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authorCatalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>2012-03-05 06:49:32 -0500
committerCatalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>2012-09-17 08:42:11 -0400
commit0aea86a2176c22647a5b683768f858d880d5e05b (patch)
tree6ffad0914ef41e69c672a0862f5a10a9e9f3cb43
parent2c020ed8d148f7562c01abaf875c9bbfb9a40a83 (diff)
arm64: User access library functions
This patch add support for various user access functions. These functions use the standard LDR/STR instructions and not the LDRT/STRT variants in order to allow kernel addresses (after set_fs(KERNEL_DS)). Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com> Signed-off-by: Marc Zyngier <marc.zyngier@arm.com> Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com> Acked-by: Tony Lindgren <tony@atomide.com> Acked-by: Nicolas Pitre <nico@linaro.org> Acked-by: Olof Johansson <olof@lixom.net> Acked-by: Santosh Shilimkar <santosh.shilimkar@ti.com> Acked-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
-rw-r--r--arch/arm64/include/asm/uaccess.h297
-rw-r--r--arch/arm64/lib/clear_user.S58
-rw-r--r--arch/arm64/lib/copy_from_user.S66
-rw-r--r--arch/arm64/lib/copy_in_user.S63
-rw-r--r--arch/arm64/lib/copy_to_user.S61
-rw-r--r--arch/arm64/lib/strncpy_from_user.S50
-rw-r--r--arch/arm64/lib/strnlen_user.S47
7 files changed, 642 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/uaccess.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/uaccess.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..008f8481da65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/uaccess.h
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
1/*
2 * Based on arch/arm/include/asm/uaccess.h
3 *
4 * Copyright (C) 2012 ARM Ltd.
5 *
6 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
7 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
8 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
9 *
10 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
11 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
12 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
13 * GNU General Public License for more details.
14 *
15 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
16 * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
17 */
18#ifndef __ASM_UACCESS_H
19#define __ASM_UACCESS_H
20
21/*
22 * User space memory access functions
23 */
24#include <linux/string.h>
25#include <linux/thread_info.h>
26
27#include <asm/ptrace.h>
28#include <asm/errno.h>
29#include <asm/memory.h>
30#include <asm/compiler.h>
31
32#define VERIFY_READ 0
33#define VERIFY_WRITE 1
34
35/*
36 * The exception table consists of pairs of addresses: the first is the
37 * address of an instruction that is allowed to fault, and the second is
38 * the address at which the program should continue. No registers are
39 * modified, so it is entirely up to the continuation code to figure out
40 * what to do.
41 *
42 * All the routines below use bits of fixup code that are out of line
43 * with the main instruction path. This means when everything is well,
44 * we don't even have to jump over them. Further, they do not intrude
45 * on our cache or tlb entries.
46 */
47
48struct exception_table_entry
49{
50 unsigned long insn, fixup;
51};
52
53extern int fixup_exception(struct pt_regs *regs);
54
55#define KERNEL_DS (-1UL)
56#define get_ds() (KERNEL_DS)
57
58#define USER_DS TASK_SIZE_64
59#define get_fs() (current_thread_info()->addr_limit)
60
61static inline void set_fs(mm_segment_t fs)
62{
63 current_thread_info()->addr_limit = fs;
64}
65
66#define segment_eq(a,b) ((a) == (b))
67
68/*
69 * Return 1 if addr < current->addr_limit, 0 otherwise.
70 */
71#define __addr_ok(addr) \
72({ \
73 unsigned long flag; \
74 asm("cmp %1, %0; cset %0, lo" \
75 : "=&r" (flag) \
76 : "r" (addr), "0" (current_thread_info()->addr_limit) \
77 : "cc"); \
78 flag; \
79})
80
81/*
82 * Test whether a block of memory is a valid user space address.
83 * Returns 1 if the range is valid, 0 otherwise.
84 *
85 * This is equivalent to the following test:
86 * (u65)addr + (u65)size < (u65)current->addr_limit
87 *
88 * This needs 65-bit arithmetic.
89 */
90#define __range_ok(addr, size) \
91({ \
92 unsigned long flag, roksum; \
93 __chk_user_ptr(addr); \
94 asm("adds %1, %1, %3; ccmp %1, %4, #2, cc; cset %0, cc" \
95 : "=&r" (flag), "=&r" (roksum) \
96 : "1" (addr), "Ir" (size), \
97 "r" (current_thread_info()->addr_limit) \
98 : "cc"); \
99 flag; \
100})
101
102#define access_ok(type, addr, size) __range_ok(addr, size)
103
104/*
105 * The "__xxx" versions of the user access functions do not verify the address
106 * space - it must have been done previously with a separate "access_ok()"
107 * call.
108 *
109 * The "__xxx_error" versions set the third argument to -EFAULT if an error
110 * occurs, and leave it unchanged on success.
111 */
112#define __get_user_asm(instr, reg, x, addr, err) \
113 asm volatile( \
114 "1: " instr " " reg "1, [%2]\n" \
115 "2:\n" \
116 " .section .fixup, \"ax\"\n" \
117 " .align 2\n" \
118 "3: mov %w0, %3\n" \
119 " mov %1, #0\n" \
120 " b 2b\n" \
121 " .previous\n" \
122 " .section __ex_table,\"a\"\n" \
123 " .align 3\n" \
124 " .quad 1b, 3b\n" \
125 " .previous" \
126 : "+r" (err), "=&r" (x) \
127 : "r" (addr), "i" (-EFAULT))
128
129#define __get_user_err(x, ptr, err) \
130do { \
131 unsigned long __gu_val; \
132 __chk_user_ptr(ptr); \
133 switch (sizeof(*(ptr))) { \
134 case 1: \
135 __get_user_asm("ldrb", "%w", __gu_val, (ptr), (err)); \
136 break; \
137 case 2: \
138 __get_user_asm("ldrh", "%w", __gu_val, (ptr), (err)); \
139 break; \
140 case 4: \
141 __get_user_asm("ldr", "%w", __gu_val, (ptr), (err)); \
142 break; \
143 case 8: \
144 __get_user_asm("ldr", "%", __gu_val, (ptr), (err)); \
145 break; \
146 default: \
147 BUILD_BUG(); \
148 } \
149 (x) = (__typeof__(*(ptr)))__gu_val; \
150} while (0)
151
152#define __get_user(x, ptr) \
153({ \
154 int __gu_err = 0; \
155 __get_user_err((x), (ptr), __gu_err); \
156 __gu_err; \
157})
158
159#define __get_user_error(x, ptr, err) \
160({ \
161 __get_user_err((x), (ptr), (err)); \
162 (void)0; \
163})
164
165#define __get_user_unaligned __get_user
166
167#define get_user(x, ptr) \
168({ \
169 might_sleep(); \
170 access_ok(VERIFY_READ, (ptr), sizeof(*(ptr))) ? \
171 __get_user((x), (ptr)) : \
172 ((x) = 0, -EFAULT); \
173})
174
175#define __put_user_asm(instr, reg, x, addr, err) \
176 asm volatile( \
177 "1: " instr " " reg "1, [%2]\n" \
178 "2:\n" \
179 " .section .fixup,\"ax\"\n" \
180 " .align 2\n" \
181 "3: mov %w0, %3\n" \
182 " b 2b\n" \
183 " .previous\n" \
184 " .section __ex_table,\"a\"\n" \
185 " .align 3\n" \
186 " .quad 1b, 3b\n" \
187 " .previous" \
188 : "+r" (err) \
189 : "r" (x), "r" (addr), "i" (-EFAULT))
190
191#define __put_user_err(x, ptr, err) \
192do { \
193 __typeof__(*(ptr)) __pu_val = (x); \
194 __chk_user_ptr(ptr); \
195 switch (sizeof(*(ptr))) { \
196 case 1: \
197 __put_user_asm("strb", "%w", __pu_val, (ptr), (err)); \
198 break; \
199 case 2: \
200 __put_user_asm("strh", "%w", __pu_val, (ptr), (err)); \
201 break; \
202 case 4: \
203 __put_user_asm("str", "%w", __pu_val, (ptr), (err)); \
204 break; \
205 case 8: \
206 __put_user_asm("str", "%", __pu_val, (ptr), (err)); \
207 break; \
208 default: \
209 BUILD_BUG(); \
210 } \
211} while (0)
212
213#define __put_user(x, ptr) \
214({ \
215 int __pu_err = 0; \
216 __put_user_err((x), (ptr), __pu_err); \
217 __pu_err; \
218})
219
220#define __put_user_error(x, ptr, err) \
221({ \
222 __put_user_err((x), (ptr), (err)); \
223 (void)0; \
224})
225
226#define __put_user_unaligned __put_user
227
228#define put_user(x, ptr) \
229({ \
230 might_sleep(); \
231 access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, (ptr), sizeof(*(ptr))) ? \
232 __put_user((x), (ptr)) : \
233 -EFAULT; \
234})
235
236extern unsigned long __must_check __copy_from_user(void *to, const void __user *from, unsigned long n);
237extern unsigned long __must_check __copy_to_user(void __user *to, const void *from, unsigned long n);
238extern unsigned long __must_check __copy_in_user(void __user *to, const void __user *from, unsigned long n);
239extern unsigned long __must_check __clear_user(void __user *addr, unsigned long n);
240
241extern unsigned long __must_check __strncpy_from_user(char *to, const char __user *from, unsigned long count);
242extern unsigned long __must_check __strnlen_user(const char __user *s, long n);
243
244static inline unsigned long __must_check copy_from_user(void *to, const void __user *from, unsigned long n)
245{
246 if (access_ok(VERIFY_READ, from, n))
247 n = __copy_from_user(to, from, n);
248 else /* security hole - plug it */
249 memset(to, 0, n);
250 return n;
251}
252
253static inline unsigned long __must_check copy_to_user(void __user *to, const void *from, unsigned long n)
254{
255 if (access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, to, n))
256 n = __copy_to_user(to, from, n);
257 return n;
258}
259
260static inline unsigned long __must_check copy_in_user(void __user *to, const void __user *from, unsigned long n)
261{
262 if (access_ok(VERIFY_READ, from, n) && access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, to, n))
263 n = __copy_in_user(to, from, n);
264 return n;
265}
266
267#define __copy_to_user_inatomic __copy_to_user
268#define __copy_from_user_inatomic __copy_from_user
269
270static inline unsigned long __must_check clear_user(void __user *to, unsigned long n)
271{
272 if (access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, to, n))
273 n = __clear_user(to, n);
274 return n;
275}
276
277static inline long __must_check strncpy_from_user(char *dst, const char __user *src, long count)
278{
279 long res = -EFAULT;
280 if (access_ok(VERIFY_READ, src, 1))
281 res = __strncpy_from_user(dst, src, count);
282 return res;
283}
284
285#define strlen_user(s) strnlen_user(s, ~0UL >> 1)
286
287static inline long __must_check strnlen_user(const char __user *s, long n)
288{
289 unsigned long res = 0;
290
291 if (__addr_ok(s))
292 res = __strnlen_user(s, n);
293
294 return res;
295}
296
297#endif /* __ASM_UACCESS_H */
diff --git a/arch/arm64/lib/clear_user.S b/arch/arm64/lib/clear_user.S
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6e0ed93d51fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arch/arm64/lib/clear_user.S
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
1/*
2 * Based on arch/arm/lib/clear_user.S
3 *
4 * Copyright (C) 2012 ARM Ltd.
5 *
6 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
7 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
8 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
9 *
10 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
11 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
12 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
13 * GNU General Public License for more details.
14 *
15 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
16 * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
17 */
18#include <linux/linkage.h>
19#include <asm/assembler.h>
20
21 .text
22
23/* Prototype: int __clear_user(void *addr, size_t sz)
24 * Purpose : clear some user memory
25 * Params : addr - user memory address to clear
26 * : sz - number of bytes to clear
27 * Returns : number of bytes NOT cleared
28 *
29 * Alignment fixed up by hardware.
30 */
31ENTRY(__clear_user)
32 mov x2, x1 // save the size for fixup return
33 subs x1, x1, #8
34 b.mi 2f
351:
36USER(9f, str xzr, [x0], #8 )
37 subs x1, x1, #8
38 b.pl 1b
392: adds x1, x1, #4
40 b.mi 3f
41USER(9f, str wzr, [x0], #4 )
42 sub x1, x1, #4
433: adds x1, x1, #2
44 b.mi 4f
45USER(9f, strh wzr, [x0], #2 )
46 sub x1, x1, #2
474: adds x1, x1, #1
48 b.mi 5f
49 strb wzr, [x0]
505: mov x0, #0
51 ret
52ENDPROC(__clear_user)
53
54 .section .fixup,"ax"
55 .align 2
569: mov x0, x2 // return the original size
57 ret
58 .previous
diff --git a/arch/arm64/lib/copy_from_user.S b/arch/arm64/lib/copy_from_user.S
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5e27add9d362
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arch/arm64/lib/copy_from_user.S
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
1/*
2 * Copyright (C) 2012 ARM Ltd.
3 *
4 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
5 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
6 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
7 *
8 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
9 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
10 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
11 * GNU General Public License for more details.
12 *
13 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
14 * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
15 */
16
17#include <linux/linkage.h>
18#include <asm/assembler.h>
19
20/*
21 * Copy from user space to a kernel buffer (alignment handled by the hardware)
22 *
23 * Parameters:
24 * x0 - to
25 * x1 - from
26 * x2 - n
27 * Returns:
28 * x0 - bytes not copied
29 */
30ENTRY(__copy_from_user)
31 add x4, x1, x2 // upper user buffer boundary
32 subs x2, x2, #8
33 b.mi 2f
341:
35USER(9f, ldr x3, [x1], #8 )
36 subs x2, x2, #8
37 str x3, [x0], #8
38 b.pl 1b
392: adds x2, x2, #4
40 b.mi 3f
41USER(9f, ldr w3, [x1], #4 )
42 sub x2, x2, #4
43 str w3, [x0], #4
443: adds x2, x2, #2
45 b.mi 4f
46USER(9f, ldrh w3, [x1], #2 )
47 sub x2, x2, #2
48 strh w3, [x0], #2
494: adds x2, x2, #1
50 b.mi 5f
51USER(9f, ldrb w3, [x1] )
52 strb w3, [x0]
535: mov x0, #0
54 ret
55ENDPROC(__copy_from_user)
56
57 .section .fixup,"ax"
58 .align 2
599: sub x2, x4, x1
60 mov x3, x2
6110: strb wzr, [x0], #1 // zero remaining buffer space
62 subs x3, x3, #1
63 b.ne 10b
64 mov x0, x2 // bytes not copied
65 ret
66 .previous
diff --git a/arch/arm64/lib/copy_in_user.S b/arch/arm64/lib/copy_in_user.S
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..84b6c9bb9b93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arch/arm64/lib/copy_in_user.S
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
1/*
2 * Copy from user space to user space
3 *
4 * Copyright (C) 2012 ARM Ltd.
5 *
6 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
7 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
8 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
9 *
10 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
11 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
12 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
13 * GNU General Public License for more details.
14 *
15 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
16 * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
17 */
18
19#include <linux/linkage.h>
20#include <asm/assembler.h>
21
22/*
23 * Copy from user space to user space (alignment handled by the hardware)
24 *
25 * Parameters:
26 * x0 - to
27 * x1 - from
28 * x2 - n
29 * Returns:
30 * x0 - bytes not copied
31 */
32ENTRY(__copy_in_user)
33 add x4, x0, x2 // upper user buffer boundary
34 subs x2, x2, #8
35 b.mi 2f
361:
37USER(9f, ldr x3, [x1], #8 )
38 subs x2, x2, #8
39USER(9f, str x3, [x0], #8 )
40 b.pl 1b
412: adds x2, x2, #4
42 b.mi 3f
43USER(9f, ldr w3, [x1], #4 )
44 sub x2, x2, #4
45USER(9f, str w3, [x0], #4 )
463: adds x2, x2, #2
47 b.mi 4f
48USER(9f, ldrh w3, [x1], #2 )
49 sub x2, x2, #2
50USER(9f, strh w3, [x0], #2 )
514: adds x2, x2, #1
52 b.mi 5f
53USER(9f, ldrb w3, [x1] )
54USER(9f, strb w3, [x0] )
555: mov x0, #0
56 ret
57ENDPROC(__copy_in_user)
58
59 .section .fixup,"ax"
60 .align 2
619: sub x0, x4, x0 // bytes not copied
62 ret
63 .previous
diff --git a/arch/arm64/lib/copy_to_user.S b/arch/arm64/lib/copy_to_user.S
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a0aeeb9b7a28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arch/arm64/lib/copy_to_user.S
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
1/*
2 * Copyright (C) 2012 ARM Ltd.
3 *
4 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
5 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
6 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
7 *
8 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
9 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
10 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
11 * GNU General Public License for more details.
12 *
13 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
14 * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
15 */
16
17#include <linux/linkage.h>
18#include <asm/assembler.h>
19
20/*
21 * Copy to user space from a kernel buffer (alignment handled by the hardware)
22 *
23 * Parameters:
24 * x0 - to
25 * x1 - from
26 * x2 - n
27 * Returns:
28 * x0 - bytes not copied
29 */
30ENTRY(__copy_to_user)
31 add x4, x0, x2 // upper user buffer boundary
32 subs x2, x2, #8
33 b.mi 2f
341:
35 ldr x3, [x1], #8
36 subs x2, x2, #8
37USER(9f, str x3, [x0], #8 )
38 b.pl 1b
392: adds x2, x2, #4
40 b.mi 3f
41 ldr w3, [x1], #4
42 sub x2, x2, #4
43USER(9f, str w3, [x0], #4 )
443: adds x2, x2, #2
45 b.mi 4f
46 ldrh w3, [x1], #2
47 sub x2, x2, #2
48USER(9f, strh w3, [x0], #2 )
494: adds x2, x2, #1
50 b.mi 5f
51 ldrb w3, [x1]
52USER(9f, strb w3, [x0] )
535: mov x0, #0
54 ret
55ENDPROC(__copy_to_user)
56
57 .section .fixup,"ax"
58 .align 2
599: sub x0, x4, x0 // bytes not copied
60 ret
61 .previous
diff --git a/arch/arm64/lib/strncpy_from_user.S b/arch/arm64/lib/strncpy_from_user.S
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..56e448a831a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arch/arm64/lib/strncpy_from_user.S
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
1/*
2 * Based on arch/arm/lib/strncpy_from_user.S
3 *
4 * Copyright (C) 1995-2000 Russell King
5 * Copyright (C) 2012 ARM Ltd.
6 *
7 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
8 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
9 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
10 *
11 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
12 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
13 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
14 * GNU General Public License for more details.
15 *
16 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
17 * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
18 */
19
20#include <linux/linkage.h>
21#include <asm/assembler.h>
22#include <asm/errno.h>
23
24 .text
25 .align 5
26
27/*
28 * Copy a string from user space to kernel space.
29 * x0 = dst, x1 = src, x2 = byte length
30 * returns the number of characters copied (strlen of copied string),
31 * -EFAULT on exception, or "len" if we fill the whole buffer
32 */
33ENTRY(__strncpy_from_user)
34 mov x4, x1
351: subs x2, x2, #1
36 bmi 2f
37USER(9f, ldrb w3, [x1], #1 )
38 strb w3, [x0], #1
39 cbnz w3, 1b
40 sub x1, x1, #1 // take NUL character out of count
412: sub x0, x1, x4
42 ret
43ENDPROC(__strncpy_from_user)
44
45 .section .fixup,"ax"
46 .align 0
479: strb wzr, [x0] // null terminate
48 mov x0, #-EFAULT
49 ret
50 .previous
diff --git a/arch/arm64/lib/strnlen_user.S b/arch/arm64/lib/strnlen_user.S
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7f7b176a5646
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arch/arm64/lib/strnlen_user.S
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
1/*
2 * Based on arch/arm/lib/strnlen_user.S
3 *
4 * Copyright (C) 1995-2000 Russell King
5 * Copyright (C) 2012 ARM Ltd.
6 *
7 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
8 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
9 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
10 *
11 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
12 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
13 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
14 * GNU General Public License for more details.
15 *
16 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
17 * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
18 */
19
20#include <linux/linkage.h>
21#include <asm/assembler.h>
22#include <asm/errno.h>
23
24 .text
25 .align 5
26
27/* Prototype: unsigned long __strnlen_user(const char *str, long n)
28 * Purpose : get length of a string in user memory
29 * Params : str - address of string in user memory
30 * Returns : length of string *including terminator*
31 * or zero on exception, or n if too long
32 */
33ENTRY(__strnlen_user)
34 mov x2, x0
351: subs x1, x1, #1
36 b.mi 2f
37USER(9f, ldrb w3, [x0], #1 )
38 cbnz w3, 1b
392: sub x0, x0, x2
40 ret
41ENDPROC(__strnlen_user)
42
43 .section .fixup,"ax"
44 .align 0
459: mov x0, #0
46 ret
47 .previous