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authorChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>2009-02-04 09:25:08 -0500
committerChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>2009-02-04 09:25:08 -0500
commitb4ce94de9b4d64e8ab3cf155d13653c666e22b9b (patch)
treeebc44a9554a50b495b091cb0979d79fd29e50fe7 /include/linux/spi/spidev.h
parentc487685d7c18a8481900755aa5c56a7a74193101 (diff)
Btrfs: Change btree locking to use explicit blocking points
Most of the btrfs metadata operations can be protected by a spinlock, but some operations still need to schedule. So far, btrfs has been using a mutex along with a trylock loop, most of the time it is able to avoid going for the full mutex, so the trylock loop is a big performance gain. This commit is step one for getting rid of the blocking locks entirely. btrfs_tree_lock takes a spinlock, and the code explicitly switches to a blocking lock when it starts an operation that can schedule. We'll be able get rid of the blocking locks in smaller pieces over time. Tracing allows us to find the most common cause of blocking, so we can start with the hot spots first. The basic idea is: btrfs_tree_lock() returns with the spin lock held btrfs_set_lock_blocking() sets the EXTENT_BUFFER_BLOCKING bit in the extent buffer flags, and then drops the spin lock. The buffer is still considered locked by all of the btrfs code. If btrfs_tree_lock gets the spinlock but finds the blocking bit set, it drops the spin lock and waits on a wait queue for the blocking bit to go away. Much of the code that needs to set the blocking bit finishes without actually blocking a good percentage of the time. So, an adaptive spin is still used against the blocking bit to avoid very high context switch rates. btrfs_clear_lock_blocking() clears the blocking bit and returns with the spinlock held again. btrfs_tree_unlock() can be called on either blocking or spinning locks, it does the right thing based on the blocking bit. ctree.c has a helper function to set/clear all the locked buffers in a path as blocking. Signed-off-by: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Diffstat (limited to 'include/linux/spi/spidev.h')
0 files changed, 0 insertions, 0 deletions
gt; 2009-04-02 14:55:34 -0400 committer Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com> 2009-04-02 14:55:34 -0400 dm snapshot: remove dm_snap header' href='/cgit/cgit.cgi/litmus-rt-pandaboard.git/commit/drivers/md/dm-snap.c?id=ccc45ea8aeffec49fa5985efc3649aa67bb4fcb7'>ccc45ea8aef
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/*
 * dm-snapshot.c
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2001-2002 Sistina Software (UK) Limited.
 *
 * This file is released under the GPL.
 */

#include <linux/blkdev.h>
#include <linux/device-mapper.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/kdev_t.h>
#include <linux/list.h>
#include <linux/mempool.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
#include <linux/log2.h>
#include <linux/dm-kcopyd.h>
#include <linux/workqueue.h>

#include "dm-exception-store.h"

#define DM_MSG_PREFIX "snapshots"

static const char dm_snapshot_merge_target_name[] = "snapshot-merge";

#define dm_target_is_snapshot_merge(ti) \
	((ti)->type->name == dm_snapshot_merge_target_name)

/*
 * The percentage increment we will wake up users at
 */
#define WAKE_UP_PERCENT 5

/*
 * kcopyd priority of snapshot operations
 */
#define SNAPSHOT_COPY_PRIORITY 2

/*
 * Reserve 1MB for each snapshot initially (with minimum of 1 page).
 */
#define SNAPSHOT_PAGES (((1UL << 20) >> PAGE_SHIFT) ? : 1)

/*
 * The size of the mempool used to track chunks in use.
 */
#define MIN_IOS 256

#define DM_TRACKED_CHUNK_HASH_SIZE	16
#define DM_TRACKED_CHUNK_HASH(x)	((unsigned long)(x) & \
					 (DM_TRACKED_CHUNK_HASH_SIZE - 1))

struct dm_exception_table {
	uint32_t hash_mask;
	unsigned hash_shift;
	struct list_head *table;
};

struct dm_snapshot {
	struct rw_semaphore lock;

	struct dm_dev *origin;
	struct dm_dev *cow;

	struct dm_target *ti;

	/* List of snapshots per Origin */
	struct list_head list;

	/*
	 * You can't use a snapshot if this is 0 (e.g. if full).
	 * A snapshot-merge target never clears this.
	 */
	int valid;

	/* Origin writes don't trigger exceptions until this is set */
	int active;

	/* Whether or not owning mapped_device is suspended */
	int suspended;

	atomic_t pending_exceptions_count;

	mempool_t *pending_pool;

	struct dm_exception_table pending;
	struct dm_exception_table complete;

	/*
	 * pe_lock protects all pending_exception operations and access
	 * as well as the snapshot_bios list.
	 */
	spinlock_t pe_lock;

	/* Chunks with outstanding reads */
	spinlock_t tracked_chunk_lock;
	mempool_t *tracked_chunk_pool;
	struct hlist_head tracked_chunk_hash[DM_TRACKED_CHUNK_HASH_SIZE];

	/* The on disk metadata handler */
	struct dm_exception_store *store;

	struct dm_kcopyd_client *kcopyd_client;

	/* Queue of snapshot writes for ksnapd to flush */
	struct bio_list queued_bios;
	struct work_struct queued_bios_work;

	/* Wait for events based on state_bits */
	unsigned long state_bits;

	/* Range of chunks currently being merged. */
	chunk_t first_merging_chunk;
	int num_merging_chunks;

	/*
	 * The merge operation failed if this flag is set.
	 * Failure modes are handled as follows:
	 * - I/O error reading the header
	 *   	=> don't load the target; abort.
	 * - Header does not have "valid" flag set
	 *   	=> use the origin; forget about the snapshot.
	 * - I/O error when reading exceptions
	 *   	=> don't load the target; abort.
	 *         (We can't use the intermediate origin state.)
	 * - I/O error while merging
	 *	=> stop merging; set merge_failed; process I/O normally.
	 */
	int merge_failed;

	/*
	 * Incoming bios that overlap with chunks being merged must wait
	 * for them to be committed.
	 */
	struct bio_list bios_queued_during_merge;
};

/*
 * state_bits:
 *   RUNNING_MERGE  - Merge operation is in progress.
 *   SHUTDOWN_MERGE - Set to signal that merge needs to be stopped;
 *                    cleared afterwards.
 */
#define RUNNING_MERGE          0
#define SHUTDOWN_MERGE         1

struct dm_dev *dm_snap_origin(struct dm_snapshot *s)
{
	return s->origin;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dm_snap_origin);

struct dm_dev *dm_snap_cow(struct dm_snapshot *s)
{
	return s->cow;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dm_snap_cow);

static struct workqueue_struct *ksnapd;
static void flush_queued_bios(struct work_struct *work);

static sector_t chunk_to_sector(struct dm_exception_store *store,
				chunk_t chunk)
{
	return chunk << store->chunk_shift;
}

static int bdev_equal(struct block_device *lhs, struct block_device *rhs)
{
	/*
	 * There is only ever one instance of a particular block
	 * device so we can compare pointers safely.
	 */
	return lhs == rhs;
}

struct dm_snap_pending_exception {
	struct dm_exception e;

	/*
	 * Origin buffers waiting for this to complete are held
	 * in a bio list
	 */
	struct bio_list origin_bios;
	struct bio_list snapshot_bios;

	/* Pointer back to snapshot context */
	struct dm_snapshot *snap;

	/*
	 * 1 indicates the exception has already been sent to
	 * kcopyd.
	 */
	int started;
};

/*
 * Hash table mapping origin volumes to lists of snapshots and
 * a lock to protect it
 */
static struct kmem_cache *exception_cache;
static struct kmem_cache *pending_cache;

struct dm_snap_tracked_chunk {
	struct hlist_node node;
	chunk_t chunk;
};

static struct kmem_cache *tracked_chunk_cache;

static struct dm_snap_tracked_chunk *track_chunk(struct dm_snapshot *s,
						 chunk_t chunk)
{
	struct dm_snap_tracked_chunk *c = mempool_alloc(s->tracked_chunk_pool,
							GFP_NOIO);
	unsigned long flags;

	c->chunk = chunk;

	spin_lock_irqsave(&s->tracked_chunk_lock, flags);
	hlist_add_head(&c->node,
		       &s->tracked_chunk_hash[DM_TRACKED_CHUNK_HASH(chunk)]);
	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&s->tracked_chunk_lock, flags);

	return c;
}

static void stop_tracking_chunk(struct dm_snapshot *s,
				struct dm_snap_tracked_chunk *c)
{
	unsigned long flags;

	spin_lock_irqsave(&s->tracked_chunk_lock, flags);
	hlist_del(&c->node);
	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&s->tracked_chunk_lock, flags);

	mempool_free(c, s->tracked_chunk_pool);
}

static int __chunk_is_tracked(struct dm_snapshot *s, chunk_t chunk)
{
	struct dm_snap_tracked_chunk *c;
	struct hlist_node *hn;
	int found = 0;

	spin_lock_irq(&s->tracked_chunk_lock);

	hlist_for_each_entry(c, hn,
	    &s->tracked_chunk_hash[DM_TRACKED_CHUNK_HASH(chunk)], node) {
		if (c->chunk == chunk) {
			found = 1;
			break;
		}
	}

	spin_unlock_irq(&s->tracked_chunk_lock);

	return found;
}

/*
 * This conflicting I/O is extremely improbable in the caller,
 * so msleep(1) is sufficient and there is no need for a wait queue.
 */
static void __check_for_conflicting_io(struct dm_snapshot *s, chunk_t chunk)
{
	while (__chunk_is_tracked(s, chunk))
		msleep(1);
}

/*
 * One of these per registered origin, held in the snapshot_origins hash
 */
struct origin {
	/* The origin device */
	struct block_device *bdev;

	struct list_head hash_list;

	/* List of snapshots for this origin */
	struct list_head snapshots;
};

/*
 * Size of the hash table for origin volumes. If we make this
 * the size of the minors list then it should be nearly perfect
 */
#define ORIGIN_HASH_SIZE 256
#define ORIGIN_MASK      0xFF
static struct list_head *_origins;
static struct rw_semaphore _origins_lock;

static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(_pending_exceptions_done);
static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(_pending_exceptions_done_spinlock);
static uint64_t _pending_exceptions_done_count;

static int init_origin_hash(void)
{
	int i;

	_origins = kmalloc(ORIGIN_HASH_SIZE * sizeof(struct list_head),
			   GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!_origins) {
		DMERR("unable to allocate memory");
		return -ENOMEM;
	}

	for (i = 0; i < ORIGIN_HASH_SIZE; i++)
		INIT_LIST_HEAD(_origins + i);
	init_rwsem(&_origins_lock);

	return 0;
}

static void exit_origin_hash(void)
{
	kfree(_origins);
}

static unsigned origin_hash(struct block_device *bdev)
{
	return bdev->bd_dev & ORIGIN_MASK;
}

static struct origin *__lookup_origin(struct block_device *origin)
{
	struct list_head *ol;
	struct origin *o;

	ol = &_origins[origin_hash(origin)];
	list_for_each_entry (o, ol, hash_list)
		if (bdev_equal(o->bdev, origin))
			return o;

	return NULL;
}

static void __insert_origin(struct origin *o)
{
	struct list_head *sl = &_origins[origin_hash(o->bdev)];
	list_add_tail(&o->hash_list, sl);
}

/*
 * _origins_lock must be held when calling this function.
 * Returns number of snapshots registered using the supplied cow device, plus:
 * snap_src - a snapshot suitable for use as a source of exception handover
 * snap_dest - a snapshot capable of receiving exception handover.
 * snap_merge - an existing snapshot-merge target linked to the same origin.
 *   There can be at most one snapshot-merge target. The parameter is optional.
 *
 * Possible return values and states of snap_src and snap_dest.
 *   0: NULL, NULL  - first new snapshot
 *   1: snap_src, NULL - normal snapshot
 *   2: snap_src, snap_dest  - waiting for handover
 *   2: snap_src, NULL - handed over, waiting for old to be deleted
 *   1: NULL, snap_dest - source got destroyed without handover
 */
static int __find_snapshots_sharing_cow(struct dm_snapshot *snap,
					struct dm_snapshot **snap_src,
					struct dm_snapshot **snap_dest,
					struct dm_snapshot **snap_merge)
{
	struct dm_snapshot *s;
	struct origin *o;
	int count = 0;
	int active;

	o = __lookup_origin(snap->origin->bdev);
	if (!o)
		goto out;

	list_for_each_entry(s, &o->snapshots, list) {
		if (dm_target_is_snapshot_merge(s->ti) && snap_merge)
			*snap_merge = s;
		if (!bdev_equal(s->cow->bdev, snap->cow->bdev))
			continue;

		down_read(&s->lock);
		active = s->active;
		up_read(&s->lock);

		if (active) {
			if (snap_src)
				*snap_src = s;
		} else if (snap_dest)
			*snap_dest = s;

		count++;
	}

out:
	return count;
}

/*
 * On success, returns 1 if this snapshot is a handover destination,
 * otherwise returns 0.
 */
static int __validate_exception_handover(struct dm_snapshot *snap)
{
	struct dm_snapshot *snap_src = NULL, *snap_dest = NULL;
	struct dm_snapshot *snap_merge = NULL;

	/* Does snapshot need exceptions handed over to it? */
	if ((__find_snapshots_sharing_cow(snap, &snap_src, &snap_dest,
					  &snap_merge) == 2) ||
	    snap_dest) {
		snap->ti->error = "Snapshot cow pairing for exception "
				  "table handover failed";
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	/*
	 * If no snap_src was found, snap cannot become a handover
	 * destination.
	 */
	if (!snap_src)
		return 0;

	/*
	 * Non-snapshot-merge handover?
	 */
	if (!dm_target_is_snapshot_merge(snap->ti))
		return 1;

	/*
	 * Do not allow more than one merging snapshot.
	 */
	if (snap_merge) {
		snap->ti->error = "A snapshot is already merging.";
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	if (!snap_src->store->type->prepare_merge ||
	    !snap_src->store->type->commit_merge) {
		snap->ti->error = "Snapshot exception store does not "
				  "support snapshot-merge.";
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	return 1;
}

static void __insert_snapshot(struct origin *o, struct dm_snapshot *s)
{
	struct dm_snapshot *l;

	/* Sort the list according to chunk size, largest-first smallest-last */
	list_for_each_entry(l, &o->snapshots, list)
		if (l->store->chunk_size < s->store->chunk_size)
			break;
	list_add_tail(&s->list, &l->list);
}

/*
 * Make a note of the snapshot and its origin so we can look it
 * up when the origin has a write on it.
 *
 * Also validate snapshot exception store handovers.
 * On success, returns 1 if this registration is a handover destination,
 * otherwise returns 0.
 */
static int register_snapshot(struct dm_snapshot *snap)
{
	struct origin *o, *new_o = NULL;
	struct block_device *bdev = snap->origin->bdev;
	int r = 0;

	new_o = kmalloc(sizeof(*new_o), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!new_o)
		return -ENOMEM;

	down_write(&_origins_lock);

	r = __validate_exception_handover(snap);
	if (r < 0) {
		kfree(new_o);
		goto out;
	}

	o = __lookup_origin(bdev);
	if (o)
		kfree(new_o);
	else {
		/* New origin */
		o = new_o;

		/* Initialise the struct */
		INIT_LIST_HEAD(&o->snapshots);
		o->bdev = bdev;

		__insert_origin(o);
	}

	__insert_snapshot(o, snap);

out:
	up_write(&_origins_lock);

	return r;
}

/*
 * Move snapshot to correct place in list according to chunk size.
 */
static void reregister_snapshot(struct dm_snapshot *s)
{
	struct block_device *bdev = s->origin->bdev;

	down_write(&_origins_lock);

	list_del(&s->list);
	__insert_snapshot(__lookup_origin(bdev), s);

	up_write(&_origins_lock);
}

static void unregister_snapshot(struct dm_snapshot *s)
{
	struct origin *o;

	down_write(&_origins_lock);
	o = __lookup_origin(s->origin->bdev);

	list_del(&s->list);
	if (o && list_empty(&o->snapshots)) {
		list_del(&o->hash_list);
		kfree(o);
	}

	up_write(&_origins_lock);
}

/*
 * Implementation of the exception hash tables.
 * The lowest hash_shift bits of the chunk number are ignored, allowing
 * some consecutive chunks to be grouped together.
 */
static int dm_exception_table_init(struct dm_exception_table *et,
				   uint32_t size, unsigned hash_shift)
{
	unsigned int i;

	et->hash_shift = hash_shift;
	et->hash_mask = size - 1;
	et->table = dm_vcalloc(size, sizeof(struct list_head));
	if (!et->table)
		return -ENOMEM;

	for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
		INIT_LIST_HEAD(et->table + i);

	return 0;
}

static void dm_exception_table_exit(struct dm_exception_table *et,
				    struct kmem_cache *mem)
{
	struct list_head *slot;
	struct dm_exception *ex, *next;
	int i, size;

	size = et->hash_mask + 1;
	for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
		slot = et->table + i;

		list_for_each_entry_safe (ex, next, slot, hash_list)
			kmem_cache_free(mem, ex);
	}

	vfree(et->table);
}

static uint32_t exception_hash(struct dm_exception_table *et, chunk_t chunk)
{
	return (chunk >> et->hash_shift) & et->hash_mask;
}

static void dm_remove_exception(struct dm_exception *e)
{
	list_del(&e->hash_list);
}

/*
 * Return the exception data for a sector, or NULL if not
 * remapped.
 */
static struct dm_exception *dm_lookup_exception(struct dm_exception_table *et,
						chunk_t chunk)
{
	struct list_head *slot;
	struct dm_exception *e;

	slot = &et->table[exception_hash(et, chunk)];
	list_for_each_entry (e, slot, hash_list)
		if (chunk >= e->old_chunk &&
		    chunk <= e->old_chunk + dm_consecutive_chunk_count(e))
			return e;

	return NULL;
}

static struct dm_exception *alloc_completed_exception(void)
{
	struct dm_exception *e;

	e = kmem_cache_alloc(exception_cache, GFP_NOIO);
	if (!e)
		e = kmem_cache_alloc(exception_cache, GFP_ATOMIC);

	return e;
}

static void free_completed_exception(struct dm_exception *e)
{
	kmem_cache_free(exception_cache, e);
}

static struct dm_snap_pending_exception *alloc_pending_exception(struct dm_snapshot *s)
{
	struct dm_snap_pending_exception *pe = mempool_alloc(s->pending_pool,
							     GFP_NOIO);

	atomic_inc(&s->pending_exceptions_count);
	pe->snap = s;

	return pe;
}

static void free_pending_exception(struct dm_snap_pending_exception *pe)
{
	struct dm_snapshot *s = pe->snap;

	mempool_free(pe, s->pending_pool);
	smp_mb__before_atomic_dec();
	atomic_dec(&s->pending_exceptions_count);
}

static void dm_insert_exception(struct dm_exception_table *eh,
				struct dm_exception *new_e)
{
	struct list_head *l;
	struct dm_exception *e = NULL;

	l = &eh->table[exception_hash(eh, new_e->old_chunk)];

	/* Add immediately if this table doesn't support consecutive chunks */
	if (!eh->hash_shift)
		goto out;

	/* List is ordered by old_chunk */
	list_for_each_entry_reverse(e, l, hash_list) {
		/* Insert after an existing chunk? */
		if (new_e->old_chunk == (e->old_chunk +
					 dm_consecutive_chunk_count(e) + 1) &&
		    new_e->new_chunk == (dm_chunk_number(e->new_chunk) +
					 dm_consecutive_chunk_count(e) + 1)) {
			dm_consecutive_chunk_count_inc(e);
			free_completed_exception(new_e);
			return;
		}

		/* Insert before an existing chunk? */
		if (new_e->old_chunk == (e->old_chunk - 1) &&
		    new_e->new_chunk == (dm_chunk_number(e->new_chunk) - 1)) {
			dm_consecutive_chunk_count_inc(e);
			e->old_chunk--;
			e->new_chunk--;
			free_completed_exception(new_e);
			return;
		}

		if (new_e->old_chunk > e->old_chunk)
			break;
	}

out:
	list_add(&new_e->hash_list, e ? &e->hash_list : l);
}

/*
 * Callback used by the exception stores to load exceptions when
 * initialising.
 */
static int dm_add_exception(void *context, chunk_t old, chunk_t new)
{
	struct dm_snapshot *s = context;
	struct dm_exception *e;

	e = alloc_completed_exception();
	if (!e)
		return -ENOMEM;

	e->old_chunk = old;

	/* Consecutive_count is implicitly initialised to zero */
	e->new_chunk = new;

	dm_insert_exception(&s->complete, e);

	return 0;
}

/*
 * Return a minimum chunk size of all snapshots that have the specified origin.
 * Return zero if the origin has no snapshots.
 */
static sector_t __minimum_chunk_size(struct origin *o)
{
	struct dm_snapshot *snap;
	unsigned chunk_size = 0;

	if (o)
		list_for_each_entry(snap, &o->snapshots, list)
			chunk_size = min_not_zero(chunk_size,
						  snap->store->chunk_size);

	return chunk_size;
}

/*
 * Hard coded magic.
 */
static int calc_max_buckets(void)
{
	/* use a fixed size of 2MB */
	unsigned long mem = 2 * 1024 * 1024;
	mem /= sizeof(struct list_head);

	return mem;
}

/*
 * Allocate room for a suitable hash table.
 */
static int init_hash_tables(struct dm_snapshot *s)
{
	sector_t hash_size, cow_dev_size, origin_dev_size, max_buckets;

	/*
	 * Calculate based on the size of the original volume or
	 * the COW volume...
	 */
	cow_dev_size = get_dev_size(s->cow->bdev);
	origin_dev_size = get_dev_size(s->origin->bdev);
	max_buckets = calc_max_buckets();

	hash_size = min(origin_dev_size, cow_dev_size) >> s->store->chunk_shift;
	hash_size = min(hash_size, max_buckets);

	if (hash_size < 64)
		hash_size = 64;
	hash_size = rounddown_pow_of_two(hash_size);
	if (dm_exception_table_init(&s->complete, hash_size,
				    DM_CHUNK_CONSECUTIVE_BITS))
		return -ENOMEM;

	/*
	 * Allocate hash table for in-flight exceptions
	 * Make this smaller than the real hash table
	 */
	hash_size >>= 3;
	if (hash_size < 64)
		hash_size = 64;

	if (dm_exception_table_init(&s->pending, hash_size, 0)) {
		dm_exception_table_exit(&s->complete, exception_cache);
		return -ENOMEM;
	}

	return 0;
}

static void merge_shutdown(struct dm_snapshot *s)
{
	clear_bit_unlock(RUNNING_MERGE, &s->state_bits);
	smp_mb__after_clear_bit();
	wake_up_bit(&s->state_bits, RUNNING_MERGE);
}

static struct bio *__release_queued_bios_after_merge(struct dm_snapshot *s)
{
	s->first_merging_chunk = 0;
	s->num_merging_chunks = 0;

	return bio_list_get(&s->bios_queued_during_merge);
}

/*
 * Remove one chunk from the index of completed exceptions.
 */
static int __remove_single_exception_chunk(struct dm_snapshot *s,
					   chunk_t old_chunk)
{
	struct dm_exception *e;

	e = dm_lookup_exception(&s->complete, old_chunk);
	if (!e) {
		DMERR("Corruption detected: exception for block %llu is "
		      "on disk but not in memory",
		      (unsigned long long)old_chunk);
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	/*
	 * If this is the only chunk using this exception, remove exception.
	 */
	if (!dm_consecutive_chunk_count(e)) {
		dm_remove_exception(e);
		free_completed_exception(e);
		return 0;
	}

	/*
	 * The chunk may be either at the beginning or the end of a
	 * group of consecutive chunks - never in the middle.  We are
	 * removing chunks in the opposite order to that in which they
	 * were added, so this should always be true.
	 * Decrement the consecutive chunk counter and adjust the
	 * starting point if necessary.
	 */
	if (old_chunk == e->old_chunk) {
		e->old_chunk++;
		e->new_chunk++;
	} else if (old_chunk != e->old_chunk +
		   dm_consecutive_chunk_count(e)) {
		DMERR("Attempt to merge block %llu from the "
		      "middle of a chunk range [%llu - %llu]",
		      (unsigned long long)old_chunk,
		      (unsigned long long)e->old_chunk,
		      (unsigned long long)
		      e->old_chunk + dm_consecutive_chunk_count(e));
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	dm_consecutive_chunk_count_dec(e);

	return 0;
}

static void flush_bios(struct bio *bio);

static int remove_single_exception_chunk(struct dm_snapshot *s)
{
	struct bio *b = NULL;
	int r;
	chunk_t old_chunk = s->first_merging_chunk + s->num_merging_chunks - 1;

	down_write(&s->lock);

	/*
	 * Process chunks (and associated exceptions) in reverse order
	 * so that dm_consecutive_chunk_count_dec() accounting works.
	 */
	do {
		r = __remove_single_exception_chunk(s, old_chunk);
		if (r)
			goto out;
	} while (old_chunk-- > s->first_merging_chunk);

	b = __release_queued_bios_after_merge(s);

out:
	up_write(&s->lock);
	if (b)
		flush_bios(b);

	return r;
}

static int origin_write_extent(struct dm_snapshot *merging_snap,
			       sector_t sector, unsigned chunk_size);

static void merge_callback(int read_err, unsigned long write_err,
			   void *context);

static uint64_t read_pending_exceptions_done_count(void)
{
	uint64_t pending_exceptions_done;

	spin_lock(&_pending_exceptions_done_spinlock);
	pending_exceptions_done = _pending_exceptions_done_count;
	spin_unlock(&_pending_exceptions_done_spinlock);

	return pending_exceptions_done;
}

static void increment_pending_exceptions_done_count(void)
{
	spin_lock(&_pending_exceptions_done_spinlock);
	_pending_exceptions_done_count++;
	spin_unlock(&_pending_exceptions_done_spinlock);

	wake_up_all(&_pending_exceptions_done);
}

static void snapshot_merge_next_chunks(struct dm_snapshot *s)
{
	int i, linear_chunks;
	chunk_t old_chunk, new_chunk;
	struct dm_io_region src, dest;
	sector_t io_size;
	uint64_t previous_count;

	BUG_ON(!test_bit(RUNNING_MERGE, &s->state_bits));
	if (unlikely(test_bit(SHUTDOWN_MERGE, &s->state_bits)))
		goto shut;

	/*
	 * valid flag never changes during merge, so no lock required.
	 */
	if (!s->valid) {
		DMERR("Snapshot is invalid: can't merge");
		goto shut;
	}

	linear_chunks = s->store->type->prepare_merge(s->store, &old_chunk,
						      &new_chunk);
	if (linear_chunks <= 0) {
		if (linear_chunks < 0) {
			DMERR("Read error in exception store: "
			      "shutting down merge");
			down_write(&s->lock);
			s->merge_failed = 1;
			up_write(&s->lock);
		}
		goto shut;
	}

	/* Adjust old_chunk and new_chunk to reflect start of linear region */
	old_chunk = old_chunk + 1 - linear_chunks;
	new_chunk = new_chunk + 1 - linear_chunks;

	/*
	 * Use one (potentially large) I/O to copy all 'linear_chunks'
	 * from the exception store to the origin
	 */
	io_size = linear_chunks * s->store->chunk_size;

	dest.bdev = s->origin->bdev;
	dest.sector = chunk_to_sector(s->store, old_chunk);
	dest.count = min(io_size, get_dev_size(dest.bdev) - dest.sector);

	src.bdev = s->cow->bdev;
	src.sector = chunk_to_sector(s->store, new_chunk);
	src.count = dest.count;

	/*
	 * Reallocate any exceptions needed in other snapshots then
	 * wait for the pending exceptions to complete.
	 * Each time any pending exception (globally on the system)
	 * completes we are woken and repeat the process to find out
	 * if we can proceed.  While this may not seem a particularly
	 * efficient algorithm, it is not expected to have any
	 * significant impact on performance.
	 */
	previous_count = read_pending_exceptions_done_count();
	while (origin_write_extent(s, dest.sector, io_size)) {
		wait_event(_pending_exceptions_done,
			   (read_pending_exceptions_done_count() !=
			    previous_count));
		/* Retry after the wait, until all exceptions are done. */
		previous_count = read_pending_exceptions_done_count();
	}

	down_write(&s->lock);
	s->first_merging_chunk = old_chunk;
	s->num_merging_chunks = linear_chunks;
	up_write(&s->lock);

	/* Wait until writes to all 'linear_chunks' drain */
	for (i = 0; i < linear_chunks; i++)
		__check_for_conflicting_io(s, old_chunk + i);

	dm_kcopyd_copy(s->kcopyd_client, &src, 1, &dest, 0, merge_callback, s);
	return;

shut:
	merge_shutdown(s);
}

static void error_bios(struct bio *bio);

static void merge_callback(int read_err, unsigned long write_err, void *context)
{
	struct dm_snapshot *s = context;
	struct bio *b = NULL;

	if (read_err || write_err) {
		if (read_err)
			DMERR("Read error: shutting down merge.");
		else
			DMERR("Write error: shutting down merge.");
		goto shut;
	}

	if (s->store->type->commit_merge(s->store,
					 s->num_merging_chunks) < 0) {
		DMERR("Write error in exception store: shutting down merge");
		goto shut;
	}

	if (remove_single_exception_chunk(s) < 0)
		goto shut;

	snapshot_merge_next_chunks(s);

	return;

shut:
	down_write(&s->lock);
	s->merge_failed = 1;
	b = __release_queued_bios_after_merge(s);
	up_write(&s->lock);
	error_bios(b);

	merge_shutdown(s);
}

static void start_merge(struct dm_snapshot *s)
{
	if (!test_and_set_bit(RUNNING_MERGE, &s->state_bits))
		snapshot_merge_next_chunks(s);
}

static int wait_schedule(void *ptr)
{
	schedule();

	return 0;
}

/*
 * Stop the merging process and wait until it finishes.
 */
static void stop_merge(struct dm_snapshot *s)
{
	set_bit(SHUTDOWN_MERGE, &s->state_bits);
	wait_on_bit(&s->state_bits, RUNNING_MERGE, wait_schedule,
		    TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE);
	clear_bit(SHUTDOWN_MERGE, &s->state_bits);
}

/*
 * Construct a snapshot mapping: <origin_dev> <COW-dev> <p/n> <chunk-size>
 */
static int snapshot_ctr(struct dm_target *ti, unsigned int argc, char **argv)
{
	struct dm_snapshot *s;
	int i;
	int r = -EINVAL;
	char *origin_path, *cow_path;
	unsigned args_used, num_flush_requests = 1;
	fmode_t origin_mode = FMODE_READ;

	if (argc != 4) {
		ti->error = "requires exactly 4 arguments";
		r = -EINVAL;
		goto bad;
	}

	if (dm_target_is_snapshot_merge(ti)) {
		num_flush_requests = 2;
		origin_mode = FMODE_WRITE;
	}

	s = kmalloc(sizeof(*s), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!s) {