preemptoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 2.6.26-rc8
637 sshd-4261 0d.s1 30us : trace_preempt_on (__do_softirq) 713 sshd-4261 0d.s1 30us : trace_preempt_on (__do_softirq)
638 714
639 715
640This has some more changes. Preemption was disabled when an interrupt 716This has some more changes. Preemption was disabled when an
641came in (notice the 'h'), and was enabled while doing a softirq. 717interrupt came in (notice the 'h'), and was enabled while doing
642(notice the 's'). But we also see that interrupts have been disabled 718a softirq. (notice the 's'). But we also see that interrupts
643when entering the preempt off section and leaving it (the 'd'). 719have been disabled when entering the preempt off section and
644We do not know if interrupts were enabled in the mean time. 720leaving it (the 'd'). We do not know if interrupts were enabled
721in the mean time.
645 722
646# tracer: preemptoff 723# tracer: preemptoff
647# 724#
@@ -700,28 +777,30 @@ preemptoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 2.6.26-rc8
700 sshd-4261 0d.s1 64us : trace_preempt_on (__do_softirq) 777 sshd-4261 0d.s1 64us : trace_preempt_on (__do_softirq)
701 778
702 779
703The above is an example of the preemptoff trace with ftrace_enabled 780The above is an example of the preemptoff trace with
704set. Here we see that interrupts were disabled the entire time. 781ftrace_enabled set. Here we see that interrupts were disabled
705The irq_enter code lets us know that we entered an interrupt 'h'. 782the entire time. The irq_enter code lets us know that we entered
706Before that, the functions being traced still show that it is not 783an interrupt 'h'. Before that, the functions being traced still
707in an interrupt, but we can see from the functions themselves that 784show that it is not in an interrupt, but we can see from the
708this is not the case. 785functions themselves that this is not the case.
709 786
710Notice that __do_softirq when called does not have a preempt_count. 787Notice that __do_softirq when called does not have a
711It may seem that we missed a preempt enabling. What really happened 788preempt_count. It may seem that we missed a preempt enabling.
712is that the preempt count is held on the thread's stack and we 789What really happened is that the preempt count is held on the
713switched to the softirq stack (4K stacks in effect). The code 790thread's stack and we switched to the softirq stack (4K stacks
714does not copy the preempt count, but because interrupts are disabled, 791in effect). The code does not copy the preempt count, but
715we do not need to worry about it. Having a tracer like this is good 792because interrupts are disabled, we do not need to worry about
716for letting people know what really happens inside the kernel. 793it. Having a tracer like this is good for letting people know
794what really happens inside the kernel.
717 795
718 796
719preemptirqsoff 797preemptirqsoff
720-------------- 798--------------
721 799
722Knowing the locations that have interrupts disabled or preemption 800Knowing the locations that have interrupts disabled or
723disabled for the longest times is helpful. But sometimes we would 801preemption disabled for the longest times is helpful. But
724like to know when either preemption and/or interrupts are disabled. 802sometimes we would like to know when either preemption and/or
803interrupts are disabled.
725 804
726Consider the following code: 805Consider the following code:
727 806
@@ -741,11 +820,13 @@ The preemptoff tracer will record the total length of
741call_function_with_irqs_and_preemption_off() and 820call_function_with_irqs_and_preemption_off() and
742call_function_with_preemption_off(). 821call_function_with_preemption_off().
743 822
744But neither will trace the time that interrupts and/or preemption 823But neither will trace the time that interrupts and/or
745is disabled. This total time is the time that we can not schedule. 824preemption is disabled. This total time is the time that we can
746To record this time, use the preemptirqsoff tracer. 825not schedule. To record this time, use the preemptirqsoff
826tracer.
747 827
748Again, using this trace is much like the irqsoff and preemptoff tracers. 828Again, using this trace is much like the irqsoff and preemptoff
829tracers.
749 830
750 # echo preemptirqsoff > /debug/tracing/current_tracer 831 # echo preemptirqsoff > /debug/tracing/current_tracer
751 # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_max_latency 832 # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_max_latency
@@ -781,9 +862,10 @@ preemptirqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 2.6.26-rc8
781 862
782 863
783The trace_hardirqs_off_thunk is called from assembly on x86 when 864The trace_hardirqs_off_thunk is called from assembly on x86 when
784interrupts are disabled in the assembly code. Without the function 865interrupts are disabled in the assembly code. Without the
785tracing, we do not know if interrupts were enabled within the preemption 866function tracing, we do not know if interrupts were enabled
786points. We do see that it started with preemption enabled. 867within the preemption points. We do see that it started with
868preemption enabled.
787 869
788Here is a trace with ftrace_enabled set: 870Here is a trace with ftrace_enabled set:
789 871
@@ -871,40 +953,42 @@ preemptirqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 2.6.26-rc8
871 sshd-4261 0d.s1 105us : trace_preempt_on (__do_softirq) 953 sshd-4261 0d.s1 105us : trace_preempt_on (__do_softirq)
872 954
873 955
874This is a very interesting trace. It started with the preemption of 956This is a very interesting trace. It started with the preemption
875the ls task. We see that the task had the "need_resched" bit set 957of the ls task. We see that the task had the "need_resched" bit
876via the 'N' in the trace. Interrupts were disabled before the spin_lock 958set via the 'N' in the trace. Interrupts were disabled before
877at the beginning of the trace. We see that a schedule took place to run 959the spin_lock at the beginning of the trace. We see that a
878sshd. When the interrupts were enabled, we took an interrupt. 960schedule took place to run sshd. When the interrupts were
879On return from the interrupt handler, the softirq ran. We took another 961enabled, we took an interrupt. On return from the interrupt
880interrupt while running the softirq as we see from the capital 'H'. 962handler, the softirq ran. We took another interrupt while
963running the softirq as we see from the capital 'H'.
881 964
882 965
883wakeup 966wakeup
884------ 967------
885 968
886In a Real-Time environment it is very important to know the wakeup 969In a Real-Time environment it is very important to know the
887time it takes for the highest priority task that is woken up to the 970wakeup time it takes for the highest priority task that is woken
888time that it executes. This is also known as "schedule latency". 971up to the time that it executes. This is also known as "schedule
889I stress the point that this is about RT tasks. It is also important 972latency". I stress the point that this is about RT tasks. It is
890to know the scheduling latency of non-RT tasks, but the average 973also important to know the scheduling latency of non-RT tasks,
891schedule latency is better for non-RT tasks. Tools like 974but the average schedule latency is better for non-RT tasks.
892LatencyTop are more appropriate for such measurements. 975Tools like LatencyTop are more appropriate for such
976measurements.
893 977
894Real-Time environments are interested in the worst case latency. 978Real-Time environments are interested in the worst case latency.
895That is the longest latency it takes for something to happen, and 979That is the longest latency it takes for something to happen,
896not the average. We can have a very fast scheduler that may only 980and not the average. We can have a very fast scheduler that may
897have a large latency once in a while, but that would not work well 981only have a large latency once in a while, but that would not
898with Real-Time tasks. The wakeup tracer was designed to record 982work well with Real-Time tasks. The wakeup tracer was designed
899the worst case wakeups of RT tasks. Non-RT tasks are not recorded 983to record the worst case wakeups of RT tasks. Non-RT tasks are
900because the tracer only records one worst case and tracing non-RT 984not recorded because the tracer only records one worst case and
901tasks that are unpredictable will overwrite the worst case latency 985tracing non-RT tasks that are unpredictable will overwrite the
902of RT tasks. 986worst case latency of RT tasks.
903 987
904Since this tracer only deals with RT tasks, we will run this slightly 988Since this tracer only deals with RT tasks, we will run this
905differently than we did with the previous tracers. Instead of performing 989slightly differently than we did with the previous tracers.
906an 'ls', we will run 'sleep 1' under 'chrt' which changes the 990Instead of performing an 'ls', we will run 'sleep 1' under
907priority of the task. 991'chrt' which changes the priority of the task.
908 992
909 # echo wakeup > /debug/tracing/current_tracer 993 # echo wakeup > /debug/tracing/current_tracer
910 # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_max_latency 994 # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_max_latency
@@ -934,17 +1018,16 @@ wakeup latency trace v1.1.5 on 2.6.26-rc8
934 <idle>-0 1d..4 4us : schedule (cpu_idle) 1018 <idle>-0 1d..4 4us : schedule (cpu_idle)
935 1019
936 1020
1021Running this on an idle system, we see that it only took 4
1022microseconds to perform the task switch. Note, since the trace
1023marker in the schedule is before the actual "switch", we stop
1024the tracing when the recorded task is about to schedule in. This
1025may change if we add a new marker at the end of the scheduler.
937 1026
938Running this on an idle system, we see that it only took 4 microseconds 1027Notice that the recorded task is 'sleep' with the PID of 4901
939to perform the task switch. Note, since the trace marker in the 1028and it has an rt_prio of 5. This priority is user-space priority
940schedule is before the actual "switch", we stop the tracing when 1029and not the internal kernel priority. The policy is 1 for
941the recorded task is about to schedule in. This may change if 1030SCHED_FIFO and 2 for SCHED_RR.
942we add a new marker at the end of the scheduler.
943
944Notice that the recorded task is 'sleep' with the PID of 4901 and it
945has an rt_prio of 5. This priority is user-space priority and not
946the internal kernel priority. The policy is 1 for SCHED_FIFO and 2
947for SCHED_RR.
948 1031
949Doing the same with chrt -r 5 and ftrace_enabled set. 1032Doing the same with chrt -r 5 and ftrace_enabled set.
950 1033
@@ -1001,24 +1084,25 @@ ksoftirq-7 1d..6 49us : _spin_unlock (tracing_record_cmdline)
1001ksoftirq-7 1d..6 49us : sub_preempt_count (_spin_unlock) 1084ksoftirq-7 1d..6 49us : sub_preempt_count (_spin_unlock)
1002ksoftirq-7 1d..4 50us : schedule (__cond_resched) 1085ksoftirq-7 1d..4 50us : schedule (__cond_resched)
1003 1086
1004The interrupt went off while running ksoftirqd. This task runs at 1087The interrupt went off while running ksoftirqd. This task runs
1005SCHED_OTHER. Why did not we see the 'N' set early? This may be 1088at SCHED_OTHER. Why did not we see the 'N' set early? This may
1006a harmless bug with x86_32 and 4K stacks. On x86_32 with 4K stacks 1089be a harmless bug with x86_32 and 4K stacks. On x86_32 with 4K
1007configured, the interrupt and softirq run with their own stack. 1090stacks configured, the interrupt and softirq run with their own
1008Some information is held on the top of the task's stack (need_resched 1091stack. Some information is held on the top of the task's stack
1009and preempt_count are both stored there). The setting of the NEED_RESCHED 1092(need_resched and preempt_count are both stored there). The
1010bit is done directly to the task's stack, but the reading of the 1093setting of the NEED_RESCHED bit is done directly to the task's
1011NEED_RESCHED is done by looking at the current stack, which in this case 1094stack, but the reading of the NEED_RESCHED is done by looking at
1012is the stack for the hard interrupt. This hides the fact that NEED_RESCHED 1095the current stack, which in this case is the stack for the hard
1013has been set. We do not see the 'N' until we switch back to the task's 1096interrupt. This hides the fact that NEED_RESCHED has been set.
1097We do not see the 'N' until we switch back to the task's
1014assigned stack. 1098assigned stack.
1015 1099
1016function 1100function
1017-------- 1101--------
1018 1102
1019This tracer is the function tracer. Enabling the function tracer 1103This tracer is the function tracer. Enabling the function tracer
1020can be done from the debug file system. Make sure the ftrace_enabled is 1104can be done from the debug file system. Make sure the
1021set; otherwise this tracer is a nop. 1105ftrace_enabled is set; otherwise this tracer is a nop.
1022 1106
1023 # sysctl kernel.ftrace_enabled=1 1107 # sysctl kernel.ftrace_enabled=1
1024 # echo function > /debug/tracing/current_tracer 1108 # echo function > /debug/tracing/current_tracer
@@ -1048,14 +1132,15 @@ set; otherwise this tracer is a nop.
1048[...] 1132[...]
1049 1133
1050 1134
1051Note: function tracer uses ring buffers to store the above entries. 1135Note: function tracer uses ring buffers to store the above
1052The newest data may overwrite the oldest data. Sometimes using echo to 1136entries. The newest data may overwrite the oldest data.
1053stop the trace is not sufficient because the tracing could have overwritten 1137Sometimes using echo to stop the trace is not sufficient because
1054the data that you wanted to record. For this reason, it is sometimes better to 1138the tracing could have overwritten the data that you wanted to
1055disable tracing directly from a program. This allows you to stop the 1139record. For this reason, it is sometimes better to disable
1056tracing at the point that you hit the part that you are interested in. 1140tracing directly from a program. This allows you to stop the
1057To disable the tracing directly from a C program, something like following 1141tracing at the point that you hit the part that you are
1058code snippet can be used: 1142interested in. To disable the tracing directly from a C program,
1143something like following code snippet can be used:
1059 1144
1060int trace_fd; 1145int trace_fd;
1061[...] 1146[...]
@@ -1070,10 +1155,10 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
1070} 1155}
1071 1156
1072Note: Here we hard coded the path name. The debugfs mount is not 1157Note: Here we hard coded the path name. The debugfs mount is not
1073guaranteed to be at /debug (and is more commonly at /sys/kernel/debug). 1158guaranteed to be at /debug (and is more commonly at
1074For simple one time traces, the above is sufficent. For anything else, 1159/sys/kernel/debug). For simple one time traces, the above is
1075a search through /proc/mounts may be needed to find where the debugfs 1160sufficent. For anything else, a search through /proc/mounts may
1076file-system is mounted. 1161be needed to find where the debugfs file-system is mounted.
1077 1162
1078 1163
1079Single thread tracing 1164Single thread tracing
@@ -1152,49 +1237,297 @@ int main (int argc, char **argv)
1152 return 0; 1237 return 0;
1153} 1238}
1154 1239
1240
1241hw-branch-tracer (x86 only)
1242---------------------------
1243
1244This tracer uses the x86 last branch tracing hardware feature to
1245collect a branch trace on all cpus with relatively low overhead.
1246
1247The tracer uses a fixed-size circular buffer per cpu and only
1248traces ring 0 branches. The trace file dumps that buffer in the
1249following format:
1250
1251# tracer: hw-branch-tracer
1252#
1253# CPU# TO <- FROM
1254 0 scheduler_tick+0xb5/0x1bf <- task_tick_idle+0x5/0x6
1255 2 run_posix_cpu_timers+0x2b/0x72a <- run_posix_cpu_timers+0x25/0x72a
1256 0 scheduler_tick+0x139/0x1bf <- scheduler_tick+0xed/0x1bf
1257 0 scheduler_tick+0x17c/0x1bf <- scheduler_tick+0x148/0x1bf
1258 2 run_posix_cpu_timers+0x9e/0x72a <- run_posix_cpu_timers+0x5e/0x72a
1259 0 scheduler_tick+0x1b6/0x1bf <- scheduler_tick+0x1aa/0x1bf
1260
1261
1262The tracer may be used to dump the trace for the oops'ing cpu on
1263a kernel oops into the system log. To enable this,
1264ftrace_dump_on_oops must be set. To set ftrace_dump_on_oops, one
1265can either use the sysctl function or set it via the proc system
1266interface.
1267
1268 sysctl kernel.ftrace_dump_on_oops=1
1269
1270or
1271
1272 echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/ftrace_dump_on_oops
1273
1274
1275Here's an example of such a dump after a null pointer
1276dereference in a kernel module:
1277
1278[57848.105921] BUG: unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at 0000000000000000
1279[57848.106019] IP: [<ffffffffa0000006>] open+0x6/0x14 [oops]
1280[57848.106019] PGD 2354e9067 PUD 2375e7067 PMD 0
1281[57848.106019] Oops: 0002 [#1] SMP
1282[57848.106019] last sysfs file: /sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1e.0/0000:20:05.0/local_cpus
1283[57848.106019] Dumping ftrace buffer:
1284[57848.106019] ---------------------------------
1285[...]
1286[57848.106019] 0 chrdev_open+0xe6/0x165 <- cdev_put+0x23/0x24
1287[57848.106019] 0 chrdev_open+0x117/0x165 <- chrdev_open+0xfa/0x165
1288[57848.106019] 0 chrdev_open+0x120/0x165 <- chrdev_open+0x11c/0x165
1289[57848.106019] 0 chrdev_open+0x134/0x165 <- chrdev_open+0x12b/0x165
1290[57848.106019] 0 open+0x0/0x14 [oops] <- chrdev_open+0x144/0x165
1291[57848.106019] 0 page_fault+0x0/0x30 <- open+0x6/0x14 [oops]
1292[57848.106019] 0 error_entry+0x0/0x5b <- page_fault+0x4/0x30
1293[57848.106019] 0 error_kernelspace+0x0/0x31 <- error_entry+0x59/0x5b
1294[57848.106019] 0 error_sti+0x0/0x1 <- error_kernelspace+0x2d/0x31
1295[57848.106019] 0 page_fault+0x9/0x30 <- error_sti+0x0/0x1
1296[57848.106019] 0 do_page_fault+0x0/0x881 <- page_fault+0x1a/0x30
1297[...]
1298[57848.106019] 0 do_page_fault+0x66b/0x881 <- is_prefetch+0x1ee/0x1f2
1299[57848.106019] 0 do_page_fault+0x6e0/0x881 <- do_page_fault+0x67a/0x881
1300[57848.106019] 0 oops_begin+0x0/0x96 <- do_page_fault+0x6e0/0x881
1301[57848.106019] 0 trace_hw_branch_oops+0x0/0x2d <- oops_begin+0x9/0x96
1302[...]
1303[57848.106019] 0 ds_suspend_bts+0x2a/0xe3 <- ds_suspend_bts+0x1a/0xe3
1304[57848.106019] ---------------------------------
1305[57848.106019] CPU 0
1306[57848.106019] Modules linked in: oops
1307[57848.106019] Pid: 5542, comm: cat Tainted: G W 2.6.28 #23
1308[57848.106019] RIP: 0010:[<ffffffffa0000006>] [<ffffffffa0000006>] open+0x6/0x14 [oops]
1309[57848.106019] RSP: 0018:ffff880235457d48 EFLAGS: 00010246
1310[...]
1311
1312
1313function graph tracer
1314---------------------------
1315
1316This tracer is similar to the function tracer except that it
1317probes a function on its entry and its exit. This is done by
1318using a dynamically allocated stack of return addresses in each
1319task_struct. On function entry the tracer overwrites the return
1320address of each function traced to set a custom probe. Thus the
1321original return address is stored on the stack of return address
1322in the task_struct.
1323
1324Probing on both ends of a function leads to special features
1325such as:
1326
1327- measure of a function's time execution
1328- having a reliable call stack to draw function calls graph
1329
1330This tracer is useful in several situations:
1331
1332- you want to find the reason of a strange kernel behavior and
1333 need to see what happens in detail on any areas (or specific
1334 ones).
1335
1336- you are experiencing weird latencies but it's difficult to
1337 find its origin.
1338
1339- you want to find quickly which path is taken by a specific
1340 function
1341
1342- you just want to peek inside a working kernel and want to see
1343 what happens there.
1344
1345# tracer: function_graph
1346#
1347# CPU DURATION FUNCTION CALLS
1348# | | | | | | |
1349
1350 0) | sys_open() {
1351 0) | do_sys_open() {
1352 0) | getname() {
1353 0) | kmem_cache_alloc() {
1354 0) 1.382 us | __might_sleep();
1355 0) 2.478 us | }
1356 0) | strncpy_from_user() {
1357 0) | might_fault() {
1358 0) 1.389 us | __might_sleep();
1359 0) 2.553 us | }
1360 0) 3.807 us | }
1361 0) 7.876 us | }
1362 0) | alloc_fd() {
1363 0) 0.668 us | _spin_lock();
1364 0) 0.570 us | expand_files();
1365 0) 0.586 us | _spin_unlock();
1366
1367
1368There are several columns that can be dynamically
1369enabled/disabled. You can use every combination of options you
1370want, depending on your needs.
1371
1372- The cpu number on which the function executed is default
1373 enabled. It is sometimes better to only trace one cpu (see
1374 tracing_cpu_mask file) or you might sometimes see unordered
1375 function calls while cpu tracing switch.
1376
1377 hide: echo nofuncgraph-cpu > /debug/tracing/trace_options
1378 show: echo funcgraph-cpu > /debug/tracing/trace_options
1379
1380- The duration (function's time of execution) is displayed on
1381 the closing bracket line of a function or on the same line
1382 than the current function in case of a leaf one. It is default
1383 enabled.
1384
1385 hide: echo nofuncgraph-duration > /debug/tracing/trace_options
1386 show: echo funcgraph-duration > /debug/tracing/trace_options
1387
1388- The overhead field precedes the duration field in case of
1389 reached duration thresholds.
1390
1391 hide: echo nofuncgraph-overhead > /debug/tracing/trace_options
1392 show: echo funcgraph-overhead > /debug/tracing/trace_options
1393 depends on: funcgraph-duration
1394
1395 ie:
1396
1397 0) | up_write() {
1398 0) 0.646 us | _spin_lock_irqsave();
1399 0) 0.684 us | _spin_unlock_irqrestore();
1400 0) 3.123 us | }
1401 0) 0.548 us | fput();
1402 0) + 58.628 us | }
1403
1404 [...]
1405
1406 0) | putname() {
1407 0) | kmem_cache_free() {
1408 0) 0.518 us | __phys_addr();
1409 0) 1.757 us | }
1410 0) 2.861 us | }
1411 0) ! 115.305 us | }
1412 0) ! 116.402 us | }
1413
1414 + means that the function exceeded 10 usecs.
1415 ! means that the function exceeded 100 usecs.
1416
1417
1418- The task/pid field displays the thread cmdline and pid which
1419 executed the function. It is default disabled.
1420
1421 hide: echo nofuncgraph-proc > /debug/tracing/trace_options
1422 show: echo funcgraph-proc > /debug/tracing/trace_options
1423
1424 ie:
1425
1426 # tracer: function_graph
1427 #
1428 # CPU TASK/PID DURATION FUNCTION CALLS
1429 # | | | | | | | | |
1430 0) sh-4802 | | d_free() {
1431 0) sh-4802 | | call_rcu() {
1432 0) sh-4802 | | __call_rcu() {
1433 0) sh-4802 | 0.616 us | rcu_process_gp_end();
1434 0) sh-4802 | 0.586 us | check_for_new_grace_period();
1435 0) sh-4802 | 2.899 us | }
1436 0) sh-4802 | 4.040 us | }
1437 0) sh-4802 | 5.151 us | }
1438 0) sh-4802 | + 49.370 us | }
1439
1440
1441- The absolute time field is an absolute timestamp given by the
1442 system clock since it started. A snapshot of this time is
1443 given on each entry/exit of functions
1444
1445 hide: echo nofuncgraph-abstime > /debug/tracing/trace_options
1446 show: echo funcgraph-abstime > /debug/tracing/trace_options
1447
1448 ie:
1449
1450 #
1451 # TIME CPU DURATION FUNCTION CALLS
1452 # | | | | | | | |
1453 360.774522 | 1) 0.541 us | }
1454 360.774522 | 1) 4.663 us | }
1455 360.774523 | 1) 0.541 us | __wake_up_bit();
1456 360.774524 | 1) 6.796 us | }
1457 360.774524 | 1) 7.952 us | }
1458 360.774525 | 1) 9.063 us | }
1459 360.774525 | 1) 0.615 us | journal_mark_dirty();
1460 360.774527 | 1) 0.578 us | __brelse();
1461 360.774528 | 1) | reiserfs_prepare_for_journal() {
1462 360.774528 | 1) | unlock_buffer() {
1463 360.774529 | 1) | wake_up_bit() {
1464 360.774529 | 1) | bit_waitqueue() {
1465 360.774530 | 1) 0.594 us | __phys_addr();
1466
1467
1468You can put some comments on specific functions by using
1469trace_printk() For example, if you want to put a comment inside
1470the __might_sleep() function, you just have to include
1471<linux/ftrace.h> and call trace_printk() inside __might_sleep()
1472
1473trace_printk("I'm a comment!\n")
1474
1475will produce:
1476
1477 1) | __might_sleep() {
1478 1) | /* I'm a comment! */
1479 1) 1.449 us | }
1480
1481
1482You might find other useful features for this tracer in the
1483following "dynamic ftrace" section such as tracing only specific
1484functions or tasks.
1485
1155dynamic ftrace 1486dynamic ftrace
1156-------------- 1487--------------
1157 1488
1158If CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE is set, the system will run with 1489If CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE is set, the system will run with
1159virtually no overhead when function tracing is disabled. The way 1490virtually no overhead when function tracing is disabled. The way
1160this works is the mcount function call (placed at the start of 1491this works is the mcount function call (placed at the start of
1161every kernel function, produced by the -pg switch in gcc), starts 1492every kernel function, produced by the -pg switch in gcc),
1162of pointing to a simple return. (Enabling FTRACE will include the 1493starts of pointing to a simple return. (Enabling FTRACE will
1163-pg switch in the compiling of the kernel.) 1494include the -pg switch in the compiling of the kernel.)
1164 1495
1165At compile time every C file object is run through the 1496At compile time every C file object is run through the
1166recordmcount.pl script (located in the scripts directory). This 1497recordmcount.pl script (located in the scripts directory). This
1167script will process the C object using objdump to find all the 1498script will process the C object using objdump to find all the
1168locations in the .text section that call mcount. (Note, only 1499locations in the .text section that call mcount. (Note, only the
1169the .text section is processed, since processing other sections 1500.text section is processed, since processing other sections like
1170like .init.text may cause races due to those sections being freed). 1501.init.text may cause races due to those sections being freed).
1171 1502
1172A new section called "__mcount_loc" is created that holds references 1503A new section called "__mcount_loc" is created that holds
1173to all the mcount call sites in the .text section. This section is 1504references to all the mcount call sites in the .text section.
1174compiled back into the original object. The final linker will add 1505This section is compiled back into the original object. The
1175all these references into a single table. 1506final linker will add all these references into a single table.
1176 1507
1177On boot up, before SMP is initialized, the dynamic ftrace code 1508On boot up, before SMP is initialized, the dynamic ftrace code
1178scans this table and updates all the locations into nops. It also 1509scans this table and updates all the locations into nops. It
1179records the locations, which are added to the available_filter_functions 1510also records the locations, which are added to the
1180list. Modules are processed as they are loaded and before they are 1511available_filter_functions list. Modules are processed as they
1181executed. When a module is unloaded, it also removes its functions from 1512are loaded and before they are executed. When a module is
1182the ftrace function list. This is automatic in the module unload 1513unloaded, it also removes its functions from the ftrace function
1183code, and the module author does not need to worry about it. 1514list. This is automatic in the module unload code, and the
1184 1515module author does not need to worry about it.
1185When tracing is enabled, kstop_machine is called to prevent races 1516
1186with the CPUS executing code being modified (which can cause the 1517When tracing is enabled, kstop_machine is called to prevent
1187CPU to do undesireable things), and the nops are patched back 1518races with the CPUS executing code being modified (which can
1188to calls. But this time, they do not call mcount (which is just 1519cause the CPU to do undesireable things), and the nops are
1189a function stub). They now call into the ftrace infrastructure. 1520patched back to calls. But this time, they do not call mcount
1521(which is just a function stub). They now call into the ftrace
1522infrastructure.
1190 1523
1191One special side-effect to the recording of the functions being 1524One special side-effect to the recording of the functions being
1192traced is that we can now selectively choose which functions we 1525traced is that we can now selectively choose which functions we
1193wish to trace and which ones we want the mcount calls to remain as 1526wish to trace and which ones we want the mcount calls to remain
1194nops. 1527as nops.
1195 1528
1196Two files are used, one for enabling and one for disabling the tracing 1529Two files are used, one for enabling and one for disabling the
1197of specified functions. They are: 1530tracing of specified functions. They are:
1198 1531
1199 set_ftrace_filter 1532 set_ftrace_filter
1200 1533
@@ -1202,8 +1535,8 @@ and
1202 1535
1203 set_ftrace_notrace 1536 set_ftrace_notrace
1204 1537
1205A list of available functions that you can add to these files is listed 1538A list of available functions that you can add to these files is
1206in: 1539listed in:
1207 1540
1208 available_filter_functions 1541 available_filter_functions
1209 1542
@@ -1240,8 +1573,8 @@ hrtimer_interrupt
1240sys_nanosleep 1573sys_nanosleep
1241 1574
1242 1575
1243Perhaps this is not enough. The filters also allow simple wild cards. 1576Perhaps this is not enough. The filters also allow simple wild
1244Only the following are currently available 1577cards. Only the following are currently available
1245 1578
1246 <match>* - will match functions that begin with <match> 1579 <match>* - will match functions that begin with <match>
1247 *<match> - will match functions that end with <match> 1580 *<match> - will match functions that end with <match>
@@ -1251,9 +1584,9 @@ These are the only wild cards which are supported.
1251 1584
1252 <match>*<match> will not work. 1585 <match>*<match> will not work.
1253 1586
1254Note: It is better to use quotes to enclose the wild cards, otherwise 1587Note: It is better to use quotes to enclose the wild cards,
1255 the shell may expand the parameters into names of files in the local 1588 otherwise the shell may expand the parameters into names
1256 directory. 1589 of files in the local directory.
1257 1590
1258 # echo 'hrtimer_*' > /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_filter 1591 # echo 'hrtimer_*' > /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_filter
1259 1592
@@ -1299,7 +1632,8 @@ This is because the '>' and '>>' act just like they do in bash.
1299To rewrite the filters, use '>' 1632To rewrite the filters, use '>'
1300To append to the filters, use '>>' 1633To append to the filters, use '>>'
1301 1634
1302To clear out a filter so that all functions will be recorded again: 1635To clear out a filter so that all functions will be recorded
1636again:
1303 1637
1304 # echo > /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_filter 1638 # echo > /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_filter
1305 # cat /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_filter 1639 # cat /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_filter
@@ -1331,7 +1665,8 @@ hrtimer_get_res
1331hrtimer_init_sleeper 1665hrtimer_init_sleeper
1332 1666
1333 1667
1334The set_ftrace_notrace prevents those functions from being traced. 1668The set_ftrace_notrace prevents those functions from being
1669traced.
1335 1670
1336 # echo '*preempt*' '*lock*' > /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_notrace 1671 # echo '*preempt*' '*lock*' > /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_notrace
1337 1672
@@ -1353,13 +1688,75 @@ Produces:
1353 1688
1354We can see that there's no more lock or preempt tracing. 1689We can see that there's no more lock or preempt tracing.
1355 1690
1691
1692Dynamic ftrace with the function graph tracer
1693---------------------------------------------
1694
1695Although what has been explained above concerns both the
1696function tracer and the function-graph-tracer, there are some
1697special features only available in the function-graph tracer.
1698
1699If you want to trace only one function and all of its children,
1700you just have to echo its name into set_graph_function:
1701
1702 echo __do_fault > set_graph_function
1703
1704will produce the following "expanded" trace of the __do_fault()
1705function:
1706
1707 0) | __do_fault() {
1708 0) | filemap_fault() {
1709 0) | find_lock_page() {
1710 0) 0.804 us | find_get_page();
1711 0) | __might_sleep() {
1712 0) 1.329 us | }
1713 0) 3.904 us | }
1714 0) 4.979 us | }
1715 0) 0.653 us | _spin_lock();
1716 0) 0.578 us | page_add_file_rmap();
1717 0) 0.525 us | native_set_pte_at();
1718 0) 0.585 us | _spin_unlock();
1719 0) | unlock_page() {
1720 0) 0.541 us | page_waitqueue();
1721 0) 0.639 us | __wake_up_bit();
1722 0) 2.786 us | }
1723 0) + 14.237 us | }
1724 0) | __do_fault() {
1725 0) | filemap_fault() {
1726 0) | find_lock_page() {
1727 0) 0.698 us | find_get_page();
1728 0) | __might_sleep() {
1729 0) 1.412 us | }
1730 0) 3.950 us | }
1731 0) 5.098 us | }
1732 0) 0.631 us | _spin_lock();
1733 0) 0.571 us | page_add_file_rmap();
1734 0) 0.526 us | native_set_pte_at();
1735 0) 0.586 us | _spin_unlock();
1736 0) | unlock_page() {
1737 0) 0.533 us | page_waitqueue();
1738 0) 0.638 us | __wake_up_bit();
1739 0) 2.793 us | }
1740 0) + 14.012 us | }
1741
1742You can also expand several functions at once:
1743
1744 echo sys_open > set_graph_function
1745 echo sys_close >> set_graph_function
1746
1747Now if you want to go back to trace all functions you can clear
1748this special filter via:
1749
1750 echo > set_graph_function
1751
1752
1356trace_pipe 1753trace_pipe
1357---------- 1754----------
1358 1755
1359The trace_pipe outputs the same content as the trace file, but the effect 1756The trace_pipe outputs the same content as the trace file, but
1360on the tracing is different. Every read from trace_pipe is consumed. 1757the effect on the tracing is different. Every read from
1361This means that subsequent reads will be different. The trace 1758trace_pipe is consumed. This means that subsequent reads will be
1362is live. 1759different. The trace is live.
1363 1760
1364 # echo function > /debug/tracing/current_tracer 1761 # echo function > /debug/tracing/current_tracer
1365 # cat /debug/tracing/trace_pipe > /tmp/trace.out & 1762 # cat /debug/tracing/trace_pipe > /tmp/trace.out &
@@ -1387,38 +1784,45 @@ is live.
1387 bash-4043 [00] 41.267111: select_task_rq_rt <-try_to_wake_up 1784 bash-4043 [00] 41.267111: select_task_rq_rt <-try_to_wake_up
1388 1785
1389 1786
1390Note, reading the trace_pipe file will block until more input is added. 1787Note, reading the trace_pipe file will block until more input is
1391By changing the tracer, trace_pipe will issue an EOF. We needed 1788added. By changing the tracer, trace_pipe will issue an EOF. We
1392to set the function tracer _before_ we "cat" the trace_pipe file. 1789needed to set the function tracer _before_ we "cat" the
1790trace_pipe file.
1393 1791
1394 1792
1395trace entries 1793trace entries
1396------------- 1794-------------
1397 1795
1398Having too much or not enough data can be troublesome in diagnosing 1796Having too much or not enough data can be troublesome in
1399an issue in the kernel. The file buffer_size_kb is used to modify 1797diagnosing an issue in the kernel. The file buffer_size_kb is
1400the size of the internal trace buffers. The number listed 1798used to modify the size of the internal trace buffers. The
1401is the number of entries that can be recorded per CPU. To know 1799number listed is the number of entries that can be recorded per
1402the full size, multiply the number of possible CPUS with the 1800CPU. To know the full size, multiply the number of possible CPUS
1403number of entries. 1801with the number of entries.
1404 1802
1405 # cat /debug/tracing/buffer_size_kb 1803 # cat /debug/tracing/buffer_size_kb
14061408 (units kilobytes) 18041408 (units kilobytes)
1407 1805
1408Note, to modify this, you must have tracing completely disabled. To do that, 1806Note, to modify this, you must have tracing completely disabled.
1409echo "nop" into the current_tracer. If the current_tracer is not set 1807To do that, echo "nop" into the current_tracer. If the
1410to "nop", an EINVAL error will be returned. 1808current_tracer is not set to "nop", an EINVAL error will be
1809returned.
1411 1810
1412 # echo nop > /debug/tracing/current_tracer 1811 # echo nop > /debug/tracing/current_tracer
1413 # echo 10000 > /debug/tracing/buffer_size_kb 1812 # echo 10000 > /debug/tracing/buffer_size_kb
1414 # cat /debug/tracing/buffer_size_kb 1813 # cat /debug/tracing/buffer_size_kb
141510000 (units kilobytes) 181410000 (units kilobytes)
1416 1815
1417The number of pages which will be allocated is limited to a percentage 1816The number of pages which will be allocated is limited to a
1418of available memory. Allocating too much will produce an error. 1817percentage of available memory. Allocating too much will produce
1818an error.
1419 1819
1420 # echo 1000000000000 > /debug/tracing/buffer_size_kb 1820 # echo 1000000000000 > /debug/tracing/buffer_size_kb
1421-bash: echo: write error: Cannot allocate memory 1821-bash: echo: write error: Cannot allocate memory
1422 # cat /debug/tracing/buffer_size_kb 1822 # cat /debug/tracing/buffer_size_kb
142385 182385
1424 1824
1825-----------
1826
1827More details can be found in the source code, in the
1828kernel/tracing/*.c files.
diff --git a/Documentation/trace/kmemtrace.txt b/Documentation/trace/kmemtrace.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a956d9b7f943
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/trace/kmemtrace.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
1 kmemtrace - Kernel Memory Tracer
2
3 by Eduard - Gabriel Munteanu
4 <eduard.munteanu@linux360.ro>
5
6I. Introduction
7===============
8
9kmemtrace helps kernel developers figure out two things:
101) how different allocators (SLAB, SLUB etc.) perform
112) how kernel code allocates memory and how much
12
13To do this, we trace every allocation and export information to the userspace
14through the relay interface. We export things such as the number of requested
15bytes, the number of bytes actually allocated (i.e. including internal
16fragmentation), whether this is a slab allocation or a plain kmalloc() and so
17on.
18
19The actual analysis is performed by a userspace tool (see section III for
20details on where to get it from). It logs the data exported by the kernel,
21processes it and (as of writing this) can provide the following information:
22- the total amount of memory allocated and fragmentation per call-site
23- the amount of memory allocated and fragmentation per allocation
24- total memory allocated and fragmentation in the collected dataset
25- number of cross-CPU allocation and frees (makes sense in NUMA environments)
26
27Moreover, it can potentially find inconsistent and erroneous behavior in
28kernel code, such as using slab free functions on kmalloc'ed memory or
29allocating less memory than requested (but not truly failed allocations).
30
31kmemtrace also makes provisions for tracing on some arch and analysing the
32data on another.
33
34II. Design and goals
35====================
36
37kmemtrace was designed to handle rather large amounts of data. Thus, it uses
38the relay interface to export whatever is logged to userspace, which then
39stores it. Analysis and reporting is done asynchronously, that is, after the
40data is collected and stored. By design, it allows one to log and analyse
41on different machines and different arches.
42
43As of writing this, the ABI is not considered stable, though it might not
44change much. However, no guarantees are made about compatibility yet. When
45deemed stable, the ABI should still allow easy extension while maintaining
46backward compatibility. This is described further in Documentation/ABI.
47
48Summary of design goals:
49 - allow logging and analysis to be done across different machines
50 - be fast and anticipate usage in high-load environments (*)
51 - be reasonably extensible
52 - make it possible for GNU/Linux distributions to have kmemtrace
53 included in their repositories
54
55(*) - one of the reasons Pekka Enberg's original userspace data analysis
56 tool's code was rewritten from Perl to C (although this is more than a
57 simple conversion)
58
59
60III. Quick usage guide
61======================
62
631) Get a kernel that supports kmemtrace and build it accordingly (i.e. enable
64CONFIG_KMEMTRACE).
65
662) Get the userspace tool and build it:
67$ git-clone git://repo.or.cz/kmemtrace-user.git # current repository
68$ cd kmemtrace-user/
69$ ./autogen.sh
70$ ./configure
71$ make
72
733) Boot the kmemtrace-enabled kernel if you haven't, preferably in the
74'single' runlevel (so that relay buffers don't fill up easily), and run
75kmemtrace:
76# '$' does not mean user, but root here.
77$ mount -t debugfs none /sys/kernel/debug
78$ mount -t proc none /proc
79$ cd path/to/kmemtrace-user/
80$ ./kmemtraced
81Wait a bit, then stop it with CTRL+C.
82$ cat /sys/kernel/debug/kmemtrace/total_overruns # Check if we didn't
83 # overrun, should
84 # be zero.
85$ (Optionally) [Run kmemtrace_check separately on each cpu[0-9]*.out file to
86 check its correctness]
87$ ./kmemtrace-report
88
89Now you should have a nice and short summary of how the allocator performs.
90
91IV. FAQ and known issues
92========================
93
94Q: 'cat /sys/kernel/debug/kmemtrace/total_overruns' is non-zero, how do I fix
95this? Should I worry?
96A: If it's non-zero, this affects kmemtrace's accuracy, depending on how
97large the number is. You can fix it by supplying a higher
98'kmemtrace.subbufs=N' kernel parameter.
99---
100
101Q: kmemtrace_check reports errors, how do I fix this? Should I worry?
102A: This is a bug and should be reported. It can occur for a variety of
103reasons:
104 - possible bugs in relay code
105 - possible misuse of relay by kmemtrace
106 - timestamps being collected unorderly
107Or you may fix it yourself and send us a patch.
108---
109
110Q: kmemtrace_report shows many errors, how do I fix this? Should I worry?
111A: This is a known issue and I'm working on it. These might be true errors
112in kernel code, which may have inconsistent behavior (e.g. allocating memory
113with kmem_cache_alloc() and freeing it with kfree()). Pekka Enberg pointed
114out this behavior may work with SLAB, but may fail with other allocators.
115
116It may also be due to lack of tracing in some unusual allocator functions.
117
118We don't want bug reports regarding this issue yet.
119---
120
121V. See also
122===========
123
124Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt
125Documentation/ABI/testing/debugfs-kmemtrace
126
diff --git a/Documentation/tracers/mmiotrace.txt b/Documentation/trace/mmiotrace.txt
index 5731c67abc55..5731c67abc55 100644
--- a/Documentation/tracers/mmiotrace.txt
+++ b/Documentation/trace/mmiotrace.txt
diff --git a/Documentation/tracepoints.txt b/Documentation/trace/tracepoints.txt
index 6f0a044f5b5e..c0e1ceed75a4 100644
--- a/Documentation/tracepoints.txt
+++ b/Documentation/trace/tracepoints.txt
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ In include/trace/subsys.h :
45#include <linux/tracepoint.h> 45#include <linux/tracepoint.h>
46 46
47DECLARE_TRACE(subsys_eventname, 47DECLARE_TRACE(subsys_eventname,
48 TPPROTO(int firstarg, struct task_struct *p), 48 TP_PROTO(int firstarg, struct task_struct *p),
49 TPARGS(firstarg, p)); 49 TP_ARGS(firstarg, p));
50 50
51In subsys/file.c (where the tracing statement must be added) : 51In subsys/file.c (where the tracing statement must be added) :
52 52
@@ -66,10 +66,10 @@ Where :
66 - subsys is the name of your subsystem. 66 - subsys is the name of your subsystem.
67 - eventname is the name of the event to trace. 67 - eventname is the name of the event to trace.
68 68
69- TPPROTO(int firstarg, struct task_struct *p) is the prototype of the 69- TP_PROTO(int firstarg, struct task_struct *p) is the prototype of the
70 function called by this tracepoint. 70 function called by this tracepoint.
71 71
72- TPARGS(firstarg, p) are the parameters names, same as found in the 72- TP_ARGS(firstarg, p) are the parameters names, same as found in the
73 prototype. 73 prototype.
74 74
75Connecting a function (probe) to a tracepoint is done by providing a 75Connecting a function (probe) to a tracepoint is done by providing a
@@ -103,13 +103,14 @@ used to export the defined tracepoints.
103 103
104* Probe / tracepoint example 104* Probe / tracepoint example
105 105
106See the example provided in samples/tracepoints/src 106See the example provided in samples/tracepoints
107 107
108Compile them with your kernel. 108Compile them with your kernel. They are built during 'make' (not
109'make modules') when CONFIG_SAMPLE_TRACEPOINTS=m.
109 110
110Run, as root : 111Run, as root :
111modprobe tracepoint-example (insmod order is not important) 112modprobe tracepoint-sample (insmod order is not important)
112modprobe tracepoint-probe-example 113modprobe tracepoint-probe-sample
113cat /proc/tracepoint-example (returns an expected error) 114cat /proc/tracepoint-sample (returns an expected error)
114rmmod tracepoint-example tracepoint-probe-example 115rmmod tracepoint-sample tracepoint-probe-sample
115dmesg 116dmesg
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/pxa_camera.txt b/Documentation/video4linux/pxa_camera.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b1137f9a53eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/pxa_camera.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
1 PXA-Camera Host Driver
2 ======================
3
4Constraints
5-----------
6 a) Image size for YUV422P format
7 All YUV422P images are enforced to have width x height % 16 = 0.
8 This is due to DMA constraints, which transfers only planes of 8 byte
9 multiples.
10
11
12Global video workflow
13---------------------
14 a) QCI stopped
15 Initialy, the QCI interface is stopped.
16 When a buffer is queued (pxa_videobuf_ops->buf_queue), the QCI starts.
17
18 b) QCI started
19 More buffers can be queued while the QCI is started without halting the
20 capture. The new buffers are "appended" at the tail of the DMA chain, and
21 smoothly captured one frame after the other.
22
23 Once a buffer is filled in the QCI interface, it is marked as "DONE" and
24 removed from the active buffers list. It can be then requeud or dequeued by
25 userland application.
26
27 Once the last buffer is filled in, the QCI interface stops.
28
29
30DMA usage
31---------
32 a) DMA flow
33 - first buffer queued for capture
34 Once a first buffer is queued for capture, the QCI is started, but data
35 transfer is not started. On "End Of Frame" interrupt, the irq handler
36 starts the DMA chain.
37 - capture of one videobuffer
38 The DMA chain starts transfering data into videobuffer RAM pages.
39 When all pages are transfered, the DMA irq is raised on "ENDINTR" status
40 - finishing one videobuffer
41 The DMA irq handler marks the videobuffer as "done", and removes it from
42 the active running queue
43 Meanwhile, the next videobuffer (if there is one), is transfered by DMA
44 - finishing the last videobuffer
45 On the DMA irq of the last videobuffer, the QCI is stopped.
46
47 b) DMA prepared buffer will have this structure
48
49 +------------+-----+---------------+-----------------+
50 | desc-sg[0] | ... | desc-sg[last] | finisher/linker |
51 +------------+-----+---------------+-----------------+
52
53 This structure is pointed by dma->sg_cpu.
54 The descriptors are used as follows :
55 - desc-sg[i]: i-th descriptor, transfering the i-th sg
56 element to the video buffer scatter gather
57 - finisher: has ddadr=DADDR_STOP, dcmd=ENDIRQEN
58 - linker: has ddadr= desc-sg[0] of next video buffer, dcmd=0
59
60 For the next schema, let's assume d0=desc-sg[0] .. dN=desc-sg[N],
61 "f" stands for finisher and "l" for linker.
62 A typical running chain is :
63
64 Videobuffer 1 Videobuffer 2
65 +---------+----+---+ +----+----+----+---+
66 | d0 | .. | dN | l | | d0 | .. | dN | f |
67 +---------+----+-|-+ ^----+----+----+---+
68 | |
69 +----+
70
71 After the chaining is finished, the chain looks like :
72
73 Videobuffer 1 Videobuffer 2 Videobuffer 3
74 +---------+----+---+ +----+----+----+---+ +----+----+----+---+
75 | d0 | .. | dN | l | | d0 | .. | dN | l | | d0 | .. | dN | f |
76 +---------+----+-|-+ ^----+----+----+-|-+ ^----+----+----+---+
77 | | | |
78 +----+ +----+
79 new_link
80
81 c) DMA hot chaining timeslice issue
82
83 As DMA chaining is done while DMA _is_ running, the linking may be done
84 while the DMA jumps from one Videobuffer to another. On the schema, that
85 would be a problem if the following sequence is encountered :
86
87 - DMA chain is Videobuffer1 + Videobuffer2
88 - pxa_videobuf_queue() is called to queue Videobuffer3
89 - DMA controller finishes Videobuffer2, and DMA stops
90 =>
91 Videobuffer 1 Videobuffer 2
92 +---------+----+---+ +----+----+----+---+
93 | d0 | .. | dN | l | | d0 | .. | dN | f |
94 +---------+----+-|-+ ^----+----+----+-^-+
95 | | |
96 +----+ +-- DMA DDADR loads DDADR_STOP
97
98 - pxa_dma_add_tail_buf() is called, the Videobuffer2 "finisher" is
99 replaced by a "linker" to Videobuffer3 (creation of new_link)
100 - pxa_videobuf_queue() finishes
101 - the DMA irq handler is called, which terminates Videobuffer2
102 - Videobuffer3 capture is not scheduled on DMA chain (as it stopped !!!)
103
104 Videobuffer 1 Videobuffer 2 Videobuffer 3
105 +---------+----+---+ +----+----+----+---+ +----+----+----+---+
106 | d0 | .. | dN | l | | d0 | .. | dN | l | | d0 | .. | dN | f |
107 +---------+----+-|-+ ^----+----+----+-|-+ ^----+----+----+---+
108 | | | |
109 +----+ +----+
110 new_link
111 DMA DDADR still is DDADR_STOP
112
113 - pxa_camera_check_link_miss() is called
114 This checks if the DMA is finished and a buffer is still on the
115 pcdev->capture list. If that's the case, the capture will be restarted,
116 and Videobuffer3 is scheduled on DMA chain.
117 - the DMA irq handler finishes
118
119 Note: if DMA stops just after pxa_camera_check_link_miss() reads DDADR()
120 value, we have the guarantee that the DMA irq handler will be called back
121 when the DMA will finish the buffer, and pxa_camera_check_link_miss() will
122 be called again, to reschedule Videobuffer3.
123
124--
125Author: Robert Jarzmik <robert.jarzmik@free.fr>
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/v4l2-framework.txt b/Documentation/video4linux/v4l2-framework.txt
index a31177390e55..854808b67fae 100644
--- a/Documentation/video4linux/v4l2-framework.txt
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/v4l2-framework.txt
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ up before calling v4l2_device_register then it will be untouched. If dev is
90NULL, then you *must* setup v4l2_dev->name before calling v4l2_device_register. 90NULL, then you *must* setup v4l2_dev->name before calling v4l2_device_register.
91 91
92The first 'dev' argument is normally the struct device pointer of a pci_dev, 92The first 'dev' argument is normally the struct device pointer of a pci_dev,
93usb_device or platform_device. It is rare for dev to be NULL, but it happens 93usb_interface or platform_device. It is rare for dev to be NULL, but it happens
94with ISA devices or when one device creates multiple PCI devices, thus making 94with ISA devices or when one device creates multiple PCI devices, thus making
95it impossible to associate v4l2_dev with a particular parent. 95it impossible to associate v4l2_dev with a particular parent.
96 96
@@ -351,17 +351,6 @@ And this to go from an i2c_client to a v4l2_subdev struct:
351 351
352 struct v4l2_subdev *sd = i2c_get_clientdata(client); 352 struct v4l2_subdev *sd = i2c_get_clientdata(client);
353 353
354Finally you need to make a command function to make driver->command()
355call the right subdev_ops functions:
356
357static int subdev_command(struct i2c_client *client, unsigned cmd, void *arg)
358{
359 return v4l2_subdev_command(i2c_get_clientdata(client), cmd, arg);
360}
361
362If driver->command is never used then you can leave this out. Eventually the
363driver->command usage should be removed from v4l.
364
365Make sure to call v4l2_device_unregister_subdev(sd) when the remove() callback 354Make sure to call v4l2_device_unregister_subdev(sd) when the remove() callback
366is called. This will unregister the sub-device from the bridge driver. It is 355is called. This will unregister the sub-device from the bridge driver. It is
367safe to call this even if the sub-device was never registered. 356safe to call this even if the sub-device was never registered.
@@ -375,14 +364,12 @@ from the remove() callback ensures that this is always done correctly.
375 364
376The bridge driver also has some helper functions it can use: 365The bridge driver also has some helper functions it can use:
377 366
378struct v4l2_subdev *sd = v4l2_i2c_new_subdev(adapter, "module_foo", "chipid", 0x36); 367struct v4l2_subdev *sd = v4l2_i2c_new_subdev(v4l2_dev, adapter,
368 "module_foo", "chipid", 0x36);
379 369
380This loads the given module (can be NULL if no module needs to be loaded) and 370This loads the given module (can be NULL if no module needs to be loaded) and
381calls i2c_new_device() with the given i2c_adapter and chip/address arguments. 371calls i2c_new_device() with the given i2c_adapter and chip/address arguments.
382If all goes well, then it registers the subdev with the v4l2_device. It gets 372If all goes well, then it registers the subdev with the v4l2_device.
383the v4l2_device by calling i2c_get_adapdata(adapter), so you should make sure
384to call i2c_set_adapdata(adapter, v4l2_device) when you setup the i2c_adapter
385in your driver.
386 373
387You can also use v4l2_i2c_new_probed_subdev() which is very similar to 374You can also use v4l2_i2c_new_probed_subdev() which is very similar to
388v4l2_i2c_new_subdev(), except that it has an array of possible I2C addresses 375v4l2_i2c_new_subdev(), except that it has an array of possible I2C addresses
diff --git a/Documentation/vm/00-INDEX b/Documentation/vm/00-INDEX
index 2131b00b63f6..2f77ced35df7 100644
--- a/Documentation/vm/00-INDEX
+++ b/Documentation/vm/00-INDEX
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
100-INDEX 100-INDEX
2 - this file. 2 - this file.
3active_mm.txt
4 - An explanation from Linus about tsk->active_mm vs tsk->mm.
3balance 5balance
4 - various information on memory balancing. 6 - various information on memory balancing.
5hugetlbpage.txt 7hugetlbpage.txt
diff --git a/Documentation/vm/active_mm.txt b/Documentation/vm/active_mm.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4ee1f643d897
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/vm/active_mm.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
1List: linux-kernel
2Subject: Re: active_mm
3From: Linus Torvalds <torvalds () transmeta ! com>
4Date: 1999-07-30 21:36:24
5
6Cc'd to linux-kernel, because I don't write explanations all that often,
7and when I do I feel better about more people reading them.
8
9On Fri, 30 Jul 1999, David Mosberger wrote:
10>
11> Is there a brief description someplace on how "mm" vs. "active_mm" in
12> the task_struct are supposed to be used? (My apologies if this was
13> discussed on the mailing lists---I just returned from vacation and
14> wasn't able to follow linux-kernel for a while).
15
16Basically, the new setup is:
17
18 - we have "real address spaces" and "anonymous address spaces". The
19 difference is that an anonymous address space doesn't care about the
20 user-level page tables at all, so when we do a context switch into an
21 anonymous address space we just leave the previous address space
22 active.
23
24 The obvious use for a "anonymous address space" is any thread that
25 doesn't need any user mappings - all kernel threads basically fall into
26 this category, but even "real" threads can temporarily say that for
27 some amount of time they are not going to be interested in user space,
28 and that the scheduler might as well try to avoid wasting time on
29 switching the VM state around. Currently only the old-style bdflush
30 sync does that.
31
32 - "tsk->mm" points to the "real address space". For an anonymous process,
33 tsk->mm will be NULL, for the logical reason that an anonymous process
34 really doesn't _have_ a real address space at all.
35
36 - however, we obviously need to keep track of which address space we
37 "stole" for such an anonymous user. For that, we have "tsk->active_mm",
38 which shows what the currently active address space is.
39
40 The rule is that for a process with a real address space (ie tsk->mm is
41 non-NULL) the active_mm obviously always has to be the same as the real
42 one.
43
44 For a anonymous process, tsk->mm == NULL, and tsk->active_mm is the
45 "borrowed" mm while the anonymous process is running. When the
46 anonymous process gets scheduled away, the borrowed address space is
47 returned and cleared.
48
49To support all that, the "struct mm_struct" now has two counters: a
50"mm_users" counter that is how many "real address space users" there are,
51and a "mm_count" counter that is the number of "lazy" users (ie anonymous
52users) plus one if there are any real users.
53
54Usually there is at least one real user, but it could be that the real
55user exited on another CPU while a lazy user was still active, so you do
56actually get cases where you have a address space that is _only_ used by
57lazy users. That is often a short-lived state, because once that thread
58gets scheduled away in favour of a real thread, the "zombie" mm gets
59released because "mm_users" becomes zero.
60
61Also, a new rule is that _nobody_ ever has "init_mm" as a real MM any
62more. "init_mm" should be considered just a "lazy context when no other
63context is available", and in fact it is mainly used just at bootup when
64no real VM has yet been created. So code that used to check
65
66 if (current->mm == &init_mm)
67
68should generally just do
69
70 if (!current->mm)
71
72instead (which makes more sense anyway - the test is basically one of "do
73we have a user context", and is generally done by the page fault handler
74and things like that).
75
76Anyway, I put a pre-patch-2.3.13-1 on ftp.kernel.org just a moment ago,
77because it slightly changes the interfaces to accomodate the alpha (who
78would have thought it, but the alpha actually ends up having one of the
79ugliest context switch codes - unlike the other architectures where the MM
80and register state is separate, the alpha PALcode joins the two, and you
81need to switch both together).
82
83(From http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=93337278602211&w=2)
diff --git a/Documentation/vm/unevictable-lru.txt b/Documentation/vm/unevictable-lru.txt
index 0706a7282a8c..2d70d0d95108 100644
--- a/Documentation/vm/unevictable-lru.txt
+++ b/Documentation/vm/unevictable-lru.txt
@@ -1,588 +1,691 @@
1 1 ==============================
2This document describes the Linux memory management "Unevictable LRU" 2 UNEVICTABLE LRU INFRASTRUCTURE
3infrastructure and the use of this infrastructure to manage several types 3 ==============================
4of "unevictable" pages. The document attempts to provide the overall 4
5rationale behind this mechanism and the rationale for some of the design 5========
6decisions that drove the implementation. The latter design rationale is 6CONTENTS
7discussed in the context of an implementation description. Admittedly, one 7========
8can obtain the implementation details--the "what does it do?"--by reading the 8
9code. One hopes that the descriptions below add value by provide the answer 9 (*) The Unevictable LRU
10to "why does it do that?". 10
11 11 - The unevictable page list.
12Unevictable LRU Infrastructure: 12 - Memory control group interaction.
13 13 - Marking address spaces unevictable.
14The Unevictable LRU adds an additional LRU list to track unevictable pages 14 - Detecting Unevictable Pages.
15and to hide these pages from vmscan. This mechanism is based on a patch by 15 - vmscan's handling of unevictable pages.
16Larry Woodman of Red Hat to address several scalability problems with page 16
17 (*) mlock()'d pages.
18
19 - History.
20 - Basic management.
21 - mlock()/mlockall() system call handling.
22 - Filtering special vmas.
23 - munlock()/munlockall() system call handling.
24 - Migrating mlocked pages.
25 - mmap(MAP_LOCKED) system call handling.
26 - munmap()/exit()/exec() system call handling.
27 - try_to_unmap().
28 - try_to_munlock() reverse map scan.
29 - Page reclaim in shrink_*_list().
30
31
32============
33INTRODUCTION
34============
35
36This document describes the Linux memory manager's "Unevictable LRU"
37infrastructure and the use of this to manage several types of "unevictable"
38pages.
39
40The document attempts to provide the overall rationale behind this mechanism
41and the rationale for some of the design decisions that drove the
42implementation. The latter design rationale is discussed in the context of an
43implementation description. Admittedly, one can obtain the implementation
44details - the "what does it do?" - by reading the code. One hopes that the
45descriptions below add value by provide the answer to "why does it do that?".
46
47
48===================
49THE UNEVICTABLE LRU
50===================
51
52The Unevictable LRU facility adds an additional LRU list to track unevictable
53pages and to hide these pages from vmscan. This mechanism is based on a patch
54by Larry Woodman of Red Hat to address several scalability problems with page
17reclaim in Linux. The problems have been observed at customer sites on large 55reclaim in Linux. The problems have been observed at customer sites on large
18memory x86_64 systems. For example, a non-numal x86_64 platform with 128GB 56memory x86_64 systems.
19of main memory will have over 32 million 4k pages in a single zone. When a 57
20large fraction of these pages are not evictable for any reason [see below], 58To illustrate this with an example, a non-NUMA x86_64 platform with 128GB of
21vmscan will spend a lot of time scanning the LRU lists looking for the small 59main memory will have over 32 million 4k pages in a single zone. When a large
22fraction of pages that are evictable. This can result in a situation where 60fraction of these pages are not evictable for any reason [see below], vmscan
23all cpus are spending 100% of their time in vmscan for hours or days on end, 61will spend a lot of time scanning the LRU lists looking for the small fraction
24with the system completely unresponsive. 62of pages that are evictable. This can result in a situation where all CPUs are
25 63spending 100% of their time in vmscan for hours or days on end, with the system
26The Unevictable LRU infrastructure addresses the following classes of 64completely unresponsive.
27unevictable pages: 65
28 66The unevictable list addresses the following classes of unevictable pages:
29+ page owned by ramfs 67
30+ page mapped into SHM_LOCKed shared memory regions 68 (*) Those owned by ramfs.
31+ page mapped into VM_LOCKED [mlock()ed] vmas 69
32 70 (*) Those mapped into SHM_LOCK'd shared memory regions.
33The infrastructure might be able to handle other conditions that make pages 71
72 (*) Those mapped into VM_LOCKED [mlock()ed] VMAs.
73
74The infrastructure may also be able to handle other conditions that make pages
34unevictable, either by definition or by circumstance, in the future. 75unevictable, either by definition or by circumstance, in the future.
35 76
36 77
37The Unevictable LRU List 78THE UNEVICTABLE PAGE LIST
79-------------------------
38 80
39The Unevictable LRU infrastructure consists of an additional, per-zone, LRU list 81The Unevictable LRU infrastructure consists of an additional, per-zone, LRU list
40called the "unevictable" list and an associated page flag, PG_unevictable, to 82called the "unevictable" list and an associated page flag, PG_unevictable, to
41indicate that the page is being managed on the unevictable list. The 83indicate that the page is being managed on the unevictable list.
42PG_unevictable flag is analogous to, and mutually exclusive with, the PG_active 84
43flag in that it indicates on which LRU list a page resides when PG_lru is set. 85The PG_unevictable flag is analogous to, and mutually exclusive with, the
44The unevictable LRU list is source configurable based on the UNEVICTABLE_LRU 86PG_active flag in that it indicates on which LRU list a page resides when
45Kconfig option. 87PG_lru is set. The unevictable list is compile-time configurable based on the
88UNEVICTABLE_LRU Kconfig option.
46 89
47The Unevictable LRU infrastructure maintains unevictable pages on an additional 90The Unevictable LRU infrastructure maintains unevictable pages on an additional
48LRU list for a few reasons: 91LRU list for a few reasons:
49 92
501) We get to "treat unevictable pages just like we treat other pages in the 93 (1) We get to "treat unevictable pages just like we treat other pages in the
51 system, which means we get to use the same code to manipulate them, the 94 system - which means we get to use the same code to manipulate them, the
52 same code to isolate them (for migrate, etc.), the same code to keep track 95 same code to isolate them (for migrate, etc.), the same code to keep track
53 of the statistics, etc..." [Rik van Riel] 96 of the statistics, etc..." [Rik van Riel]
97
98 (2) We want to be able to migrate unevictable pages between nodes for memory
99 defragmentation, workload management and memory hotplug. The linux kernel
100 can only migrate pages that it can successfully isolate from the LRU
101 lists. If we were to maintain pages elsewhere than on an LRU-like list,
102 where they can be found by isolate_lru_page(), we would prevent their
103 migration, unless we reworked migration code to find the unevictable pages
104 itself.
54 105
552) We want to be able to migrate unevictable pages between nodes--for memory
56 defragmentation, workload management and memory hotplug. The linux kernel
57 can only migrate pages that it can successfully isolate from the lru lists.
58 If we were to maintain pages elsewise than on an lru-like list, where they
59 can be found by isolate_lru_page(), we would prevent their migration, unless
60 we reworked migration code to find the unevictable pages.
61 106
107The unevictable list does not differentiate between file-backed and anonymous,
108swap-backed pages. This differentiation is only important while the pages are,
109in fact, evictable.
62 110
63The unevictable LRU list does not differentiate between file backed and swap 111The unevictable list benefits from the "arrayification" of the per-zone LRU
64backed [anon] pages. This differentiation is only important while the pages 112lists and statistics originally proposed and posted by Christoph Lameter.
65are, in fact, evictable.
66 113
67The unevictable LRU list benefits from the "arrayification" of the per-zone 114The unevictable list does not use the LRU pagevec mechanism. Rather,
68LRU lists and statistics originally proposed and posted by Christoph Lameter. 115unevictable pages are placed directly on the page's zone's unevictable list
116under the zone lru_lock. This allows us to prevent the stranding of pages on
117the unevictable list when one task has the page isolated from the LRU and other
118tasks are changing the "evictability" state of the page.
69 119
70The unevictable list does not use the lru pagevec mechanism. Rather,
71unevictable pages are placed directly on the page's zone's unevictable
72list under the zone lru_lock. The reason for this is to prevent stranding
73of pages on the unevictable list when one task has the page isolated from the
74lru and other tasks are changing the "evictability" state of the page.
75 120
121MEMORY CONTROL GROUP INTERACTION
122--------------------------------
76 123
77Unevictable LRU and Memory Controller Interaction 124The unevictable LRU facility interacts with the memory control group [aka
125memory controller; see Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt] by extending the
126lru_list enum.
127
128The memory controller data structure automatically gets a per-zone unevictable
129list as a result of the "arrayification" of the per-zone LRU lists (one per
130lru_list enum element). The memory controller tracks the movement of pages to
131and from the unevictable list.
78 132
79The memory controller data structure automatically gets a per zone unevictable
80lru list as a result of the "arrayification" of the per-zone LRU lists. The
81memory controller tracks the movement of pages to and from the unevictable list.
82When a memory control group comes under memory pressure, the controller will 133When a memory control group comes under memory pressure, the controller will
83not attempt to reclaim pages on the unevictable list. This has a couple of 134not attempt to reclaim pages on the unevictable list. This has a couple of
84effects. Because the pages are "hidden" from reclaim on the unevictable list, 135effects:
85the reclaim process can be more efficient, dealing only with pages that have 136
86a chance of being reclaimed. On the other hand, if too many of the pages 137 (1) Because the pages are "hidden" from reclaim on the unevictable list, the
87charged to the control group are unevictable, the evictable portion of the 138 reclaim process can be more efficient, dealing only with pages that have a
88working set of the tasks in the control group may not fit into the available 139 chance of being reclaimed.
89memory. This can cause the control group to thrash or to oom-kill tasks. 140
90 141 (2) On the other hand, if too many of the pages charged to the control group
91 142 are unevictable, the evictable portion of the working set of the tasks in
92Unevictable LRU: Detecting Unevictable Pages 143 the control group may not fit into the available memory. This can cause
93 144 the control group to thrash or to OOM-kill tasks.
94The function page_evictable(page, vma) in vmscan.c determines whether a 145
95page is evictable or not. For ramfs pages and pages in SHM_LOCKed regions, 146
96page_evictable() tests a new address space flag, AS_UNEVICTABLE, in the page's 147MARKING ADDRESS SPACES UNEVICTABLE
97address space using a wrapper function. Wrapper functions are used to set, 148----------------------------------
98clear and test the flag to reduce the requirement for #ifdef's throughout the 149
99source code. AS_UNEVICTABLE is set on ramfs inode/mapping when it is created. 150For facilities such as ramfs none of the pages attached to the address space
100This flag remains for the life of the inode. 151may be evicted. To prevent eviction of any such pages, the AS_UNEVICTABLE
101 152address space flag is provided, and this can be manipulated by a filesystem
102For shared memory regions, AS_UNEVICTABLE is set when an application 153using a number of wrapper functions:
103successfully SHM_LOCKs the region and is removed when the region is 154
104SHM_UNLOCKed. Note that shmctl(SHM_LOCK, ...) does not populate the page 155 (*) void mapping_set_unevictable(struct address_space *mapping);
105tables for the region as does, for example, mlock(). So, we make no special 156
106effort to push any pages in the SHM_LOCKed region to the unevictable list. 157 Mark the address space as being completely unevictable.
107Vmscan will do this when/if it encounters the pages during reclaim. On 158
108SHM_UNLOCK, shmctl() scans the pages in the region and "rescues" them from the 159 (*) void mapping_clear_unevictable(struct address_space *mapping);
109unevictable list if no other condition keeps them unevictable. If a SHM_LOCKed 160
110region is destroyed, the pages are also "rescued" from the unevictable list in 161 Mark the address space as being evictable.
111the process of freeing them. 162
112 163 (*) int mapping_unevictable(struct address_space *mapping);
113page_evictable() detects mlock()ed pages by testing an additional page flag, 164
114PG_mlocked via the PageMlocked() wrapper. If the page is NOT mlocked, and a 165 Query the address space, and return true if it is completely
115non-NULL vma is supplied, page_evictable() will check whether the vma is 166 unevictable.
167
168These are currently used in two places in the kernel:
169
170 (1) By ramfs to mark the address spaces of its inodes when they are created,
171 and this mark remains for the life of the inode.
172
173 (2) By SYSV SHM to mark SHM_LOCK'd address spaces until SHM_UNLOCK is called.
174
175 Note that SHM_LOCK is not required to page in the locked pages if they're
176 swapped out; the application must touch the pages manually if it wants to
177 ensure they're in memory.
178
179
180DETECTING UNEVICTABLE PAGES
181---------------------------
182
183The function page_evictable() in vmscan.c determines whether a page is
184evictable or not using the query function outlined above [see section "Marking
185address spaces unevictable"] to check the AS_UNEVICTABLE flag.
186
187For address spaces that are so marked after being populated (as SHM regions
188might be), the lock action (eg: SHM_LOCK) can be lazy, and need not populate
189the page tables for the region as does, for example, mlock(), nor need it make
190any special effort to push any pages in the SHM_LOCK'd area to the unevictable
191list. Instead, vmscan will do this if and when it encounters the pages during
192a reclamation scan.
193
194On an unlock action (such as SHM_UNLOCK), the unlocker (eg: shmctl()) must scan
195the pages in the region and "rescue" them from the unevictable list if no other
196condition is keeping them unevictable. If an unevictable region is destroyed,
197the pages are also "rescued" from the unevictable list in the process of
198freeing them.
199
200page_evictable() also checks for mlocked pages by testing an additional page
201flag, PG_mlocked (as wrapped by PageMlocked()). If the page is NOT mlocked,
202and a non-NULL VMA is supplied, page_evictable() will check whether the VMA is
116VM_LOCKED via is_mlocked_vma(). is_mlocked_vma() will SetPageMlocked() and 203VM_LOCKED via is_mlocked_vma(). is_mlocked_vma() will SetPageMlocked() and
117update the appropriate statistics if the vma is VM_LOCKED. This method allows 204update the appropriate statistics if the vma is VM_LOCKED. This method allows
118efficient "culling" of pages in the fault path that are being faulted in to 205efficient "culling" of pages in the fault path that are being faulted in to
119VM_LOCKED vmas. 206VM_LOCKED VMAs.
120 207
121 208
122Unevictable Pages and Vmscan [shrink_*_list()] 209VMSCAN'S HANDLING OF UNEVICTABLE PAGES
210--------------------------------------
123 211
124If unevictable pages are culled in the fault path, or moved to the unevictable 212If unevictable pages are culled in the fault path, or moved to the unevictable
125list at mlock() or mmap() time, vmscan will never encounter the pages until 213list at mlock() or mmap() time, vmscan will not encounter the pages until they
126they have become evictable again, for example, via munlock() and have been 214have become evictable again (via munlock() for example) and have been "rescued"
127"rescued" from the unevictable list. However, there may be situations where we 215from the unevictable list. However, there may be situations where we decide,
128decide, for the sake of expediency, to leave a unevictable page on one of the 216for the sake of expediency, to leave a unevictable page on one of the regular
129regular active/inactive LRU lists for vmscan to deal with. Vmscan checks for 217active/inactive LRU lists for vmscan to deal with. vmscan checks for such
130such pages in all of the shrink_{active|inactive|page}_list() functions and 218pages in all of the shrink_{active|inactive|page}_list() functions and will
131will "cull" such pages that it encounters--that is, it diverts those pages to 219"cull" such pages that it encounters: that is, it diverts those pages to the
132the unevictable list for the zone being scanned. 220unevictable list for the zone being scanned.
133 221
134There may be situations where a page is mapped into a VM_LOCKED vma, but the 222There may be situations where a page is mapped into a VM_LOCKED VMA, but the
135page is not marked as PageMlocked. Such pages will make it all the way to 223page is not marked as PG_mlocked. Such pages will make it all the way to
136shrink_page_list() where they will be detected when vmscan walks the reverse 224shrink_page_list() where they will be detected when vmscan walks the reverse
137map in try_to_unmap(). If try_to_unmap() returns SWAP_MLOCK, shrink_page_list() 225map in try_to_unmap(). If try_to_unmap() returns SWAP_MLOCK,
138will cull the page at that point. 226shrink_page_list() will cull the page at that point.
139 227
140To "cull" an unevictable page, vmscan simply puts the page back on the lru 228To "cull" an unevictable page, vmscan simply puts the page back on the LRU list
141list using putback_lru_page()--the inverse operation to isolate_lru_page()-- 229using putback_lru_page() - the inverse operation to isolate_lru_page() - after
142after dropping the page lock. Because the condition which makes the page 230dropping the page lock. Because the condition which makes the page unevictable
143unevictable may change once the page is unlocked, putback_lru_page() will 231may change once the page is unlocked, putback_lru_page() will recheck the
144recheck the unevictable state of a page that it places on the unevictable lru 232unevictable state of a page that it places on the unevictable list. If the
145list. If the page has become unevictable, putback_lru_page() removes it from 233page has become unevictable, putback_lru_page() removes it from the list and
146the list and retries, including the page_unevictable() test. Because such a 234retries, including the page_unevictable() test. Because such a race is a rare
147race is a rare event and movement of pages onto the unevictable list should be 235event and movement of pages onto the unevictable list should be rare, these
148rare, these extra evictabilty checks should not occur in the majority of calls 236extra evictabilty checks should not occur in the majority of calls to
149to putback_lru_page(). 237putback_lru_page().
150 238
151 239
152Mlocked Page: Prior Work 240=============
241MLOCKED PAGES
242=============
153 243
154The "Unevictable Mlocked Pages" infrastructure is based on work originally 244The unevictable page list is also useful for mlock(), in addition to ramfs and
245SYSV SHM. Note that mlock() is only available in CONFIG_MMU=y situations; in
246NOMMU situations, all mappings are effectively mlocked.
247
248
249HISTORY
250-------
251
252The "Unevictable mlocked Pages" infrastructure is based on work originally
155posted by Nick Piggin in an RFC patch entitled "mm: mlocked pages off LRU". 253posted by Nick Piggin in an RFC patch entitled "mm: mlocked pages off LRU".
156Nick posted his patch as an alternative to a patch posted by Christoph 254Nick posted his patch as an alternative to a patch posted by Christoph Lameter
157Lameter to achieve the same objective--hiding mlocked pages from vmscan. 255to achieve the same objective: hiding mlocked pages from vmscan.
158In Nick's patch, he used one of the struct page lru list link fields as a count 256
159of VM_LOCKED vmas that map the page. This use of the link field for a count 257In Nick's patch, he used one of the struct page LRU list link fields as a count
160prevented the management of the pages on an LRU list. Thus, mlocked pages were 258of VM_LOCKED VMAs that map the page. This use of the link field for a count
161not migratable as isolate_lru_page() could not find them and the lru list link 259prevented the management of the pages on an LRU list, and thus mlocked pages
162field was not available to the migration subsystem. Nick resolved this by 260were not migratable as isolate_lru_page() could not find them, and the LRU list
163putting mlocked pages back on the lru list before attempting to isolate them, 261link field was not available to the migration subsystem.
164thus abandoning the count of VM_LOCKED vmas. When Nick's patch was integrated 262
165with the Unevictable LRU work, the count was replaced by walking the reverse 263Nick resolved this by putting mlocked pages back on the lru list before
166map to determine whether any VM_LOCKED vmas mapped the page. More on this 264attempting to isolate them, thus abandoning the count of VM_LOCKED VMAs. When
167below. 265Nick's patch was integrated with the Unevictable LRU work, the count was
168 266replaced by walking the reverse map to determine whether any VM_LOCKED VMAs
169 267mapped the page. More on this below.
170Mlocked Pages: Basic Management 268
171 269
172Mlocked pages--pages mapped into a VM_LOCKED vma--represent one class of 270BASIC MANAGEMENT
173unevictable pages. When such a page has been "noticed" by the memory 271----------------
174management subsystem, the page is marked with the PG_mlocked [PageMlocked()] 272
175flag. A PageMlocked() page will be placed on the unevictable LRU list when 273mlocked pages - pages mapped into a VM_LOCKED VMA - are a class of unevictable
176it is added to the LRU. Pages can be "noticed" by memory management in 274pages. When such a page has been "noticed" by the memory management subsystem,
177several places: 275the page is marked with the PG_mlocked flag. This can be manipulated using the
178 276PageMlocked() functions.
1791) in the mlock()/mlockall() system call handlers. 277
1802) in the mmap() system call handler when mmap()ing a region with the 278A PG_mlocked page will be placed on the unevictable list when it is added to
181 MAP_LOCKED flag, or mmap()ing a region in a task that has called 279the LRU. Such pages can be "noticed" by memory management in several places:
182 mlockall() with the MCL_FUTURE flag. Both of these conditions result 280
183 in the VM_LOCKED flag being set for the vma. 281 (1) in the mlock()/mlockall() system call handlers;
1843) in the fault path, if mlocked pages are "culled" in the fault path, 282
185 and when a VM_LOCKED stack segment is expanded. 283 (2) in the mmap() system call handler when mmapping a region with the
1864) as mentioned above, in vmscan:shrink_page_list() when attempting to 284 MAP_LOCKED flag;
187 reclaim a page in a VM_LOCKED vma via try_to_unmap(). 285
188 286 (3) mmapping a region in a task that has called mlockall() with the MCL_FUTURE
189Mlocked pages become unlocked and rescued from the unevictable list when: 287 flag
190 288
1911) mapped in a range unlocked via the munlock()/munlockall() system calls. 289 (4) in the fault path, if mlocked pages are "culled" in the fault path,
1922) munmapped() out of the last VM_LOCKED vma that maps the page, including 290 and when a VM_LOCKED stack segment is expanded; or
193 unmapping at task exit. 291
1943) when the page is truncated from the last VM_LOCKED vma of an mmap()ed file. 292 (5) as mentioned above, in vmscan:shrink_page_list() when attempting to
1954) before a page is COWed in a VM_LOCKED vma. 293 reclaim a page in a VM_LOCKED VMA via try_to_unmap()
196 294
197 295all of which result in the VM_LOCKED flag being set for the VMA if it doesn't
198Mlocked Pages: mlock()/mlockall() System Call Handling 296already have it set.
297
298mlocked pages become unlocked and rescued from the unevictable list when:
299
300 (1) mapped in a range unlocked via the munlock()/munlockall() system calls;
301
302 (2) munmap()'d out of the last VM_LOCKED VMA that maps the page, including
303 unmapping at task exit;
304
305 (3) when the page is truncated from the last VM_LOCKED VMA of an mmapped file;
306 or
307
308 (4) before a page is COW'd in a VM_LOCKED VMA.
309
310
311mlock()/mlockall() SYSTEM CALL HANDLING
312---------------------------------------
199 313
200Both [do_]mlock() and [do_]mlockall() system call handlers call mlock_fixup() 314Both [do_]mlock() and [do_]mlockall() system call handlers call mlock_fixup()
201for each vma in the range specified by the call. In the case of mlockall(), 315for each VMA in the range specified by the call. In the case of mlockall(),
202this is the entire active address space of the task. Note that mlock_fixup() 316this is the entire active address space of the task. Note that mlock_fixup()
203is used for both mlock()ing and munlock()ing a range of memory. A call to 317is used for both mlocking and munlocking a range of memory. A call to mlock()
204mlock() an already VM_LOCKED vma, or to munlock() a vma that is not VM_LOCKED 318an already VM_LOCKED VMA, or to munlock() a VMA that is not VM_LOCKED is
205is treated as a no-op--mlock_fixup() simply returns. 319treated as a no-op, and mlock_fixup() simply returns.
206 320
207If the vma passes some filtering described in "Mlocked Pages: Filtering Vmas" 321If the VMA passes some filtering as described in "Filtering Special Vmas"
208below, mlock_fixup() will attempt to merge the vma with its neighbors or split 322below, mlock_fixup() will attempt to merge the VMA with its neighbors or split
209off a subset of the vma if the range does not cover the entire vma. Once the 323off a subset of the VMA if the range does not cover the entire VMA. Once the
210vma has been merged or split or neither, mlock_fixup() will call 324VMA has been merged or split or neither, mlock_fixup() will call
211__mlock_vma_pages_range() to fault in the pages via get_user_pages() and 325__mlock_vma_pages_range() to fault in the pages via get_user_pages() and to
212to mark the pages as mlocked via mlock_vma_page(). 326mark the pages as mlocked via mlock_vma_page().
213 327
214Note that the vma being mlocked might be mapped with PROT_NONE. In this case, 328Note that the VMA being mlocked might be mapped with PROT_NONE. In this case,
215get_user_pages() will be unable to fault in the pages. That's OK. If pages 329get_user_pages() will be unable to fault in the pages. That's okay. If pages
216do end up getting faulted into this VM_LOCKED vma, we'll handle them in the 330do end up getting faulted into this VM_LOCKED VMA, we'll handle them in the
217fault path or in vmscan. 331fault path or in vmscan.
218 332
219Also note that a page returned by get_user_pages() could be truncated or 333Also note that a page returned by get_user_pages() could be truncated or
220migrated out from under us, while we're trying to mlock it. To detect 334migrated out from under us, while we're trying to mlock it. To detect this,
221this, __mlock_vma_pages_range() tests the page_mapping after acquiring 335__mlock_vma_pages_range() checks page_mapping() after acquiring the page lock.
222the page lock. If the page is still associated with its mapping, we'll 336If the page is still associated with its mapping, we'll go ahead and call
223go ahead and call mlock_vma_page(). If the mapping is gone, we just 337mlock_vma_page(). If the mapping is gone, we just unlock the page and move on.
224unlock the page and move on. Worse case, this results in page mapped 338In the worst case, this will result in a page mapped in a VM_LOCKED VMA
225in a VM_LOCKED vma remaining on a normal LRU list without being 339remaining on a normal LRU list without being PageMlocked(). Again, vmscan will
226PageMlocked(). Again, vmscan will detect and cull such pages. 340detect and cull such pages.
227 341
228mlock_vma_page(), called with the page locked [N.B., not "mlocked"], will 342mlock_vma_page() will call TestSetPageMlocked() for each page returned by
229TestSetPageMlocked() for each page returned by get_user_pages(). We use 343get_user_pages(). We use TestSetPageMlocked() because the page might already
230TestSetPageMlocked() because the page might already be mlocked by another 344be mlocked by another task/VMA and we don't want to do extra work. We
231task/vma and we don't want to do extra work. We especially do not want to 345especially do not want to count an mlocked page more than once in the
232count an mlocked page more than once in the statistics. If the page was 346statistics. If the page was already mlocked, mlock_vma_page() need do nothing
233already mlocked, mlock_vma_page() is done. 347more.
234 348
235If the page was NOT already mlocked, mlock_vma_page() attempts to isolate the 349If the page was NOT already mlocked, mlock_vma_page() attempts to isolate the
236page from the LRU, as it is likely on the appropriate active or inactive list 350page from the LRU, as it is likely on the appropriate active or inactive list
237at that time. If the isolate_lru_page() succeeds, mlock_vma_page() will 351at that time. If the isolate_lru_page() succeeds, mlock_vma_page() will put
238putback the page--putback_lru_page()--which will notice that the page is now 352back the page - by calling putback_lru_page() - which will notice that the page
239mlocked and divert the page to the zone's unevictable LRU list. If 353is now mlocked and divert the page to the zone's unevictable list. If
240mlock_vma_page() is unable to isolate the page from the LRU, vmscan will handle 354mlock_vma_page() is unable to isolate the page from the LRU, vmscan will handle
241it later if/when it attempts to reclaim the page. 355it later if and when it attempts to reclaim the page.
242 356
243 357
244Mlocked Pages: Filtering Special Vmas 358FILTERING SPECIAL VMAS
359----------------------
245 360
246mlock_fixup() filters several classes of "special" vmas: 361mlock_fixup() filters several classes of "special" VMAs:
247 362
2481) vmas with VM_IO|VM_PFNMAP set are skipped entirely. The pages behind 3631) VMAs with VM_IO or VM_PFNMAP set are skipped entirely. The pages behind
249 these mappings are inherently pinned, so we don't need to mark them as 364 these mappings are inherently pinned, so we don't need to mark them as
250 mlocked. In any case, most of the pages have no struct page in which to 365 mlocked. In any case, most of the pages have no struct page in which to so
251 so mark the page. Because of this, get_user_pages() will fail for these 366 mark the page. Because of this, get_user_pages() will fail for these VMAs,
252 vmas, so there is no sense in attempting to visit them. 367 so there is no sense in attempting to visit them.
253 368
2542) vmas mapping hugetlbfs page are already effectively pinned into memory. 3692) VMAs mapping hugetlbfs page are already effectively pinned into memory. We
255 We don't need nor want to mlock() these pages. However, to preserve the 370 neither need nor want to mlock() these pages. However, to preserve the
256 prior behavior of mlock()--before the unevictable/mlock changes-- 371 prior behavior of mlock() - before the unevictable/mlock changes -
257 mlock_fixup() will call make_pages_present() in the hugetlbfs vma range 372 mlock_fixup() will call make_pages_present() in the hugetlbfs VMA range to
258 to allocate the huge pages and populate the ptes. 373 allocate the huge pages and populate the ptes.
259 374
2603) vmas with VM_DONTEXPAND|VM_RESERVED are generally user space mappings of 3753) VMAs with VM_DONTEXPAND or VM_RESERVED are generally userspace mappings of
261 kernel pages, such as the vdso page, relay channel pages, etc. These pages 376 kernel pages, such as the VDSO page, relay channel pages, etc. These pages
262 are inherently unevictable and are not managed on the LRU lists. 377 are inherently unevictable and are not managed on the LRU lists.
263 mlock_fixup() treats these vmas the same as hugetlbfs vmas. It calls 378 mlock_fixup() treats these VMAs the same as hugetlbfs VMAs. It calls
264 make_pages_present() to populate the ptes. 379 make_pages_present() to populate the ptes.
265 380
266Note that for all of these special vmas, mlock_fixup() does not set the 381Note that for all of these special VMAs, mlock_fixup() does not set the
267VM_LOCKED flag. Therefore, we won't have to deal with them later during 382VM_LOCKED flag. Therefore, we won't have to deal with them later during
268munlock() or munmap()--for example, at task exit. Neither does mlock_fixup() 383munlock(), munmap() or task exit. Neither does mlock_fixup() account these
269account these vmas against the task's "locked_vm". 384VMAs against the task's "locked_vm".
270 385
271Mlocked Pages: Downgrading the Mmap Semaphore. 386
272 387munlock()/munlockall() SYSTEM CALL HANDLING
273mlock_fixup() must be called with the mmap semaphore held for write, because 388-------------------------------------------
274it may have to merge or split vmas. However, mlocking a large region of 389
275memory can take a long time--especially if vmscan must reclaim pages to 390The munlock() and munlockall() system calls are handled by the same functions -
276satisfy the regions requirements. Faulting in a large region with the mmap 391do_mlock[all]() - as the mlock() and mlockall() system calls with the unlock vs
277semaphore held for write can hold off other faults on the address space, in 392lock operation indicated by an argument. So, these system calls are also
278the case of a multi-threaded task. It can also hold off scans of the task's 393handled by mlock_fixup(). Again, if called for an already munlocked VMA,
279address space via /proc. While testing under heavy load, it was observed that 394mlock_fixup() simply returns. Because of the VMA filtering discussed above,
280the ps(1) command could be held off for many minutes while a large segment was 395VM_LOCKED will not be set in any "special" VMAs. So, these VMAs will be
281mlock()ed down.
282
283To address this issue, and to make the system more responsive during mlock()ing
284of large segments, mlock_fixup() downgrades the mmap semaphore to read mode
285during the call to __mlock_vma_pages_range(). This works fine. However, the
286callers of mlock_fixup() expect the semaphore to be returned in write mode.
287So, mlock_fixup() "upgrades" the semphore to write mode. Linux does not
288support an atomic upgrade_sem() call, so mlock_fixup() must drop the semaphore
289and reacquire it in write mode. In a multi-threaded task, it is possible for
290the task memory map to change while the semaphore is dropped. Therefore,
291mlock_fixup() looks up the vma at the range start address after reacquiring
292the semaphore in write mode and verifies that it still covers the original
293range. If not, mlock_fixup() returns an error [-EAGAIN]. All callers of
294mlock_fixup() have been changed to deal with this new error condition.
295
296Note: when munlocking a region, all of the pages should already be resident--
297unless we have racing threads mlocking() and munlocking() regions. So,
298unlocking should not have to wait for page allocations nor faults of any kind.
299Therefore mlock_fixup() does not downgrade the semaphore for munlock().
300
301
302Mlocked Pages: munlock()/munlockall() System Call Handling
303
304The munlock() and munlockall() system calls are handled by the same functions--
305do_mlock[all]()--as the mlock() and mlockall() system calls with the unlock
306vs lock operation indicated by an argument. So, these system calls are also
307handled by mlock_fixup(). Again, if called for an already munlock()ed vma,
308mlock_fixup() simply returns. Because of the vma filtering discussed above,
309VM_LOCKED will not be set in any "special" vmas. So, these vmas will be
310ignored for munlock. 396ignored for munlock.
311 397
312If the vma is VM_LOCKED, mlock_fixup() again attempts to merge or split off 398If the VMA is VM_LOCKED, mlock_fixup() again attempts to merge or split off the
313the specified range. The range is then munlocked via the function 399specified range. The range is then munlocked via the function
314__mlock_vma_pages_range()--the same function used to mlock a vma range-- 400__mlock_vma_pages_range() - the same function used to mlock a VMA range -
315passing a flag to indicate that munlock() is being performed. 401passing a flag to indicate that munlock() is being performed.
316 402
317Because the vma access protections could have been changed to PROT_NONE after 403Because the VMA access protections could have been changed to PROT_NONE after
318faulting in and mlocking pages, get_user_pages() was unreliable for visiting 404faulting in and mlocking pages, get_user_pages() was unreliable for visiting
319these pages for munlocking. Because we don't want to leave pages mlocked(), 405these pages for munlocking. Because we don't want to leave pages mlocked,
320get_user_pages() was enhanced to accept a flag to ignore the permissions when 406get_user_pages() was enhanced to accept a flag to ignore the permissions when
321fetching the pages--all of which should be resident as a result of previous 407fetching the pages - all of which should be resident as a result of previous
322mlock()ing. 408mlocking.
323 409
324For munlock(), __mlock_vma_pages_range() unlocks individual pages by calling 410For munlock(), __mlock_vma_pages_range() unlocks individual pages by calling
325munlock_vma_page(). munlock_vma_page() unconditionally clears the PG_mlocked 411munlock_vma_page(). munlock_vma_page() unconditionally clears the PG_mlocked
326flag using TestClearPageMlocked(). As with mlock_vma_page(), munlock_vma_page() 412flag using TestClearPageMlocked(). As with mlock_vma_page(),
327use the Test*PageMlocked() function to handle the case where the page might 413munlock_vma_page() use the Test*PageMlocked() function to handle the case where
328have already been unlocked by another task. If the page was mlocked, 414the page might have already been unlocked by another task. If the page was
329munlock_vma_page() updates that zone statistics for the number of mlocked 415mlocked, munlock_vma_page() updates that zone statistics for the number of
330pages. Note, however, that at this point we haven't checked whether the page 416mlocked pages. Note, however, that at this point we haven't checked whether
331is mapped by other VM_LOCKED vmas. 417the page is mapped by other VM_LOCKED VMAs.
332 418
333We can't call try_to_munlock(), the function that walks the reverse map to check 419We can't call try_to_munlock(), the function that walks the reverse map to
334for other VM_LOCKED vmas, without first isolating the page from the LRU. 420check for other VM_LOCKED VMAs, without first isolating the page from the LRU.
335try_to_munlock() is a variant of try_to_unmap() and thus requires that the page 421try_to_munlock() is a variant of try_to_unmap() and thus requires that the page
336not be on an lru list. [More on these below.] However, the call to 422not be on an LRU list [more on these below]. However, the call to
337isolate_lru_page() could fail, in which case we couldn't try_to_munlock(). 423isolate_lru_page() could fail, in which case we couldn't try_to_munlock(). So,
338So, we go ahead and clear PG_mlocked up front, as this might be the only chance 424we go ahead and clear PG_mlocked up front, as this might be the only chance we
339we have. If we can successfully isolate the page, we go ahead and 425have. If we can successfully isolate the page, we go ahead and
340try_to_munlock(), which will restore the PG_mlocked flag and update the zone 426try_to_munlock(), which will restore the PG_mlocked flag and update the zone
341page statistics if it finds another vma holding the page mlocked. If we fail 427page statistics if it finds another VMA holding the page mlocked. If we fail
342to isolate the page, we'll have left a potentially mlocked page on the LRU. 428to isolate the page, we'll have left a potentially mlocked page on the LRU.
343This is fine, because we'll catch it later when/if vmscan tries to reclaim the 429This is fine, because we'll catch it later if and if vmscan tries to reclaim
344page. This should be relatively rare. 430the page. This should be relatively rare.
345 431
346Mlocked Pages: Migrating Them... 432
347 433MIGRATING MLOCKED PAGES
348A page that is being migrated has been isolated from the lru lists and is 434-----------------------
349held locked across unmapping of the page, updating the page's mapping 435
350[address_space] entry and copying the contents and state, until the 436A page that is being migrated has been isolated from the LRU lists and is held
351page table entry has been replaced with an entry that refers to the new 437locked across unmapping of the page, updating the page's address space entry
352page. Linux supports migration of mlocked pages and other unevictable 438and copying the contents and state, until the page table entry has been
353pages. This involves simply moving the PageMlocked and PageUnevictable states 439replaced with an entry that refers to the new page. Linux supports migration
354from the old page to the new page. 440of mlocked pages and other unevictable pages. This involves simply moving the
355 441PG_mlocked and PG_unevictable states from the old page to the new page.
356Note that page migration can race with mlocking or munlocking of the same 442
357page. This has been discussed from the mlock/munlock perspective in the 443Note that page migration can race with mlocking or munlocking of the same page.
358respective sections above. Both processes [migration, m[un]locking], hold 444This has been discussed from the mlock/munlock perspective in the respective
359the page locked. This provides the first level of synchronization. Page 445sections above. Both processes (migration and m[un]locking) hold the page
360migration zeros out the page_mapping of the old page before unlocking it, 446locked. This provides the first level of synchronization. Page migration
361so m[un]lock can skip these pages by testing the page mapping under page 447zeros out the page_mapping of the old page before unlocking it, so m[un]lock
362lock. 448can skip these pages by testing the page mapping under page lock.
363 449
364When completing page migration, we place the new and old pages back onto the 450To complete page migration, we place the new and old pages back onto the LRU
365lru after dropping the page lock. The "unneeded" page--old page on success, 451after dropping the page lock. The "unneeded" page - old page on success, new
366new page on failure--will be freed when the reference count held by the 452page on failure - will be freed when the reference count held by the migration
367migration process is released. To ensure that we don't strand pages on the 453process is released. To ensure that we don't strand pages on the unevictable
368unevictable list because of a race between munlock and migration, page 454list because of a race between munlock and migration, page migration uses the
369migration uses the putback_lru_page() function to add migrated pages back to 455putback_lru_page() function to add migrated pages back to the LRU.
370the lru. 456
371 457
372 458mmap(MAP_LOCKED) SYSTEM CALL HANDLING
373Mlocked Pages: mmap(MAP_LOCKED) System Call Handling 459-------------------------------------
374 460
375In addition the the mlock()/mlockall() system calls, an application can request 461In addition the the mlock()/mlockall() system calls, an application can request
376that a region of memory be mlocked using the MAP_LOCKED flag with the mmap() 462that a region of memory be mlocked supplying the MAP_LOCKED flag to the mmap()
377call. Furthermore, any mmap() call or brk() call that expands the heap by a 463call. Furthermore, any mmap() call or brk() call that expands the heap by a
378task that has previously called mlockall() with the MCL_FUTURE flag will result 464task that has previously called mlockall() with the MCL_FUTURE flag will result
379in the newly mapped memory being mlocked. Before the unevictable/mlock changes, 465in the newly mapped memory being mlocked. Before the unevictable/mlock
380the kernel simply called make_pages_present() to allocate pages and populate 466changes, the kernel simply called make_pages_present() to allocate pages and
381the page table. 467populate the page table.
382 468
383To mlock a range of memory under the unevictable/mlock infrastructure, the 469To mlock a range of memory under the unevictable/mlock infrastructure, the
384mmap() handler and task address space expansion functions call 470mmap() handler and task address space expansion functions call
385mlock_vma_pages_range() specifying the vma and the address range to mlock. 471mlock_vma_pages_range() specifying the vma and the address range to mlock.
386mlock_vma_pages_range() filters vmas like mlock_fixup(), as described above in 472mlock_vma_pages_range() filters VMAs like mlock_fixup(), as described above in
387"Mlocked Pages: Filtering Vmas". It will clear the VM_LOCKED flag, which will 473"Filtering Special VMAs". It will clear the VM_LOCKED flag, which will have
388have already been set by the caller, in filtered vmas. Thus these vma's need 474already been set by the caller, in filtered VMAs. Thus these VMA's need not be
389not be visited for munlock when the region is unmapped. 475visited for munlock when the region is unmapped.
390 476
391For "normal" vmas, mlock_vma_pages_range() calls __mlock_vma_pages_range() to 477For "normal" VMAs, mlock_vma_pages_range() calls __mlock_vma_pages_range() to
392fault/allocate the pages and mlock them. Again, like mlock_fixup(), 478fault/allocate the pages and mlock them. Again, like mlock_fixup(),
393mlock_vma_pages_range() downgrades the mmap semaphore to read mode before 479mlock_vma_pages_range() downgrades the mmap semaphore to read mode before
394attempting to fault/allocate and mlock the pages; and "upgrades" the semaphore 480attempting to fault/allocate and mlock the pages and "upgrades" the semaphore
395back to write mode before returning. 481back to write mode before returning.
396 482
397The callers of mlock_vma_pages_range() will have already added the memory 483The callers of mlock_vma_pages_range() will have already added the memory range
398range to be mlocked to the task's "locked_vm". To account for filtered vmas, 484to be mlocked to the task's "locked_vm". To account for filtered VMAs,
399mlock_vma_pages_range() returns the number of pages NOT mlocked. All of the 485mlock_vma_pages_range() returns the number of pages NOT mlocked. All of the
400callers then subtract a non-negative return value from the task's locked_vm. 486callers then subtract a non-negative return value from the task's locked_vm. A
401A negative return value represent an error--for example, from get_user_pages() 487negative return value represent an error - for example, from get_user_pages()
402attempting to fault in a vma with PROT_NONE access. In this case, we leave 488attempting to fault in a VMA with PROT_NONE access. In this case, we leave the
403the memory range accounted as locked_vm, as the protections could be changed 489memory range accounted as locked_vm, as the protections could be changed later
404later and pages allocated into that region. 490and pages allocated into that region.
405 491
406 492
407Mlocked Pages: munmap()/exit()/exec() System Call Handling 493munmap()/exit()/exec() SYSTEM CALL HANDLING
494-------------------------------------------
408 495
409When unmapping an mlocked region of memory, whether by an explicit call to 496When unmapping an mlocked region of memory, whether by an explicit call to
410munmap() or via an internal unmap from exit() or exec() processing, we must 497munmap() or via an internal unmap from exit() or exec() processing, we must
411munlock the pages if we're removing the last VM_LOCKED vma that maps the pages. 498munlock the pages if we're removing the last VM_LOCKED VMA that maps the pages.
412Before the unevictable/mlock changes, mlocking did not mark the pages in any 499Before the unevictable/mlock changes, mlocking did not mark the pages in any
413way, so unmapping them required no processing. 500way, so unmapping them required no processing.
414 501
415To munlock a range of memory under the unevictable/mlock infrastructure, the 502To munlock a range of memory under the unevictable/mlock infrastructure, the
416munmap() hander and task address space tear down function call 503munmap() handler and task address space call tear down function
417munlock_vma_pages_all(). The name reflects the observation that one always 504munlock_vma_pages_all(). The name reflects the observation that one always
418specifies the entire vma range when munlock()ing during unmap of a region. 505specifies the entire VMA range when munlock()ing during unmap of a region.
419Because of the vma filtering when mlocking() regions, only "normal" vmas that 506Because of the VMA filtering when mlocking() regions, only "normal" VMAs that
420actually contain mlocked pages will be passed to munlock_vma_pages_all(). 507actually contain mlocked pages will be passed to munlock_vma_pages_all().
421 508
422munlock_vma_pages_all() clears the VM_LOCKED vma flag and, like mlock_fixup() 509munlock_vma_pages_all() clears the VM_LOCKED VMA flag and, like mlock_fixup()
423for the munlock case, calls __munlock_vma_pages_range() to walk the page table 510for the munlock case, calls __munlock_vma_pages_range() to walk the page table
424for the vma's memory range and munlock_vma_page() each resident page mapped by 511for the VMA's memory range and munlock_vma_page() each resident page mapped by
425the vma. This effectively munlocks the page, only if this is the last 512the VMA. This effectively munlocks the page, only if this is the last
426VM_LOCKED vma that maps the page. 513VM_LOCKED VMA that maps the page.
427
428 514
429Mlocked Page: try_to_unmap()
430 515
431[Note: the code changes represented by this section are really quite small 516try_to_unmap()
432compared to the text to describe what happening and why, and to discuss the 517--------------
433implications.]
434 518
435Pages can, of course, be mapped into multiple vmas. Some of these vmas may 519Pages can, of course, be mapped into multiple VMAs. Some of these VMAs may
436have VM_LOCKED flag set. It is possible for a page mapped into one or more 520have VM_LOCKED flag set. It is possible for a page mapped into one or more
437VM_LOCKED vmas not to have the PG_mlocked flag set and therefore reside on one 521VM_LOCKED VMAs not to have the PG_mlocked flag set and therefore reside on one
438of the active or inactive LRU lists. This could happen if, for example, a 522of the active or inactive LRU lists. This could happen if, for example, a task
439task in the process of munlock()ing the page could not isolate the page from 523in the process of munlocking the page could not isolate the page from the LRU.
440the LRU. As a result, vmscan/shrink_page_list() might encounter such a page 524As a result, vmscan/shrink_page_list() might encounter such a page as described
441as described in "Unevictable Pages and Vmscan [shrink_*_list()]". To 525in section "vmscan's handling of unevictable pages". To handle this situation,
442handle this situation, try_to_unmap() has been enhanced to check for VM_LOCKED 526try_to_unmap() checks for VM_LOCKED VMAs while it is walking a page's reverse
443vmas while it is walking a page's reverse map. 527map.
444 528
445try_to_unmap() is always called, by either vmscan for reclaim or for page 529try_to_unmap() is always called, by either vmscan for reclaim or for page
446migration, with the argument page locked and isolated from the LRU. BUG_ON() 530migration, with the argument page locked and isolated from the LRU. Separate
447assertions enforce this requirement. Separate functions handle anonymous and 531functions handle anonymous and mapped file pages, as these types of pages have
448mapped file pages, as these types of pages have different reverse map 532different reverse map mechanisms.
449mechanisms. 533
450 534 (*) try_to_unmap_anon()
451 try_to_unmap_anon() 535
452 536 To unmap anonymous pages, each VMA in the list anchored in the anon_vma
453To unmap anonymous pages, each vma in the list anchored in the anon_vma must be 537 must be visited - at least until a VM_LOCKED VMA is encountered. If the
454visited--at least until a VM_LOCKED vma is encountered. If the page is being 538 page is being unmapped for migration, VM_LOCKED VMAs do not stop the
455unmapped for migration, VM_LOCKED vmas do not stop the process because mlocked 539 process because mlocked pages are migratable. However, for reclaim, if
456pages are migratable. However, for reclaim, if the page is mapped into a 540 the page is mapped into a VM_LOCKED VMA, the scan stops.
457VM_LOCKED vma, the scan stops. try_to_unmap() attempts to acquire the mmap 541
458semphore of the mm_struct to which the vma belongs in read mode. If this is 542 try_to_unmap_anon() attempts to acquire in read mode the mmap semphore of
459successful, try_to_unmap() will mlock the page via mlock_vma_page()--we 543 the mm_struct to which the VMA belongs. If this is successful, it will
460wouldn't have gotten to try_to_unmap() if the page were already mlocked--and 544 mlock the page via mlock_vma_page() - we wouldn't have gotten to
461will return SWAP_MLOCK, indicating that the page is unevictable. If the 545 try_to_unmap_anon() if the page were already mlocked - and will return
462mmap semaphore cannot be acquired, we are not sure whether the page is really 546 SWAP_MLOCK, indicating that the page is unevictable.
463unevictable or not. In this case, try_to_unmap() will return SWAP_AGAIN. 547
464 548 If the mmap semaphore cannot be acquired, we are not sure whether the page
465 try_to_unmap_file() -- linear mappings 549 is really unevictable or not. In this case, try_to_unmap_anon() will
466 550 return SWAP_AGAIN.
467Unmapping of a mapped file page works the same, except that the scan visits 551
468all vmas that maps the page's index/page offset in the page's mapping's 552 (*) try_to_unmap_file() - linear mappings
469reverse map priority search tree. It must also visit each vma in the page's 553
470mapping's non-linear list, if the list is non-empty. As for anonymous pages, 554 Unmapping of a mapped file page works the same as for anonymous mappings,
471on encountering a VM_LOCKED vma for a mapped file page, try_to_unmap() will 555 except that the scan visits all VMAs that map the page's index/page offset
472attempt to acquire the associated mm_struct's mmap semaphore to mlock the page, 556 in the page's mapping's reverse map priority search tree. It also visits
473returning SWAP_MLOCK if this is successful, and SWAP_AGAIN, if not. 557 each VMA in the page's mapping's non-linear list, if the list is
474 558 non-empty.
475 try_to_unmap_file() -- non-linear mappings 559
476 560 As for anonymous pages, on encountering a VM_LOCKED VMA for a mapped file
477If a page's mapping contains a non-empty non-linear mapping vma list, then 561 page, try_to_unmap_file() will attempt to acquire the associated
478try_to_un{map|lock}() must also visit each vma in that list to determine 562 mm_struct's mmap semaphore to mlock the page, returning SWAP_MLOCK if this
479whether the page is mapped in a VM_LOCKED vma. Again, the scan must visit 563 is successful, and SWAP_AGAIN, if not.
480all vmas in the non-linear list to ensure that the pages is not/should not be 564
481mlocked. If a VM_LOCKED vma is found in the list, the scan could terminate. 565 (*) try_to_unmap_file() - non-linear mappings
482However, there is no easy way to determine whether the page is actually mapped 566
483in a given vma--either for unmapping or testing whether the VM_LOCKED vma 567 If a page's mapping contains a non-empty non-linear mapping VMA list, then
484actually pins the page. 568 try_to_un{map|lock}() must also visit each VMA in that list to determine
485 569 whether the page is mapped in a VM_LOCKED VMA. Again, the scan must visit
486So, try_to_unmap_file() handles non-linear mappings by scanning a certain 570 all VMAs in the non-linear list to ensure that the pages is not/should not
487number of pages--a "cluster"--in each non-linear vma associated with the page's 571 be mlocked.
488mapping, for each file mapped page that vmscan tries to unmap. If this happens 572
489to unmap the page we're trying to unmap, try_to_unmap() will notice this on 573 If a VM_LOCKED VMA is found in the list, the scan could terminate.
490return--(page_mapcount(page) == 0)--and return SWAP_SUCCESS. Otherwise, it 574 However, there is no easy way to determine whether the page is actually
491will return SWAP_AGAIN, causing vmscan to recirculate this page. We take 575 mapped in a given VMA - either for unmapping or testing whether the
492advantage of the cluster scan in try_to_unmap_cluster() as follows: 576 VM_LOCKED VMA actually pins the page.
493 577
494For each non-linear vma, try_to_unmap_cluster() attempts to acquire the mmap 578 try_to_unmap_file() handles non-linear mappings by scanning a certain
495semaphore of the associated mm_struct for read without blocking. If this 579 number of pages - a "cluster" - in each non-linear VMA associated with the
496attempt is successful and the vma is VM_LOCKED, try_to_unmap_cluster() will 580 page's mapping, for each file mapped page that vmscan tries to unmap. If
497retain the mmap semaphore for the scan; otherwise it drops it here. Then, 581 this happens to unmap the page we're trying to unmap, try_to_unmap() will
498for each page in the cluster, if we're holding the mmap semaphore for a locked 582 notice this on return (page_mapcount(page) will be 0) and return
499vma, try_to_unmap_cluster() calls mlock_vma_page() to mlock the page. This 583 SWAP_SUCCESS. Otherwise, it will return SWAP_AGAIN, causing vmscan to
500call is a no-op if the page is already locked, but will mlock any pages in 584 recirculate this page. We take advantage of the cluster scan in
501the non-linear mapping that happen to be unlocked. If one of the pages so 585 try_to_unmap_cluster() as follows:
502mlocked is the page passed in to try_to_unmap(), try_to_unmap_cluster() will 586
503return SWAP_MLOCK, rather than the default SWAP_AGAIN. This will allow vmscan 587 For each non-linear VMA, try_to_unmap_cluster() attempts to acquire the
504to cull the page, rather than recirculating it on the inactive list. Again, 588 mmap semaphore of the associated mm_struct for read without blocking.
505if try_to_unmap_cluster() cannot acquire the vma's mmap sem, it returns 589
506SWAP_AGAIN, indicating that the page is mapped by a VM_LOCKED vma, but 590 If this attempt is successful and the VMA is VM_LOCKED,
507couldn't be mlocked. 591 try_to_unmap_cluster() will retain the mmap semaphore for the scan;
508 592 otherwise it drops it here.
509 593
510Mlocked pages: try_to_munlock() Reverse Map Scan 594 Then, for each page in the cluster, if we're holding the mmap semaphore
511 595 for a locked VMA, try_to_unmap_cluster() calls mlock_vma_page() to
512TODO/FIXME: a better name might be page_mlocked()--analogous to the 596 mlock the page. This call is a no-op if the page is already locked,
513page_referenced() reverse map walker. 597 but will mlock any pages in the non-linear mapping that happen to be
514 598 unlocked.
515When munlock_vma_page()--see "Mlocked Pages: munlock()/munlockall() 599
516System Call Handling" above--tries to munlock a page, it needs to 600 If one of the pages so mlocked is the page passed in to try_to_unmap(),
517determine whether or not the page is mapped by any VM_LOCKED vma, without 601 try_to_unmap_cluster() will return SWAP_MLOCK, rather than the default
518actually attempting to unmap all ptes from the page. For this purpose, the 602 SWAP_AGAIN. This will allow vmscan to cull the page, rather than
519unevictable/mlock infrastructure introduced a variant of try_to_unmap() called 603 recirculating it on the inactive list.
520try_to_munlock(). 604
605 Again, if try_to_unmap_cluster() cannot acquire the VMA's mmap sem, it
606 returns SWAP_AGAIN, indicating that the page is mapped by a VM_LOCKED
607 VMA, but couldn't be mlocked.
608
609
610try_to_munlock() REVERSE MAP SCAN
611---------------------------------
612
613 [!] TODO/FIXME: a better name might be page_mlocked() - analogous to the
614 page_referenced() reverse map walker.
615
616When munlock_vma_page() [see section "munlock()/munlockall() System Call
617Handling" above] tries to munlock a page, it needs to determine whether or not
618the page is mapped by any VM_LOCKED VMA without actually attempting to unmap
619all PTEs from the page. For this purpose, the unevictable/mlock infrastructure
620introduced a variant of try_to_unmap() called try_to_munlock().
521 621
522try_to_munlock() calls the same functions as try_to_unmap() for anonymous and 622try_to_munlock() calls the same functions as try_to_unmap() for anonymous and
523mapped file pages with an additional argument specifing unlock versus unmap 623mapped file pages with an additional argument specifing unlock versus unmap
524processing. Again, these functions walk the respective reverse maps looking 624processing. Again, these functions walk the respective reverse maps looking
525for VM_LOCKED vmas. When such a vma is found for anonymous pages and file 625for VM_LOCKED VMAs. When such a VMA is found for anonymous pages and file
526pages mapped in linear VMAs, as in the try_to_unmap() case, the functions 626pages mapped in linear VMAs, as in the try_to_unmap() case, the functions
527attempt to acquire the associated mmap semphore, mlock the page via 627attempt to acquire the associated mmap semphore, mlock the page via
528mlock_vma_page() and return SWAP_MLOCK. This effectively undoes the 628mlock_vma_page() and return SWAP_MLOCK. This effectively undoes the
529pre-clearing of the page's PG_mlocked done by munlock_vma_page. 629pre-clearing of the page's PG_mlocked done by munlock_vma_page.
530 630
531If try_to_unmap() is unable to acquire a VM_LOCKED vma's associated mmap 631If try_to_unmap() is unable to acquire a VM_LOCKED VMA's associated mmap
532semaphore, it will return SWAP_AGAIN. This will allow shrink_page_list() 632semaphore, it will return SWAP_AGAIN. This will allow shrink_page_list() to
533to recycle the page on the inactive list and hope that it has better luck 633recycle the page on the inactive list and hope that it has better luck with the
534with the page next time. 634page next time.
535 635
536For file pages mapped into non-linear vmas, the try_to_munlock() logic works 636For file pages mapped into non-linear VMAs, the try_to_munlock() logic works
537slightly differently. On encountering a VM_LOCKED non-linear vma that might 637slightly differently. On encountering a VM_LOCKED non-linear VMA that might
538map the page, try_to_munlock() returns SWAP_AGAIN without actually mlocking 638map the page, try_to_munlock() returns SWAP_AGAIN without actually mlocking the
539the page. munlock_vma_page() will just leave the page unlocked and let 639page. munlock_vma_page() will just leave the page unlocked and let vmscan deal
540vmscan deal with it--the usual fallback position. 640with it - the usual fallback position.
541 641
542Note that try_to_munlock()'s reverse map walk must visit every vma in a pages' 642Note that try_to_munlock()'s reverse map walk must visit every VMA in a page's
543reverse map to determine that a page is NOT mapped into any VM_LOCKED vma. 643reverse map to determine that a page is NOT mapped into any VM_LOCKED VMA.
544However, the scan can terminate when it encounters a VM_LOCKED vma and can 644However, the scan can terminate when it encounters a VM_LOCKED VMA and can
545successfully acquire the vma's mmap semphore for read and mlock the page. 645successfully acquire the VMA's mmap semphore for read and mlock the page.
546Although try_to_munlock() can be called many [very many!] times when 646Although try_to_munlock() might be called a great many times when munlocking a
547munlock()ing a large region or tearing down a large address space that has been 647large region or tearing down a large address space that has been mlocked via
548mlocked via mlockall(), overall this is a fairly rare event. 648mlockall(), overall this is a fairly rare event.
549 649
550Mlocked Page: Page Reclaim in shrink_*_list() 650
551 651PAGE RECLAIM IN shrink_*_list()
552shrink_active_list() culls any obviously unevictable pages--i.e., 652-------------------------------
553!page_evictable(page, NULL)--diverting these to the unevictable lru 653
554list. However, shrink_active_list() only sees unevictable pages that 654shrink_active_list() culls any obviously unevictable pages - i.e.
555made it onto the active/inactive lru lists. Note that these pages do not 655!page_evictable(page, NULL) - diverting these to the unevictable list.
556have PageUnevictable set--otherwise, they would be on the unevictable list and 656However, shrink_active_list() only sees unevictable pages that made it onto the
557shrink_active_list would never see them. 657active/inactive lru lists. Note that these pages do not have PageUnevictable
658set - otherwise they would be on the unevictable list and shrink_active_list
659would never see them.
558 660
559Some examples of these unevictable pages on the LRU lists are: 661Some examples of these unevictable pages on the LRU lists are:
560 662
5611) ramfs pages that have been placed on the lru lists when first allocated. 663 (1) ramfs pages that have been placed on the LRU lists when first allocated.
664
665 (2) SHM_LOCK'd shared memory pages. shmctl(SHM_LOCK) does not attempt to
666 allocate or fault in the pages in the shared memory region. This happens
667 when an application accesses the page the first time after SHM_LOCK'ing
668 the segment.
562 669
5632) SHM_LOCKed shared memory pages. shmctl(SHM_LOCK) does not attempt to 670 (3) mlocked pages that could not be isolated from the LRU and moved to the
564 allocate or fault in the pages in the shared memory region. This happens 671 unevictable list in mlock_vma_page().
565 when an application accesses the page the first time after SHM_LOCKing
566 the segment.
567 672
5683) Mlocked pages that could not be isolated from the lru and moved to the 673 (4) Pages mapped into multiple VM_LOCKED VMAs, but try_to_munlock() couldn't
569 unevictable list in mlock_vma_page(). 674 acquire the VMA's mmap semaphore to test the flags and set PageMlocked.
675 munlock_vma_page() was forced to let the page back on to the normal LRU
676 list for vmscan to handle.
570 677
5713) Pages mapped into multiple VM_LOCKED vmas, but try_to_munlock() couldn't 678shrink_inactive_list() also diverts any unevictable pages that it finds on the
572 acquire the vma's mmap semaphore to test the flags and set PageMlocked. 679inactive lists to the appropriate zone's unevictable list.
573 munlock_vma_page() was forced to let the page back on to the normal
574 LRU list for vmscan to handle.
575 680
576shrink_inactive_list() also culls any unevictable pages that it finds on 681shrink_inactive_list() should only see SHM_LOCK'd pages that became SHM_LOCK'd
577the inactive lists, again diverting them to the appropriate zone's unevictable 682after shrink_active_list() had moved them to the inactive list, or pages mapped
578lru list. shrink_inactive_list() should only see SHM_LOCKed pages that became 683into VM_LOCKED VMAs that munlock_vma_page() couldn't isolate from the LRU to
579SHM_LOCKed after shrink_active_list() had moved them to the inactive list, or 684recheck via try_to_munlock(). shrink_inactive_list() won't notice the latter,
580pages mapped into VM_LOCKED vmas that munlock_vma_page() couldn't isolate from 685but will pass on to shrink_page_list().
581the lru to recheck via try_to_munlock(). shrink_inactive_list() won't notice
582the latter, but will pass on to shrink_page_list().
583 686
584shrink_page_list() again culls obviously unevictable pages that it could 687shrink_page_list() again culls obviously unevictable pages that it could
585encounter for similar reason to shrink_inactive_list(). Pages mapped into 688encounter for similar reason to shrink_inactive_list(). Pages mapped into
586VM_LOCKED vmas but without PG_mlocked set will make it all the way to 689VM_LOCKED VMAs but without PG_mlocked set will make it all the way to
587try_to_unmap(). shrink_page_list() will divert them to the unevictable list 690try_to_unmap(). shrink_page_list() will divert them to the unevictable list
588when try_to_unmap() returns SWAP_MLOCK, as discussed above. 691when try_to_unmap() returns SWAP_MLOCK, as discussed above.