swap: add per-partition lock for swapfile

swap_lock is heavily contended when I test swap to 3 fast SSD (even
slightly slower than swap to 2 such SSD).  The main contention comes
from swap_info_get().  This patch tries to fix the gap with adding a new
per-partition lock.

Global data like nr_swapfiles, total_swap_pages, least_priority and
swap_list are still protected by swap_lock.

nr_swap_pages is an atomic now, it can be changed without swap_lock.  In
theory, it's possible get_swap_page() finds no swap pages but actually
there are free swap pages.  But sounds not a big problem.

Accessing partition specific data (like scan_swap_map and so on) is only
protected by swap_info_struct.lock.

Changing swap_info_struct.flags need hold swap_lock and
swap_info_struct.lock, because scan_scan_map() will check it.  read the
flags is ok with either the locks hold.

If both swap_lock and swap_info_struct.lock must be hold, we always hold
the former first to avoid deadlock.

swap_entry_free() can change swap_list.  To delete that code, we add a
new highest_priority_index.  Whenever get_swap_page() is called, we
check it.  If it's valid, we use it.

It's a pity get_swap_page() still holds swap_lock().  But in practice,
swap_lock() isn't heavily contended in my test with this patch (or I can
say there are other much more heavier bottlenecks like TLB flush).  And
BTW, looks get_swap_page() doesn't really need the lock.  We never free
swap_info[] and we check SWAP_WRITEOK flag.  The only risk without the
lock is we could swapout to some low priority swap, but we can quickly
recover after several rounds of swap, so sounds not a big deal to me.
But I'd prefer to fix this if it's a real problem.

"swap: make each swap partition have one address_space" improved the
swapout speed from 1.7G/s to 2G/s.  This patch further improves the
speed to 2.3G/s, so around 15% improvement.  It's a multi-process test,
so TLB flush isn't the biggest bottleneck before the patches.

[arnd@arndb.de: fix it for nommu]
[hughd@google.com: add missing unlock]
[minchan@kernel.org: get rid of lockdep whinge on sys_swapon]
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shli@fusionio.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Seth Jennings <sjenning@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Cc: Xiao Guangrong <xiaoguangrong@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Dan Magenheimer <dan.magenheimer@oracle.com>
Cc: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

5 files changed, 116 insertions, 53 deletions

diff --git a/mm/mmap.c b/mm/mmap.c
index 44bb4d869884..28416f6b8dd5 100644
--- a/mm/mmap.c
+++ b/mm/mmap.c
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ int __vm_enough_memory(struct mm_struct *mm, long pages, int cap_sys_admin)
                  */
                 free -= global_page_state(NR_SHMEM);
 
-                free += nr_swap_pages;
+                free += get_nr_swap_pages();
 
                 /*
                  * Any slabs which are created with the
diff --git a/mm/nommu.c b/mm/nommu.c
index 18c1b932e2c4..87854a55829d 100644
--- a/mm/nommu.c
+++ b/mm/nommu.c
@@ -1907,7 +1907,7 @@ int __vm_enough_memory(struct mm_struct *mm, long pages, int cap_sys_admin)
                  */
                 free -= global_page_state(NR_SHMEM);
 
-                free += nr_swap_pages;
+                free += get_nr_swap_pages();
 
                 /*
                  * Any slabs which are created with the
diff --git a/mm/swap_state.c b/mm/swap_state.c
index 8d6644c5d0cc..7efcf1525921 100644
--- a/mm/swap_state.c
+++ b/mm/swap_state.c
@@ -69,7 +69,8 @@ void show_swap_cache_info(void)
         printk("Swap cache stats: add %lu, delete %lu, find %lu/%lu\n",
                 swap_cache_info.add_total, swap_cache_info.del_total,
                 swap_cache_info.find_success, swap_cache_info.find_total);
-        printk("Free swap  = %ldkB\n", nr_swap_pages << (PAGE_SHIFT - 10));
+        printk("Free swap  = %ldkB\n",
+                get_nr_swap_pages() << (PAGE_SHIFT - 10));
         printk("Total swap = %lukB\n", total_swap_pages << (PAGE_SHIFT - 10));
 }
 
diff --git a/mm/swapfile.c b/mm/swapfile.c
index e51864e6fe8b..9b51266413cd 100644
--- a/mm/swapfile.c
+++ b/mm/swapfile.c
@@ -47,9 +47,11 @@ static sector_t map_swap_entry(swp_entry_t, struct block_device**);
 
 DEFINE_SPINLOCK(swap_lock);
 static unsigned int nr_swapfiles;
-long nr_swap_pages;
+atomic_long_t nr_swap_pages;
+/* protected with swap_lock. reading in vm_swap_full() doesn't need lock */
 long total_swap_pages;
 static int least_priority;
+static atomic_t highest_priority_index = ATOMIC_INIT(-1);
 
 static const char Bad_file[] = "Bad swap file entry ";
 static const char Unused_file[] = "Unused swap file entry ";
@@ -223,7 +225,7 @@ static unsigned long scan_swap_map(struct swap_info_struct *si,
                         si->lowest_alloc = si->max;
                         si->highest_alloc = 0;
                 }
-                spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
+                spin_unlock(&si->lock);
 
                 /*
                  * If seek is expensive, start searching for new cluster from
@@ -242,7 +244,7 @@ static unsigned long scan_swap_map(struct swap_info_struct *si,
                         if (si->swap_map[offset])
                                 last_in_cluster = offset + SWAPFILE_CLUSTER;
                         else if (offset == last_in_cluster) {
-                                spin_lock(&swap_lock);
+                                spin_lock(&si->lock);
                                 offset -= SWAPFILE_CLUSTER - 1;
                                 si->cluster_next = offset;
                                 si->cluster_nr = SWAPFILE_CLUSTER - 1;
@@ -263,7 +265,7 @@ static unsigned long scan_swap_map(struct swap_info_struct *si,
                         if (si->swap_map[offset])
                                 last_in_cluster = offset + SWAPFILE_CLUSTER;
                         else if (offset == last_in_cluster) {
-                                spin_lock(&swap_lock);
+                                spin_lock(&si->lock);
                                 offset -= SWAPFILE_CLUSTER - 1;
                                 si->cluster_next = offset;
                                 si->cluster_nr = SWAPFILE_CLUSTER - 1;
@@ -277,7 +279,7 @@ static unsigned long scan_swap_map(struct swap_info_struct *si,
                 }
 
                 offset = scan_base;
-                spin_lock(&swap_lock);
+                spin_lock(&si->lock);
                 si->cluster_nr = SWAPFILE_CLUSTER - 1;
                 si->lowest_alloc = 0;
         }
@@ -293,9 +295,9 @@ checks:
         /* reuse swap entry of cache-only swap if not busy. */
         if (vm_swap_full() && si->swap_map[offset] == SWAP_HAS_CACHE) {
                 int swap_was_freed;
-                spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
+                spin_unlock(&si->lock);
                 swap_was_freed = __try_to_reclaim_swap(si, offset);
-                spin_lock(&swap_lock);
+                spin_lock(&si->lock);
                 /* entry was freed successfully, try to use this again */
                 if (swap_was_freed)
                         goto checks;
@@ -335,13 +337,13 @@ checks:
                             si->lowest_alloc <= last_in_cluster)
                                 last_in_cluster = si->lowest_alloc - 1;
                         si->flags |= SWP_DISCARDING;
-                        spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
+                        spin_unlock(&si->lock);
 
                         if (offset < last_in_cluster)
                                 discard_swap_cluster(si, offset,
                                         last_in_cluster - offset + 1);
 
-                        spin_lock(&swap_lock);
+                        spin_lock(&si->lock);
                         si->lowest_alloc = 0;
                         si->flags &= ~SWP_DISCARDING;
 
@@ -355,10 +357,10 @@ checks:
                          * could defer that delay until swap_writepage,
                          * but it's easier to keep this self-contained.
                          */
-                        spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
+                        spin_unlock(&si->lock);
                         wait_on_bit(&si->flags, ilog2(SWP_DISCARDING),
                                 wait_for_discard, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE);
-                        spin_lock(&swap_lock);
+                        spin_lock(&si->lock);
                 } else {
                         /*
                          * Note pages allocated by racing tasks while
@@ -374,14 +376,14 @@ checks:
         return offset;
 
 scan:
-        spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
+        spin_unlock(&si->lock);
         while (++offset <= si->highest_bit) {
                 if (!si->swap_map[offset]) {
-                        spin_lock(&swap_lock);
+                        spin_lock(&si->lock);
                         goto checks;
                 }
                 if (vm_swap_full() && si->swap_map[offset] == SWAP_HAS_CACHE) {
-                        spin_lock(&swap_lock);
+                        spin_lock(&si->lock);
                         goto checks;
                 }
                 if (unlikely(--latency_ration < 0)) {
@@ -392,11 +394,11 @@ scan:
         offset = si->lowest_bit;
         while (++offset < scan_base) {
                 if (!si->swap_map[offset]) {
-                        spin_lock(&swap_lock);
+                        spin_lock(&si->lock);
                         goto checks;
                 }
                 if (vm_swap_full() && si->swap_map[offset] == SWAP_HAS_CACHE) {
-                        spin_lock(&swap_lock);
+                        spin_lock(&si->lock);
                         goto checks;
                 }
                 if (unlikely(--latency_ration < 0)) {
@@ -404,7 +406,7 @@ scan:
                         latency_ration = LATENCY_LIMIT;
                 }
         }
-        spin_lock(&swap_lock);
+        spin_lock(&si->lock);
 
 no_page:
         si->flags -= SWP_SCANNING;
@@ -417,13 +419,34 @@ swp_entry_t get_swap_page(void)
         pgoff_t offset;
         int type, next;
         int wrapped = 0;
+        int hp_index;
 
         spin_lock(&swap_lock);
-        if (nr_swap_pages <= 0)
+        if (atomic_long_read(&nr_swap_pages) <= 0)
                 goto noswap;
-        nr_swap_pages--;
+        atomic_long_dec(&nr_swap_pages);
 
         for (type = swap_list.next; type >= 0 && wrapped < 2; type = next) {
+                hp_index = atomic_xchg(&highest_priority_index, -1);
+                /*
+                 * highest_priority_index records current highest priority swap
+                 * type which just frees swap entries. If its priority is
+                 * higher than that of swap_list.next swap type, we use it.  It
+                 * isn't protected by swap_lock, so it can be an invalid value
+                 * if the corresponding swap type is swapoff. We double check
+                 * the flags here. It's even possible the swap type is swapoff
+                 * and swapon again and its priority is changed. In such rare
+                 * case, low prority swap type might be used, but eventually
+                 * high priority swap will be used after several rounds of
+                 * swap.
+                 */
+                if (hp_index != -1 && hp_index != type &&
+                    swap_info[type]->prio < swap_info[hp_index]->prio &&
+                    (swap_info[hp_index]->flags & SWP_WRITEOK)) {
+                        type = hp_index;
+                        swap_list.next = type;
+                }
+
                 si = swap_info[type];
                 next = si->next;
                 if (next < 0 ||
@@ -432,22 +455,29 @@ swp_entry_t get_swap_page(void)
                         wrapped++;
                 }
 
-                if (!si->highest_bit)
+                spin_lock(&si->lock);
+                if (!si->highest_bit) {
+                        spin_unlock(&si->lock);
                         continue;
-                if (!(si->flags & SWP_WRITEOK))
+                }
+                if (!(si->flags & SWP_WRITEOK)) {
+                        spin_unlock(&si->lock);
                         continue;
+                }
 
                 swap_list.next = next;
+
+                spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
                 /* This is called for allocating swap entry for cache */
                 offset = scan_swap_map(si, SWAP_HAS_CACHE);
-                if (offset) {
-                        spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
+                spin_unlock(&si->lock);
+                if (offset)
                         return swp_entry(type, offset);
-                }
+                spin_lock(&swap_lock);
                 next = swap_list.next;
         }
 
-        nr_swap_pages++;
+        atomic_long_inc(&nr_swap_pages);
 noswap:
         spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
         return (swp_entry_t) {0};
@@ -459,19 +489,19 @@ swp_entry_t get_swap_page_of_type(int type)
         struct swap_info_struct *si;
         pgoff_t offset;
 
-        spin_lock(&swap_lock);
         si = swap_info[type];
+        spin_lock(&si->lock);
         if (si && (si->flags & SWP_WRITEOK)) {
-                nr_swap_pages--;
+                atomic_long_dec(&nr_swap_pages);
                 /* This is called for allocating swap entry, not cache */
                 offset = scan_swap_map(si, 1);
                 if (offset) {
-                        spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
+                        spin_unlock(&si->lock);
                         return swp_entry(type, offset);
                 }
-                nr_swap_pages++;
+                atomic_long_inc(&nr_swap_pages);
         }
-        spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
+        spin_unlock(&si->lock);
         return (swp_entry_t) {0};
 }
 
@@ -493,7 +523,7 @@ static struct swap_info_struct *swap_info_get(swp_entry_t entry)
                 goto bad_offset;
         if (!p->swap_map[offset])
                 goto bad_free;
-        spin_lock(&swap_lock);
+        spin_lock(&p->lock);
         return p;
 
 bad_free:
@@ -511,6 +541,27 @@ out:
         return NULL;
 }
 
+/*
+ * This swap type frees swap entry, check if it is the highest priority swap
+ * type which just frees swap entry. get_swap_page() uses
+ * highest_priority_index to search highest priority swap type. The
+ * swap_info_struct.lock can't protect us if there are multiple swap types
+ * active, so we use atomic_cmpxchg.
+ */
+static void set_highest_priority_index(int type)
+{
+        int old_hp_index, new_hp_index;
+
+        do {
+                old_hp_index = atomic_read(&highest_priority_index);
+                if (old_hp_index != -1 &&
+                        swap_info[old_hp_index]->prio >= swap_info[type]->prio)
+                        break;
+                new_hp_index = type;
+        } while (atomic_cmpxchg(&highest_priority_index,
+                old_hp_index, new_hp_index) != old_hp_index);
+}
+
 static unsigned char swap_entry_free(struct swap_info_struct *p,
                                      swp_entry_t entry, unsigned char usage)
 {
@@ -553,10 +604,8 @@ static unsigned char swap_entry_free(struct swap_info_struct *p,
                         p->lowest_bit = offset;
                 if (offset > p->highest_bit)
                         p->highest_bit = offset;
-                if (swap_list.next >= 0 &&
-                    p->prio > swap_info[swap_list.next]->prio)
-                        swap_list.next = p->type;
-                nr_swap_pages++;
+                set_highest_priority_index(p->type);
+                atomic_long_inc(&nr_swap_pages);
                 p->inuse_pages--;
                 frontswap_invalidate_page(p->type, offset);
                 if (p->flags & SWP_BLKDEV) {
@@ -581,7 +630,7 @@ void swap_free(swp_entry_t entry)
         p = swap_info_get(entry);
         if (p) {
                 swap_entry_free(p, entry, 1);
-                spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
+                spin_unlock(&p->lock);
         }
 }
 
@@ -598,7 +647,7 @@ void swapcache_free(swp_entry_t entry, struct page *page)
                 count = swap_entry_free(p, entry, SWAP_HAS_CACHE);
                 if (page)
                         mem_cgroup_uncharge_swapcache(page, entry, count != 0);
-                spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
+                spin_unlock(&p->lock);
         }
 }
 
@@ -617,7 +666,7 @@ int page_swapcount(struct page *page)
         p = swap_info_get(entry);
         if (p) {
                 count = swap_count(p->swap_map[swp_offset(entry)]);
-                spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
+                spin_unlock(&p->lock);
         }
         return count;
 }
@@ -706,7 +755,7 @@ int free_swap_and_cache(swp_entry_t entry)
                                 page = NULL;
                         }
                 }
-                spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
+                spin_unlock(&p->lock);
         }
         if (page) {
                 /*
@@ -804,11 +853,13 @@ unsigned int count_swap_pages(int type, int free)
         if ((unsigned int)type < nr_swapfiles) {
                 struct swap_info_struct *sis = swap_info[type];
 
+                spin_lock(&sis->lock);
                 if (sis->flags & SWP_WRITEOK) {
                         n = sis->pages;
                         if (free)
                                 n -= sis->inuse_pages;
                 }
+                spin_unlock(&sis->lock);
         }
         spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
         return n;
@@ -1457,7 +1508,7 @@ static void _enable_swap_info(struct swap_info_struct *p, int prio,
         p->swap_map = swap_map;
         frontswap_map_set(p, frontswap_map);
         p->flags |= SWP_WRITEOK;
-        nr_swap_pages += p->pages;
+        atomic_long_add(p->pages, &nr_swap_pages);
         total_swap_pages += p->pages;
 
         /* insert swap space into swap_list: */
@@ -1479,15 +1530,19 @@ static void enable_swap_info(struct swap_info_struct *p, int prio,
                                 unsigned long *frontswap_map)
 {
         spin_lock(&swap_lock);
+        spin_lock(&p->lock);
         _enable_swap_info(p, prio, swap_map, frontswap_map);
         frontswap_init(p->type);
+        spin_unlock(&p->lock);
         spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
 }
 
 static void reinsert_swap_info(struct swap_info_struct *p)
 {
         spin_lock(&swap_lock);
+        spin_lock(&p->lock);
         _enable_swap_info(p, p->prio, p->swap_map, frontswap_map_get(p));
+        spin_unlock(&p->lock);
         spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
 }
 
@@ -1547,14 +1602,16 @@ SYSCALL_DEFINE1(swapoff, const char __user *, specialfile)
                 /* just pick something that's safe... */
                 swap_list.next = swap_list.head;
         }
+        spin_lock(&p->lock);
         if (p->prio < 0) {
                 for (i = p->next; i >= 0; i = swap_info[i]->next)
                         swap_info[i]->prio = p->prio--;
                 least_priority++;
         }
-        nr_swap_pages -= p->pages;
+        atomic_long_sub(p->pages, &nr_swap_pages);
         total_swap_pages -= p->pages;
         p->flags &= ~SWP_WRITEOK;
+        spin_unlock(&p->lock);
         spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
 
         set_current_oom_origin();
@@ -1573,14 +1630,17 @@ SYSCALL_DEFINE1(swapoff, const char __user *, specialfile)
 
         mutex_lock(&swapon_mutex);
         spin_lock(&swap_lock);
+        spin_lock(&p->lock);
         drain_mmlist();
 
         /* wait for anyone still in scan_swap_map */
         p->highest_bit = 0;             /* cuts scans short */
         while (p->flags >= SWP_SCANNING) {
+                spin_unlock(&p->lock);
                 spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
                 schedule_timeout_uninterruptible(1);
                 spin_lock(&swap_lock);
+                spin_lock(&p->lock);
         }
 
         swap_file = p->swap_file;
@@ -1590,6 +1650,7 @@ SYSCALL_DEFINE1(swapoff, const char __user *, specialfile)
         p->swap_map = NULL;
         p->flags = 0;
         frontswap_invalidate_area(type);
+        spin_unlock(&p->lock);
         spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
         mutex_unlock(&swapon_mutex);
         vfree(swap_map);
@@ -1795,6 +1856,7 @@ static struct swap_info_struct *alloc_swap_info(void)
         p->flags = SWP_USED;
         p->next = -1;
         spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
+        spin_lock_init(&p->lock);
 
         return p;
 }
@@ -2117,7 +2179,7 @@ void si_swapinfo(struct sysinfo *val)
                 if ((si->flags & SWP_USED) && !(si->flags & SWP_WRITEOK))
                         nr_to_be_unused += si->inuse_pages;
         }
-        val->freeswap = nr_swap_pages + nr_to_be_unused;
+        val->freeswap = atomic_long_read(&nr_swap_pages) + nr_to_be_unused;
         val->totalswap = total_swap_pages + nr_to_be_unused;
         spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
 }
@@ -2150,7 +2212,7 @@ static int __swap_duplicate(swp_entry_t entry, unsigned char usage)
         p = swap_info[type];
         offset = swp_offset(entry);
 
-        spin_lock(&swap_lock);
+        spin_lock(&p->lock);
         if (unlikely(offset >= p->max))
                 goto unlock_out;
 
@@ -2185,7 +2247,7 @@ static int __swap_duplicate(swp_entry_t entry, unsigned char usage)
         p->swap_map[offset] = count | has_cache;
 
 unlock_out:
-        spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
+        spin_unlock(&p->lock);
 out:
         return err;
 
@@ -2310,7 +2372,7 @@ int add_swap_count_continuation(swp_entry_t entry, gfp_t gfp_mask)
         }
 
         if (!page) {
-                spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
+                spin_unlock(&si->lock);
                 return -ENOMEM;
         }
 
@@ -2358,7 +2420,7 @@ int add_swap_count_continuation(swp_entry_t entry, gfp_t gfp_mask)
         list_add_tail(&page->lru, &head->lru);
         page = NULL;                    /* now it's attached, don't free it */
 out:
-        spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
+        spin_unlock(&si->lock);
 outer:
         if (page)
                 __free_page(page);
diff --git a/mm/vmscan.c b/mm/vmscan.c
index a68fa20269d9..b7d8015a6d54 100644
--- a/mm/vmscan.c
+++ b/mm/vmscan.c
@@ -1684,7 +1684,7 @@ static void get_scan_count(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *sc,
                 force_scan = true;
 
         /* If we have no swap space, do not bother scanning anon pages. */
-        if (!sc->may_swap || (nr_swap_pages <= 0)) {
+        if (!sc->may_swap || (get_nr_swap_pages() <= 0)) {
                 scan_balance = SCAN_FILE;
                 goto out;
         }
@@ -1933,7 +1933,7 @@ static inline bool should_continue_reclaim(struct zone *zone,
          */
         pages_for_compaction = (2UL << sc->order);
         inactive_lru_pages = zone_page_state(zone, NR_INACTIVE_FILE);
-        if (nr_swap_pages > 0)
+        if (get_nr_swap_pages() > 0)
                 inactive_lru_pages += zone_page_state(zone, NR_INACTIVE_ANON);
         if (sc->nr_reclaimed < pages_for_compaction &&
                         inactive_lru_pages > pages_for_compaction)
@@ -3085,7 +3085,7 @@ unsigned long global_reclaimable_pages(void)
         nr = global_page_state(NR_ACTIVE_FILE) +
              global_page_state(NR_INACTIVE_FILE);
 
-        if (nr_swap_pages > 0)
+        if (get_nr_swap_pages() > 0)
                 nr += global_page_state(NR_ACTIVE_ANON) +
                       global_page_state(NR_INACTIVE_ANON);
 
@@ -3099,7 +3099,7 @@ unsigned long zone_reclaimable_pages(struct zone *zone)
         nr = zone_page_state(zone, NR_ACTIVE_FILE) +
              zone_page_state(zone, NR_INACTIVE_FILE);
 
-        if (nr_swap_pages > 0)
+        if (get_nr_swap_pages() > 0)
                 nr += zone_page_state(zone, NR_ACTIVE_ANON) +
                       zone_page_state(zone, NR_INACTIVE_ANON);