fs/namei.c



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/*
 *  linux/fs/namei.c
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 1991, 1992  Linus Torvalds
 */

/*
 * Some corrections by tytso.
 */

/* [Feb 1997 T. Schoebel-Theuer] Complete rewrite of the pathname
 * lookup logic.
 */
/* [Feb-Apr 2000, AV] Rewrite to the new namespace architecture.
 */

#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/namei.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/fsnotify.h>
#include <linux/personality.h>
#include <linux/security.h>
#include <linux/ima.h>
#include <linux/syscalls.h>
#include <linux/mount.h>
#include <linux/audit.h>
#include <linux/capability.h>
#include <linux/file.h>
#include <linux/fcntl.h>
#include <linux/device_cgroup.h>
#include <linux/fs_struct.h>
#include <asm/uaccess.h>

#include "internal.h"

/* [Feb-1997 T. Schoebel-Theuer]
 * Fundamental changes in the pathname lookup mechanisms (namei)
 * were necessary because of omirr.  The reason is that omirr needs
 * to know the _real_ pathname, not the user-supplied one, in case
 * of symlinks (and also when transname replacements occur).
 *
 * The new code replaces the old recursive symlink resolution with
 * an iterative one (in case of non-nested symlink chains).  It does
 * this with calls to <fs>_follow_link().
 * As a side effect, dir_namei(), _namei() and follow_link() are now 
 * replaced with a single function lookup_dentry() that can handle all 
 * the special cases of the former code.
 *
 * With the new dcache, the pathname is stored at each inode, at least as
 * long as the refcount of the inode is positive.  As a side effect, the
 * size of the dcache depends on the inode cache and thus is dynamic.
 *
 * [29-Apr-1998 C. Scott Ananian] Updated above description of symlink
 * resolution to correspond with current state of the code.
 *
 * Note that the symlink resolution is not *completely* iterative.
 * There is still a significant amount of tail- and mid- recursion in
 * the algorithm.  Also, note that <fs>_readlink() is not used in
 * lookup_dentry(): lookup_dentry() on the result of <fs>_readlink()
 * may return different results than <fs>_follow_link().  Many virtual
 * filesystems (including /proc) exhibit this behavior.
 */

/* [24-Feb-97 T. Schoebel-Theuer] Side effects caused by new implementation:
 * New symlink semantics: when open() is called with flags O_CREAT | O_EXCL
 * and the name already exists in form of a symlink, try to create the new
 * name indicated by the symlink. The old code always complained that the
 * name already exists, due to not following the symlink even if its target
 * is nonexistent.  The new semantics affects also mknod() and link() when
 * the name is a symlink pointing to a non-existant name.
 *
 * I don't know which semantics is the right one, since I have no access
 * to standards. But I found by trial that HP-UX 9.0 has the full "new"
 * semantics implemented, while SunOS 4.1.1 and Solaris (SunOS 5.4) have the
 * "old" one. Personally, I think the new semantics is much more logical.
 * Note that "ln old new" where "new" is a symlink pointing to a non-existing
 * file does succeed in both HP-UX and SunOs, but not in Solaris
 * and in the old Linux semantics.
 */

/* [16-Dec-97 Kevin Buhr] For security reasons, we change some symlink
 * semantics.  See the comments in "open_namei" and "do_link" below.
 *
 * [10-Sep-98 Alan Modra] Another symlink change.
 */

/* [Feb-Apr 2000 AV] Complete rewrite. Rules for symlinks:
 *	inside the path - always follow.
 *	in the last component in creation/removal/renaming - never follow.
 *	if LOOKUP_FOLLOW passed - follow.
 *	if the pathname has trailing slashes - follow.
 *	otherwise - don't follow.
 * (applied in that order).
 *
 * [Jun 2000 AV] Inconsistent behaviour of open() in case if flags==O_CREAT
 * restored for 2.4. This is the last surviving part of old 4.2BSD bug.
 * During the 2.4 we need to fix the userland stuff depending on it -
 * hopefully we will be able to get rid of that wart in 2.5. So far only
 * XEmacs seems to be relying on it...
 */
/*
 * [Sep 2001 AV] Single-semaphore locking scheme (kudos to David Holland)
 * implemented.  Let's see if raised priority of ->s_vfs_rename_mutex gives
 * any extra contention...
 */

/* In order to reduce some races, while at the same time doing additional
 * checking and hopefully speeding things up, we copy filenames to the
 * kernel data space before using them..
 *
 * POSIX.1 2.4: an empty pathname is invalid (ENOENT).
 * PATH_MAX includes the nul terminator --RR.
 */
static int do_getname(const char __user *filename, char *page)
{
	int retval;
	unsigned long len = PATH_MAX;

	if (!segment_eq(get_fs(), KERNEL_DS)) {
		if ((unsigned long) filename >= TASK_SIZE)
			return -EFAULT;
		if (TASK_SIZE - (unsigned long) filename < PATH_MAX)
			len = TASK_SIZE - (unsigned long) filename;
	}

	retval = strncpy_from_user(page, filename, len);
	if (retval > 0) {
		if (retval < len)
			return 0;
		return -ENAMETOOLONG;
	} else if (!retval)
		retval = -ENOENT;
	return retval;
}

char * getname(const char __user * filename)
{
	char *tmp, *result;

	result = ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
	tmp = __getname();
	if (tmp)  {
		int retval = do_getname(filename, tmp);

		result = tmp;
		if (retval < 0) {
			__putname(tmp);
			result = ERR_PTR(retval);
		}
	}
	audit_getname(result);
	return result;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_AUDITSYSCALL
void putname(const char *name)
{
	if (unlikely(!audit_dummy_context()))
		audit_putname(name);
	else
		__putname(name);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(putname);
#endif

/*
 * This does basic POSIX ACL permission checking
 */
static int acl_permission_check(struct inode *inode, int mask,
		int (*check_acl)(struct inode *inode, int mask))
{
	umode_t			mode = inode->i_mode;

	mask &= MAY_READ | MAY_WRITE | MAY_EXEC;

	if (current_fsuid() == inode->i_uid)
		mode >>= 6;
	else {
		if (IS_POSIXACL(inode) && (mode & S_IRWXG) && check_acl) {
			int error = check_acl(inode, mask);
			if (error != -EAGAIN)
				return error;
		}

		if (in_group_p(inode->i_gid))
			mode >>= 3;
	}

	/*
	 * If the DACs are ok we don't need any capability check.
	 */
	if ((mask & ~mode) == 0)
		return 0;
	return -EACCES;
}

/**
 * generic_permission  -  check for access rights on a Posix-like filesystem
 * @inode:	inode to check access rights for
 * @mask:	right to check for (%MAY_READ, %MAY_WRITE, %MAY_EXEC)
 * @check_acl:	optional callback to check for Posix ACLs
 *
 * Used to check for read/write/execute permissions on a file.
 * We use "fsuid" for this, letting us set arbitrary permissions
 * for filesystem access without changing the "normal" uids which
 * are used for other things..
 */
int generic_permission(struct inode *inode, int mask,
		int (*check_acl)(struct inode *inode, int mask))
{
	int ret;

	/*
	 * Do the basic POSIX ACL permission checks.
	 */
	ret = acl_permission_check(inode, mask, check_acl);
	if (ret != -EACCES)
		return ret;

	/*
	 * Read/write DACs are always overridable.
	 * Executable DACs are overridable if at least one exec bit is set.
	 */
	if (!(mask & MAY_EXEC) || execute_ok(inode))
		if (capable(CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE))
			return 0;

	/*
	 * Searching includes executable on directories, else just read.
	 */
	mask &= MAY_READ | MAY_WRITE | MAY_EXEC;
	if (mask == MAY_READ || (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode) && !(mask & MAY_WRITE)))
		if (capable(CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH))
			return 0;

	return -EACCES;
}

/**
 * inode_permission  -  check for access rights to a given inode
 * @inode:	inode to check permission on
 * @mask:	right to check for (%MAY_READ, %MAY_WRITE, %MAY_EXEC)
 *
 * Used to check for read/write/execute permissions on an inode.
 * We use "fsuid" for this, letting us set arbitrary permissions
 * for filesystem access without changing the "normal" uids which
 * are used for other things.
 */
int inode_permission(struct inode *inode, int mask)
{
	int retval;

	if (mask & MAY_WRITE) {
		umode_t mode = inode->i_mode;

		/*
		 * Nobody gets write access to a read-only fs.
		 */
		if (IS_RDONLY(inode) &&
		    (S_ISREG(mode) || S_ISDIR(mode) || S_ISLNK(mode)))
			return -EROFS;

		/*
		 * Nobody gets write access to an immutable file.
		 */
		if (IS_IMMUTABLE(inode))
			return -EACCES;
	}

	if (inode->i_op->permission)
		retval = inode->i_op->permission(inode, mask);
	else
		retval = generic_permission(inode, mask, inode->i_op->check_acl);

	if (retval)
		return retval;

	retval = devcgroup_inode_permission(inode, mask);
	if (retval)
		return retval;

	return security_inode_permission(inode,
			mask & (MAY_READ|MAY_WRITE|MAY_EXEC|MAY_APPEND));
}

/**
 * file_permission  -  check for additional access rights to a given file
 * @file:	file to check access rights for
 * @mask:	right to check for (%MAY_READ, %MAY_WRITE, %MAY_EXEC)
 *
 * Used to check for read/write/execute permissions on an already opened
 * file.
 *
 * Note:
 *	Do not use this function in new code.  All access checks should
 *	be done using inode_permission().
 */
int file_permission(struct file *file, int mask)
{
	return inode_permission(file->f_path.dentry->d_inode, mask);
}

/*
 * get_write_access() gets write permission for a file.
 * put_write_access() releases this write permission.
 * This is used for regular files.
 * We cannot support write (and maybe mmap read-write shared) accesses and
 * MAP_DENYWRITE mmappings simultaneously. The i_writecount field of an inode
 * can have the following values:
 * 0: no writers, no VM_DENYWRITE mappings
 * < 0: (-i_writecount) vm_area_structs with VM_DENYWRITE set exist
 * > 0: (i_writecount) users are writing to the file.
 *
 * Normally we operate on that counter with atomic_{inc,dec} and it's safe
 * except for the cases where we don't hold i_writecount yet. Then we need to
 * use {get,deny}_write_access() - these functions check the sign and refuse
 * to do the change if sign is wrong. Exclusion between them is provided by
 * the inode->i_lock spinlock.
 */

int get_write_access(struct inode * inode)
{
	spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
	if (atomic_read(&inode->i_writecount) < 0) {
		spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
		return -ETXTBSY;
	}
	atomic_inc(&inode->i_writecount);
	spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);

	return 0;
}

int deny_write_access(struct file * file)
{
	struct inode *inode = file->f_path.dentry->d_inode;

	spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
	if (atomic_read(&inode->i_writecount) > 0) {
		spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
		return -ETXTBSY;
	}
	atomic_dec(&inode->i_writecount);
	spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);

	return 0;
}

/**
 * path_get - get a reference to a path
 * @path: path to get the reference to
 *
 * Given a path increment the reference count to the dentry and the vfsmount.
 */
void path_get(struct path *path)
{
	mntget(path->mnt);
	dget(path->dentry);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(path_get);

/**
 * path_put - put a reference to a path
 * @path: path to put the reference to
 *
 * Given a path decrement the reference count to the dentry and the vfsmount.
 */
void path_put(struct path *path)
{
	dput(path->dentry);
	mntput(path->mnt);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(path_put);

/**
 * release_open_intent - free up open intent resources
 * @nd: pointer to nameidata
 */
void release_open_intent(struct nameidata *nd)
{
	if (nd->intent.open.file->f_path.dentry == NULL)
		put_filp(nd->intent.open.file);
	else
		fput(nd->intent.open.file);
}

static inline struct dentry *
do_revalidate(struct dentry *dentry, struct nameidata *nd)
{
	int status = dentry->d_op->d_revalidate(dentry, nd);
	if (unlikely(status <= 0)) {
		/*
		 * The dentry failed validation.
		 * If d_revalidate returned 0 attempt to invalidate
		 * the dentry otherwise d_revalidate is asking us
		 * to return a fail status.
		 */
		if (!status) {
			if (!d_invalidate(dentry)) {
				dput(dentry);
				dentry = NULL;
			}
		} else {
			dput(dentry);
			dentry = ERR_PTR(status);
		}
	}
	return dentry;
}

/*
 * force_reval_path - force revalidation of a dentry
 *
 * In some situations the path walking code will trust dentries without
 * revalidating them. This causes problems for filesystems that depend on
 * d_revalidate to handle file opens (e.g. NFSv4). When FS_REVAL_DOT is set
 * (which indicates that it's possible for the dentry to go stale), force
 * a d_revalidate call before proceeding.
 *
 * Returns 0 if the revalidation was successful. If the revalidation fails,
 * either return the error returned by d_revalidate or -ESTALE if the
 * revalidation it just returned 0. If d_revalidate returns 0, we attempt to
 * invalidate the dentry. It's up to the caller to handle putting references
 * to the path if necessary.
 */
static int
force_reval_path(struct path *path, struct nameidata *nd)
{
	int status;
	struct dentry *dentry = path->dentry;

	/*
	 * only check on filesystems where it's possible for the dentry to
	 * become stale. It's assumed that if this flag is set then the
	 * d_revalidate op will also be defined.
	 */
	if (!(dentry->d_sb->s_type->fs_flags & FS_REVAL_DOT))
		return 0;

	status = dentry->d_op->d_revalidate(dentry, nd);
	if (status > 0)
		return 0;

	if (!status) {
		d_invalidate(dentry);
		status = -ESTALE;
	}
	return status;
}

/*
 * Short-cut version of permission(), for calling on directories
 * during pathname resolution.  Combines parts of permission()
 * and generic_permission(), and tests ONLY for MAY_EXEC permission.
 *
 * If appropriate, check DAC only.  If not appropriate, or
 * short-cut DAC fails, then call ->permission() to do more
 * complete permission check.
 */
static int exec_permission(struct inode *inode)
{
	int ret;

	if (inode->i_op->permission) {
		ret = inode->i_op->permission(inode, MAY_EXEC);
		if (!ret)
			goto ok;
		return ret;
	}
	ret = acl_permission_check(inode, MAY_EXEC, inode->i_op->check_acl);
	if (!ret)
		goto ok;

	if (capable(CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE) || capable(CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH))
		goto ok;

	return ret;
ok:
	return security_inode_permission(inode, MAY_EXEC);
}

static __always_inline void set_root(struct nameidata *nd)
{
	if (!nd->root.mnt) {
		struct fs_struct *fs = current->fs;
		read_lock(&fs->lock);
		nd->root = fs->root;
		path_get(&nd->root);
		read_unlock(&fs->lock);
	}
}

static int link_path_walk(const char *, struct nameidata *);

static __always_inline int __vfs_follow_link(struct nameidata *nd, const char *link)
{
	if (IS_ERR(link))
		goto fail;

	if (*link == '/') {
		set_root(nd);
		path_put(&nd->path);
		nd->path = nd->root;
		path_get(&nd->root);
	}

	return link_path_walk(link, nd);
fail:
	path_put(&nd->path);
	return PTR_ERR(link);
}

static void path_put_conditional(struct path *path, struct nameidata *nd)
{
	dput(path->dentry);
	if (path->mnt != nd->path.mnt)
		mntput(path->mnt);
}

static inline void path_to_nameidata(struct path *path, struct nameidata *nd)
{
	dput(nd->path.dentry);
	if (nd->path.mnt != path->mnt) {
		mntput(nd->path.mnt);
		nd->path.mnt = path->mnt;
	}
	nd->path.dentry = path->dentry;
}

static __always_inline int
__do_follow_link(struct path *path, struct nameidata *nd, void **p)
{
	int error;
	struct dentry *dentry = path->dentry;

	touch_atime(path->mnt, dentry);
	nd_set_link(nd, NULL);

	if (path->mnt != nd->path.mnt) {
		path_to_nameidata(path, nd);
		dget(dentry);
	}
	mntget(path->mnt);
	nd->last_type = LAST_BIND;
	*p = dentry->d_inode->i_op->follow_link(dentry, nd);
	error = PTR_ERR(*p);
	if (!IS_ERR(*p)) {
		char *s = nd_get_link(nd);
		error = 0;
		if (s)
			error = __vfs_follow_link(nd, s);
		else if (nd->last_type == LAST_BIND) {
			error = force_reval_path(&nd->path, nd);
			if (error)
				path_put(&nd->path);
		}
	}
	return error;
}

/*
 * This limits recursive symlink follows to 8, while
 * limiting consecutive symlinks to 40.
 *
 * Without that kind of total limit, nasty chains of consecutive
 * symlinks can cause almost arbitrarily long lookups. 
 */
static inline int do_follow_link(struct path *path, struct nameidata *nd)
{
	void *cookie;
	int err = -ELOOP;
	if (current->link_count >= MAX_NESTED_LINKS)
		goto loop;
	if (current->total_link_count >= 40)
		goto loop;
	BUG_ON(nd->depth >= MAX_NESTED_LINKS);
	cond_resched();
	err = security_inode_follow_link(path->dentry, nd);
	if (err)
		goto loop;
	current->link_count++;
	current->total_link_count++;
	nd->depth++;
	err = __do_follow_link(path, nd, &cookie);
	if (!IS_ERR(cookie) && path->dentry->d_inode->i_op->put_link)
		path->dentry->d_inode->i_op->put_link(path->dentry, nd, cookie);
	path_put(path);
	current->link_count--;
	nd->depth--;
	return err;
loop:
	path_put_conditional(path, nd);
	path_put(&nd->path);
	return err;
}

int follow_up(struct path *path)
{
	struct vfsmount *parent;
	struct dentry *mountpoint;
	spin_lock(&vfsmount_lock);
	parent = path->mnt->mnt_parent;
	if (parent == path->mnt) {
		spin_unlock(&vfsmount_lock);
		return 0;
	}
	mntget(parent);
	mountpoint = dget(path->mnt->mnt_mountpoint);
	spin_unlock(&vfsmount_lock);
	dput(path->dentry);
	path->dentry = mountpoint;
	mntput(path->mnt);
	path->mnt = parent;
	return 1;
}

/* no need for dcache_lock, as serialization is taken care in
 * namespace.c
 */
static int __follow_mount(struct path *path)
{
	int res = 0;
	while (d_mountpoint(path->dentry)) {
		struct vfsmount *mounted = lookup_mnt(path);
		if (!mounted)
			break;
		dput(path->dentry);
		if (res)
			mntput(path->mnt);
		path->mnt = mounted;
		path->dentry = dget(mounted->mnt_root);
		res = 1;
	}
	return res;
}

static void follow_mount(struct path *path)
{
	while (d_mountpoint(path->dentry)) {
		struct vfsmount *mounted = lookup_mnt(path);
		if (!mounted)
			break;
		dput(path->dentry);
		mntput(path->mnt);
		path->mnt = mounted;
		path->dentry = dget(mounted->mnt_root);
	}
}

/* no need for dcache_lock, as serialization is taken care in
 * namespace.c
 */
int follow_down(struct path *path)
{
	struct vfsmount *mounted;

	mounted = lookup_mnt(path);
	if (mounted) {
		dput(path->dentry);
		mntput(path->mnt);
		path->mnt = mounted;
		path->dentry = dget(mounted->mnt_root);
		return 1;
	}
	return 0;
}

static __always_inline void follow_dotdot(struct nameidata *nd)
{
	set_root(nd);

	while(1) {
		struct dentry *old = nd->path.dentry;

		if (nd->path.dentry == nd->root.dentry &&
		    nd->path.mnt == nd->root.mnt) {
			break;
		}
		if (nd->path.dentry != nd->path.mnt->mnt_root) {
			/* rare case of legitimate dget_parent()... */
			nd->path.dentry = dget_parent(nd->path.dentry);
			dput(old);
			break;
		}
		if (!follow_up(&nd->path))
			break;
	}
	follow_mount(&nd->path);
}

/*
 *  It's more convoluted than I'd like it to be, but... it's still fairly
 *  small and for now I'd prefer to have fast path as straight as possible.
 *  It _is_ time-critical.
 */
static int do_lookup(struct nameidata *nd, struct qstr *name,
		     struct path *path)
{
	struct vfsmount *mnt = nd->path.mnt;
	struct dentry *dentry, *parent;
	struct inode *dir;
	/*
	 * See if the low-level filesystem might want
	 * to use its own hash..
	 */
	if (nd->path.dentry->d_op && nd->path.dentry->d_op->d_hash) {
		int err = nd->path.dentry->d_op->d_hash(nd->path.dentry, name);
		if (err < 0)
			return err;
	}

	dentry = __d_lookup(nd->path.dentry, name);
	if (!dentry)
		goto need_lookup;
	if (dentry->d_op && dentry->d_op->d_revalidate)
		goto need_revalidate;
done:
	path->mnt = mnt;
	path->dentry = dentry;
	__follow_mount(path);
	return 0;

need_lookup:
	parent = nd->path.dentry;
	dir = parent->d_inode;

	mutex_lock(&dir->i_mutex);
	/*
	 * First re-do the cached lookup just in case it was created
	 * while we waited for the directory semaphore..
	 *
	 * FIXME! This could use version numbering or similar to
	 * avoid unnecessary cache lookups.
	 *
	 * The "dcache_lock" is purely to protect the RCU list walker
	 * from concurrent renames at this point (we mustn't get false
	 * negatives from the RCU list walk here, unlike the optimistic
	 * fast walk).
	 *
	 * so doing d_lookup() (with seqlock), instead of lockfree __d_lookup
	 */
	dentry = d_lookup(parent, name);
	if (!dentry) {
		struct dentry *new;

		/* Don't create child dentry for a dead directory. */
		dentry = ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
		if (IS_DEADDIR(dir))
			goto out_unlock;

		new = d_alloc(parent, name);
		dentry = ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
		if (new) {
			dentry = dir->i_op->lookup(dir, new, nd);
			if (dentry)
				dput(new);
			else
				dentry = new;
		}
out_unlock:
		mutex_unlock(&dir->i_mutex);
		if (IS_ERR(dentry))
			goto fail;
		goto done;
	}

	/*
	 * Uhhuh! Nasty case: the cache was re-populated while
	 * we waited on the semaphore. Need to revalidate.
	 */
	mutex_unlock(&dir->i_mutex);
	if (dentry->d_op && dentry->d_op->d_revalidate) {
		dentry = do_revalidate(dentry, nd);
		if (!dentry)
			dentry = ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
	}
	if (IS_ERR(dentry))
		goto fail;
	goto done;

need_revalidate:
	dentry = do_revalidate(dentry, nd);
	if (!dentry)
		goto need_lookup;
	if (IS_ERR(dentry))
		goto fail;
	goto done;

fail:
	return PTR_ERR(dentry);
}

/*
 * This is a temporary kludge to deal with "automount" symlinks; proper
 * solution is to trigger them on follow_mount(), so that do_lookup()
 * would DTRT.  To be killed before 2.6.34-final.
 */
static inline int follow_on_final(struct inode *inode, unsigned lookup_flags)
{
	return inode && unlikely(inode->i_op->follow_link) &&
		((lookup_flags & LOOKUP_FOLLOW) || S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode));
}

/*
 * Name resolution.
 * This is the basic name resolution function, turning a pathname into
 * the final dentry. We expect 'base' to be positive and a directory.
 *
 * Returns 0 and nd will have valid dentry and mnt on success.
 * Returns error and drops reference to input namei data on failure.
 */
static int link_path_walk(const char *name, struct nameidata *nd)
{
	struct path next;
	struct inode *inode;
	int err;
	unsigned int lookup_flags = nd->flags;
	
	while (*name=='/')
		name++;
	if (!*name)
		goto return_reval;

	inode = nd->path.dentry->d_inode;
	if (nd->depth)
		lookup_flags = LOOKUP_FOLLOW | (nd->flags & LOOKUP_CONTINUE);

	/* At this point we know we have a real path component. */
	for(;;) {
		unsigned long hash;
		struct qstr this;
		unsigned int c;

		nd->flags |= LOOKUP_CONTINUE;
		err = exec_permission(inode);
 		if (err)
			break;

		this.name = name;
		c = *(const unsigned char *)name;

		hash = init_name_hash();
		do {
			name++;
			hash = partial_name_hash(c, hash);
			c = *(const unsigned char *)name;
		} while (c && (c != '/'));
		this.len = name - (const char *) this.name;
		this.hash = end_name_hash(hash);

		/* remove trailing slashes? */
		if (!c)
			goto last_component;
		while (*++name == '/');
		if (!*name)
			goto last_with_slashes;

		/*
		 * "." and ".." are special - ".." especially so because it has
		 * to be able to know about the current root directory and
		 * parent relationships.
		 */
		if (this.name[0] == '.') switch (this.len) {
			default:
				break;
			case 2:	
				if (this.name[1] != '.')
					break;
				follow_dotdot(nd);
				inode = nd->path.dentry->d_inode;
				/* fallthrough */
			case 1:
				continue;
		}
		/* This does the actual lookups.. */
		err = do_lookup(nd, &this, &next);
		if (err)
			break;

		err = -ENOENT;
		inode = next.dentry->d_inode;
		if (!inode)
			goto out_dput;

		if (inode->i_op->follow_link) {
			err = do_follow_link(&next, nd);
			if (err)
				goto return_err;
			err = -ENOENT;
			inode = nd->path.dentry->d_inode;
			if (!inode)
				break;
		} else
			path_to_nameidata(&next, nd);
		err = -ENOTDIR; 
		if (!inode->i_op->lookup)
			break;
		continue;
		/* here ends the main loop */

last_with_slashes:
		lookup_flags |= LOOKUP_FOLLOW | LOOKUP_DIRECTORY;
last_component:
		/* Clear LOOKUP_CONTINUE iff it was previously unset */
		nd->flags &= lookup_flags | ~LOOKUP_CONTINUE;
		if (lookup_flags & LOOKUP_PARENT)
			goto lookup_parent;
		if (this.name[0] == '.') switch (this.len) {
			default:
				break;
			case 2:	
				if (this.name[1] != '.')
					break;
				follow_dotdot(nd);
				inode = nd->path.dentry->d_inode;
				/* fallthrough */
			case 1:
				goto return_reval;
		}
		err = do_lookup(nd, &this, &next);
		if (err)
			break;
		inode = next.dentry->d_inode;
		if (follow_on_final(inode, lookup_flags)) {
			err = do_follow_link(&next, nd);
			if (err)
				goto return_err;
			inode = nd->path.dentry->d_inode;
		} else
			path_to_nameidata(&next, nd);
		err = -ENOENT;
		if (!inode)
			break;
		if (lookup_flags & LOOKUP_DIRECTORY) {
			err = -ENOTDIR; 
			if (!inode->i_op->lookup)
				break;
		}
		goto return_base;
lookup_parent:
		nd->last = this;
		nd->last_type = LAST_NORM;
		if (this.name[0] != '.')
			goto return_base;
		if (this.len == 1)
			nd->last_type = LAST_DOT;
		else if (this.len == 2 && this.name[1] == '.')
			nd->last_type = LAST_DOTDOT;
		else
			goto return_base;
return_reval:
		/*
		 * We bypassed the ordinary revalidation routines.
		 * We may need to check the cached dentry for staleness.
		 */
		if (nd->path.dentry && nd->path.dentry->d_sb &&
		    (nd->path.dentry->d_sb->s_type->fs_flags & FS_REVAL_DOT)) {
			err = -ESTALE;
			/* Note: we do not d_invalidate() */
			if (!nd->path.dentry->d_op->d_revalidate(
					nd->path.dentry, nd))
				break;
		}
return_base:
		return 0;
out_dput:
		path_put_conditional(&next, nd);
		break;
	}
	path_put(&nd->path);
return_err:
	return err;
}

static int path_walk(const char *name, struct nameidata *nd)
{
	struct path save = nd->path;
	int result;

	current->total_link_count = 0;

	/* make sure the stuff we saved doesn't go away */
	path_get(&save);

	result = link_path_walk(name, nd);
	if (result == -ESTALE) {
		/* nd->path had been dropped */
		current->total_link_count = 0;
		nd->path = save;
		path_get(&nd->path);
		nd->flags |= LOOKUP_REVAL;
		result = link_path_walk(name, nd);
	}

	path_put(&save);

	return result;
}

static int path_init(int dfd, const char *name, unsigned int flags, struct nameidata *nd)
{
	int retval = 0;
	int fput_needed;
	struct file *file;

	nd->last_type = LAST_ROOT; /* if there are only slashes... */
	nd->flags = flags;
	nd->depth = 0;
	nd->root.mnt = NULL;

	if (*name=='/') {
		set_root(nd);
		nd->path = nd->root;
		path_get(&nd->root);
	} else if (dfd == AT_FDCWD) {
		struct fs_struct *fs = current->fs;
		read_lock(&fs->lock);
		nd->path = fs->pwd;
		path_get(&fs->pwd);
		read_unlock(&fs->lock);
	} else {
		struct dentry *dentry;

		file = fget_light(dfd, &fput_needed);
		retval = -EBADF;
		if (!file)
			goto out_fail;

		dentry = file->f_path.dentry;

		retval = -ENOTDIR;
		if (!S_ISDIR(dentry->d_inode->i_mode))
			goto fput_fail;

		retval = file_permission(file, MAY_EXEC);
		if (retval)
			goto fput_fail;

		nd->path = file->f_path;
		path_get(&file->f_path);

		fput_light(file, fput_needed);
	}
	return 0;

fput_fail:
	fput_light(file, fput_needed);
out_fail:
	return retval;
}

/* Returns 0 and nd will be valid on success; Retuns error, otherwise. */
static int do_path_lookup(int dfd, const char *name,
				unsigned int flags, struct nameidata *nd)
{
	int retval = path_init(dfd, name, flags, nd);
	if (!retval)
		retval = path_walk(name, nd);
	if (unlikely(!retval && !audit_dummy_context() && nd->path.dentry &&
				nd->path.dentry->d_inode))
		audit_inode(name, nd->path.dentry);
	if (nd->root.mnt) {
		path_put(&nd->root);
		nd->root.mnt = NULL;
	}
	return retval;
}

int path_lookup(const char *name, unsigned int flags,
			struct nameidata *nd)
{
	return do_path_lookup(AT_FDCWD, name, flags, nd);
}

int kern_path(const char *name, unsigned int flags, struct path *path)
{
	struct nameidata nd;
	int res = do_path_lookup(AT_FDCWD, name, flags, &nd);
	if (!res)
		*path = nd.path;
	return res;
}

/**
 * vfs_path_lookup - lookup a file path relative to a dentry-vfsmount pair
 * @dentry:  pointer to dentry of the base directory
 * @mnt: pointer to vfs mount of the base directory
 * @name: pointer to file name
 * @flags: lookup flags
 * @nd: pointer to nameidata
 */
int vfs_path_lookup(struct dentry *dentry, struct vfsmount *mnt,
		    const char *name, unsigned int flags,
		    struct nameidata *nd)
{
	int retval;

	/* same as do_path_lookup */
	nd->last_type = LAST_ROOT;
	nd->flags = flags;
	nd->depth = 0;

	nd->path.dentry = dentry;
	nd->path.mnt = mnt;
	path_get(&nd->path);
	nd->root = nd->path;
	path_get(&nd->root);

	retval = path_walk(name, nd);
	if (unlikely(!retval && !audit_dummy_context() && nd->path.dentry &&
				nd->path.dentry->d_inode))
		audit_inode(name, nd->path.dentry);

	path_put(&nd->root);
	nd->root.mnt = NULL;

	return retval;
}

static struct dentry *__lookup_hash(struct qstr *name,
		struct dentry *base, struct nameidata *nd)
{
	struct dentry *dentry;
	struct inode *inode;
	int err;

	inode = base->d_inode;

	/*
	 * See if the low-level filesystem might want
	 * to use its own hash..
	 */
	if (base->d_op && base->d_op->d_hash) {
		err = base->d_op->d_hash(base, name);
		dentry = ERR_PTR(err);
		if (err < 0)
			goto out;
	}

	dentry = __d_lookup(base, name);

	/* lockess __d_lookup may fail due to concurrent d_move()
	 * in some unrelated directory, so try with d_lookup
	 */
	if (!dentry)
		dentry = d_lookup(base, name);

	if (dentry && dentry->d_op && dentry->d_op->d_revalidate)
		dentry = do_revalidate(dentry, nd);

	if (!dentry) {
		struct dentry *new;

		/* Don't create child dentry for a dead directory. */
		dentry = ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
		if (IS_DEADDIR(inode))
			goto out;

		new = d_alloc(base, name);
		dentry = ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
		if (!new)
			goto out;
		dentry = inode->i_op->lookup(inode, new, nd);
		if (!dentry)
			dentry = new;
		else
			dput(new);
	}
out:
	return dentry;
}

/*
 * Restricted form of lookup. Doesn't follow links, single-component only,
 * needs parent already locked. Doesn't follow mounts.
 * SMP-safe.
 */
static struct dentry *lookup_hash(struct nameidata *nd)
{
	int err;

	err = exec_permission(nd->path.dentry->d_inode);
	if (err)
		return ERR_PTR(err);
	return __lookup_hash(&nd->last, nd->path.dentry, nd);
}

static int __lookup_one_len(const char *name, struct qstr *this,
		struct dentry *base, int len)
{
	unsigned long hash;
	unsigned int c;

	this->name = name;
	this->len = len;
	if (!len)
		return -EACCES;

	hash = init_name_hash();
	while (len--) {
		c = *(const unsigned char *)name++;
		if (c == '/' || c == '\0')
			return -EACCES;
		hash = partial_name_hash(c, hash);
	}
	this->hash = end_name_hash(hash);
	return 0;
}

/**
 * lookup_one_len - filesystem helper to lookup single pathname component
 * @name:	pathname component to lookup
 * @base:	base directory to lookup from
 * @len:	maximum length @len should be interpreted to
 *
 * Note that this routine is purely a helper for filesystem usage and should
 * not be called by generic code.  Also note that by using this function the
 * nameidata argument is passed to the filesystem methods and a filesystem
 * using this helper needs to be prepared for that.
 */
struct dentry *lookup_one_len(const char *name, struct dentry *base, int len)
{
	int err;
	struct qstr this;

	WARN_ON_ONCE(!mutex_is_locked(&base->d_inode->i_mutex));

	err = __lookup_one_len(name, &this, base, len);
	if (err)
		return ERR_PTR(err);

	err = exec_permission(base->d_inode);
	if (err)
		return ERR_PTR(err);
	return __lookup_hash(&this, base, NULL);
}

int user_path_at(int dfd, const char __user *name, unsigned flags,
		 struct path *path)
{
	struct nameidata nd;
	char *tmp = getname(name);
	int err = PTR_ERR(tmp);
	if (!IS_ERR(tmp)) {

		BUG_ON(flags & LOOKUP_PARENT);

		err = do_path_lookup(dfd, tmp, flags, &nd);
		putname(tmp);
		if (!err)
			*path = nd.path;
	}
	return err;
}

static int user_path_parent(int dfd, const char __user *path,
			struct nameidata *nd, char **name)
{
	char *s = getname(path);
	int error;

	if (IS_ERR(s))
		return PTR_ERR(s);

	error = do_path_lookup(dfd, s, LOOKUP_PARENT, nd);
	if (error)
		putname(s);
	else
		*name = s;

	return error;
}

/*
 * It's inline, so penalty for filesystems that don't use sticky bit is
 * minimal.
 */
static inline int check_sticky(struct inode *dir, struct inode *inode)
{
	uid_t fsuid = current_fsuid();

	if (!(dir->i_mode & S_ISVTX))
		return 0;
	if (inode->i_uid == fsuid)
		return 0;
	if (dir->i_uid == fsuid)
		return 0;
	return !capable(CAP_FOWNER);
}

/*
 *	Check whether we can remove a link victim from directory dir, check
 *  whether the type of victim is right.
 *  1. We can't do it if dir is read-only (done in permission())
 *  2. We should have write and exec permissions on dir
 *  3. We can't remove anything from append-only dir
 *  4. We can't do anything with immutable dir (done in permission())
 *  5. If the sticky bit on dir is set we should either
 *	a. be owner of dir, or
 *	b. be owner of victim, or
 *	c. have CAP_FOWNER capability
 *  6. If the victim is append-only or immutable we can't do antyhing with
 *     links pointing to it.
 *  7. If we were asked to remove a directory and victim isn't one - ENOTDIR.
 *  8. If we were asked to remove a non-directory and victim isn't one - EISDIR.
 *  9. We can't remove a root or mountpoint.
 * 10. We don't allow removal of NFS sillyrenamed files; it's handled by
 *     nfs_async_unlink().
 */
static int may_delete(struct inode *dir,struct dentry *victim,int isdir)
{
	int error;

	if (!victim->d_inode)
		return -ENOENT;

	BUG_ON(victim->d_parent->d_inode != dir);
	audit_inode_child(victim, dir);

	error = inode_permission(dir, MAY_WRITE | MAY_EXEC);
	if (error)
		return error;
	if (IS_APPEND(dir))
		return -EPERM;
	if (check_sticky(dir, victim->d_inode)||IS_APPEND(victim->d_inode)||
	    IS_IMMUTABLE(victim->d_inode) || IS_SWAPFILE(victim->d_inode))
		return -EPERM;
	if (isdir) {
		if (!S_ISDIR(victim->d_inode->i_mode))
			return -ENOTDIR;
		if (IS_ROOT(victim))
			return -EBUSY;
	} else if (S_ISDIR(victim->d_inode->i_mode))
		return -EISDIR;
	if (IS_DEADDIR(dir))
		return -ENOENT;
	if (victim->d_flags & DCACHE_NFSFS_RENAMED)
		return -EBUSY;
	return 0;
}

/*	Check whether we can create an object with dentry child in directory
 *  dir.
 *  1. We can't do it if child already exists (open has special treatment for
 *     this case, but since we are inlined it's OK)
 *  2. We can't do it if dir is read-only (done in permission())
 *  3. We should have write and exec permissions on dir
 *  4. We can't do it if dir is immutable (done in permission())
 */
static inline int may_create(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *child)
{
	if (child->d_inode)
		return -EEXIST;
	if (IS_DEADDIR(dir))
		return -ENOENT;
	return inode_permission(dir, MAY_WRITE | MAY_EXEC);
}

/*
 * p1 and p2 should be directories on the same fs.
 */
struct dentry *lock_rename(struct dentry *p1, struct dentry *p2)
{
	struct dentry *p;

	if (p1 == p2) {
		mutex_lock_nested(&p1->d_inode->i_mutex, I_MUTEX_PARENT);
		return NULL;
	}

	mutex_lock(&p1->d_inode->i_sb->s_vfs_rename_mutex);

	p = d_ancestor(p2, p1);
	if (p) {
		mutex_lock_nested(&p2->d_inode->i_mutex, I_MUTEX_PARENT);
		mutex_lock_nested(&p1->d_inode->i_mutex, I_MUTEX_CHILD);
		return p;
	}

	p = d_ancestor(p1, p2);
	if (p) {
		mutex_lock_nested(&p1->d_inode->i_mutex, I_MUTEX_PARENT);
		mutex_lock_nested(&p2->d_inode->i_mutex, I_MUTEX_CHILD);
		return p;
	}

	mutex_lock_nested(&p1->d_inode->i_mutex, I_MUTEX_PARENT);
	mutex_lock_nested(&p2->d_inode->i_mutex, I_MUTEX_CHILD);
	return NULL;
}

void unlock_rename(struct dentry *p1, struct dentry *p2)
{
	mutex_unlock(&p1->d_inode->i_mutex);
	if (p1 != p2) {
		mutex_unlock(&p2->d_inode->i_mutex);
		mutex_unlock(&p1->d_inode->i_sb->s_vfs_rename_mutex);
	}
}

int vfs_create(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode,
		struct nameidata *nd)
{
	int error = may_create(dir, dentry);

	if (error)
		return error;

	if (!dir->i_op->create)
		return -EACCES;	/* shouldn't it be ENOSYS? */
	mode &= S_IALLUGO;
	mode |= S_IFREG;
	error = security_inode_create(dir, dentry, mode);
	if (error)
		return error;
	error = dir->i_op->create(dir, dentry, mode, nd);
	if (!error)
		fsnotify_create(dir, dentry);
	return error;
}

int may_open(struct path *path, int acc_mode, int flag)
{
	struct dentry *dentry = path->dentry;
	struct inode *inode = dentry->d_inode;
	int error;

	if (!inode)
		return -ENOENT;

	switch (inode->i_mode & S_IFMT) {
	case S_IFLNK:
		return -ELOOP;
	case S_IFDIR:
		if (acc_mode & MAY_WRITE)
			return -EISDIR;
		break;
	case S_IFBLK:
	case S_IFCHR:
		if (path->mnt->mnt_flags & MNT_NODEV)
			return -EACCES;
		/*FALLTHRU*/
	case S_IFIFO:
	case S_IFSOCK:
		flag &= ~O_TRUNC;
		break;
	}

	error = inode_permission(inode, acc_mode);
	if (error)
		return error;

	/*
	 * An append-only file must be opened in append mode for writing.
	 */
	if (IS_APPEND(inode)) {
		if  ((flag & O_ACCMODE) != O_RDONLY && !(flag & O_APPEND))
			return -EPERM;
		if (flag & O_TRUNC)
			return -EPERM;
	}

	/* O_NOATIME can only be set by the owner or superuser */
	if (flag & O_NOATIME && !is_owner_or_cap(inode))
		return -EPERM;

	/*
	 * Ensure there are no outstanding leases on the file.
	 */
	return break_lease(inode, flag);
}

static int handle_truncate(struct path *path)
{
	struct inode *inode = path->dentry->d_inode;
	int error = get_write_access(inode);
	if (error)
		return error;
	/*
	 * Refuse to truncate files with mandatory locks held on them.
	 */
	error = locks_verify_locked(inode);
	if (!error)
		error = security_path_truncate(path, 0,
				       ATTR_MTIME|ATTR_CTIME|ATTR_OPEN);
	if (!error) {
		error = do_truncate(path->dentry, 0,
				    ATTR_MTIME|ATTR_CTIME|ATTR_OPEN,
				    NULL);
	}
	put_write_access(inode);
	return error;
}

/*
 * Be careful about ever adding any more callers of this
 * function.  Its flags must be in the namei format, not
 * what get passed to sys_open().
 */
static int __open_namei_create(struct nameidata *nd, struct path *path,
				int open_flag, int mode)
{
	int error;
	struct dentry *dir = nd->path.dentry;

	if (!IS_POSIXACL(dir->d_inode))
		mode &= ~current_umask();
	error = security_path_mknod(&nd->path, path->dentry, mode, 0);
	if (error)
		goto out_unlock;
	error = vfs_create(dir->d_inode, path->dentry, mode, nd);
out_unlock:
	mutex_unlock(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex);
	dput(nd->path.dentry);
	nd->path.dentry = path->dentry;
	if (error)
		return error;
	/* Don't check for write permission, don't truncate */
	return may_open(&nd->path, 0, open_flag & ~O_TRUNC);
}

/*
 * Note that while the flag value (low two bits) for sys_open means:
 *	00 - read-only
 *	01 - write-only
 *	10 - read-write
 *	11 - special
 * it is changed into
 *	00 - no permissions needed
 *	01 - read-permission
 *	10 - write-permission
 *	11 - read-write
 * for the internal routines (ie open_namei()/follow_link() etc)
 * This is more logical, and also allows the 00 "no perm needed"
 * to be used for symlinks (where the permissions are checked
 * later).
 *
*/
static inline int open_to_namei_flags(int flag)
{
	if ((flag+1) & O_ACCMODE)
		flag++;
	return flag;
}

static int open_will_truncate(int flag, struct inode *inode)
{
	/*
	 * We'll never write to the fs underlying
	 * a device file.
	 */
	if (special_file(inode->i_mode))
		return 0;
	return (flag & O_TRUNC);
}

static struct file *finish_open(struct nameidata *nd,
				int open_flag, int acc_mode)
{
	struct file *filp;
	int will_truncate;
	int error;

	will_truncate = open_will_truncate(open_flag, nd->path.dentry->d_inode);
	if (will_truncate) {
		error = mnt_want_write(nd->path.mnt);
		if (error)
			goto exit;
	}
	error = may_open(&nd->path, acc_mode, open_flag);
	if (error) {
		if (will_truncate)
			mnt_drop_write(nd->path.mnt);
		goto exit;
	}
	filp = nameidata_to_filp(nd);
	if (!IS_ERR(filp)) {
		error = ima_file_check(filp, acc_mode);
		if (error) {
			fput(filp);
			filp = ERR_PTR(error);
		}
	}
	if (!IS_ERR(filp)) {
		if (will_truncate) {
			error = handle_truncate(&nd->path);
			if (error) {
				fput(filp);
				filp = ERR_PTR(error);
			}
		}
	}
	/*
	 * It is now safe to drop the mnt write
	 * because the filp has had a write taken
	 * on its behalf.
	 */
	if (will_truncate)
		mnt_drop_write(nd->path.mnt);
	return filp;

exit:
	if (!IS_ERR(nd->intent.open.file))
		release_open_intent(nd);
	path_put(&nd->path);
	return ERR_PTR(error);
}

static struct file *do_last(struct nameidata *nd, struct path *path,
			    int open_flag, int acc_mode,
			    int mode, const char *pathname)
{
	struct dentry *dir = nd->path.dentry;
	struct file *filp;
	int error = -EISDIR;

	switch (nd->last_type) {
	case LAST_DOTDOT:
		follow_dotdot(nd);
		dir = nd->path.dentry;
	case LAST_DOT:
		if (nd->path.mnt->mnt_sb->s_type->fs_flags & FS_REVAL_DOT) {
			if (!dir->d_op->d_revalidate(dir, nd)) {
				error = -ESTALE;
				goto exit;
			}
		}
		/* fallthrough */
	case LAST_ROOT:
		if (open_flag & O_CREAT)
			goto exit;
		/* fallthrough */
	case LAST_BIND:
		audit_inode(pathname, dir);
		goto ok;
	}

	/* trailing slashes? */
	if (nd->last.name[nd->last.len]) {
		if (open_flag & O_CREAT)
			goto exit;
		nd->flags |= LOOKUP_DIRECTORY | LOOKUP_FOLLOW;
	}

	/* just plain open? */
	if (!(open_flag & O_CREAT)) {
		error = do_lookup(nd, &nd->last, path);
		if (error)
			goto exit;
		error = -ENOENT;
		if (!path->dentry->d_inode)
			goto exit_dput;
		if (path->dentry->d_inode->i_op->follow_link)
			return NULL;
		error = -ENOTDIR;
		if (nd->flags & LOOKUP_DIRECTORY) {
			if (!path->dentry->d_inode->i_op->lookup)
				goto exit_dput;
		}
		path_to_nameidata(path, nd);
		audit_inode(pathname, nd->path.dentry);
		goto ok;
	}

	/* OK, it's O_CREAT */
	mutex_lock(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex);

	path->dentry = lookup_hash(nd);
	path->mnt = nd->path.mnt;

	error = PTR_ERR(path->dentry);
	if (IS_ERR(path->dentry)) {
		mutex_unlock(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex);
		goto exit;
	}

	if (IS_ERR(nd->intent.open.file)) {
		error = PTR_ERR(nd->intent.open.file);
		goto exit_mutex_unlock;
	}

	/* Negative dentry, just create the file */
	if (!path->dentry->d_inode) {
		/*
		 * This write is needed to ensure that a
		 * ro->rw transition does not occur between
		 * the time when the file is created and when
		 * a permanent write count is taken through
		 * the 'struct file' in nameidata_to_filp().
		 */
		error = mnt_want_write(nd->path.mnt);
		if (error)
			goto exit_mutex_unlock;
		error = __open_namei_create(nd, path, open_flag, mode);
		if (error) {
			mnt_drop_write(nd->path.mnt);
			goto exit;
		}
		filp = nameidata_to_filp(nd);
		mnt_drop_write(nd->path.mnt);
		if (!IS_ERR(filp)) {
			error = ima_file_check(filp, acc_mode);
			if (error) {
				fput(filp);
				filp = ERR_PTR(error);
			}
		}
		return filp;
	}

	/*
	 * It already exists.
	 */
	mutex_unlock(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex);
	audit_inode(pathname, path->dentry);

	error = -EEXIST;
	if (open_flag & O_EXCL)
		goto exit_dput;

	if (__follow_mount(path)) {
		error = -ELOOP;
		if (open_flag & O_NOFOLLOW)
			goto exit_dput;
	}

	error = -ENOENT;
	if (!path->dentry->d_inode)
		goto exit_dput;

	if (path->dentry->d_inode->i_op->follow_link)
		return NULL;

	path_to_nameidata(path, nd);
	error = -EISDIR;
	if (S_ISDIR(path->dentry->d_inode->i_mode))
		goto exit;
ok:
	filp = finish_open(nd, open_flag, acc_mode);
	return filp;

exit_mutex_unlock:
	mutex_unlock(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex);
exit_dput:
	path_put_conditional(path, nd);
exit:
	if (!IS_ERR(nd->intent.open.file))
		release_open_intent(nd);
	path_put(&nd->path);
	return ERR_PTR(error);
}

/*
 * Note that the low bits of the passed in "open_flag"
 * are not the same as in the local variable "flag". See
 * open_to_namei_flags() for more details.
 */
struct file *do_filp_open(int dfd, const char *pathname,
		int open_flag, int mode, int acc_mode)
{
	struct file *filp;
	struct nameidata nd;
	int error;
	struct path path;
	int count = 0;
	int flag = open_to_namei_flags(open_flag);
	int force_reval = 0;

	if (!(open_flag & O_CREAT))
		mode = 0;

	/*
	 * O_SYNC is implemented as __O_SYNC|O_DSYNC.  As many places only
	 * check for O_DSYNC if the need any syncing at all we enforce it's
	 * always set instead of having to deal with possibly weird behaviour
	 * for malicious applications setting only __O_SYNC.
	 */
	if (open_flag & __O_SYNC)
		open_flag |= O_DSYNC;

	if (!acc_mode)
		acc_mode = MAY_OPEN | ACC_MODE(open_flag);

	/* O_TRUNC implies we need access checks for write permissions */
	if (open_flag & O_TRUNC)
		acc_mode |= MAY_WRITE;

	/* Allow the LSM permission hook to distinguish append 
	   access from general write access. */
	if (open_flag & O_APPEND)
		acc_mode |= MAY_APPEND;

	/* find the parent */
reval:
	error = path_init(dfd, pathname, LOOKUP_PARENT, &nd);
	if (error)
		return ERR_PTR(error);
	if (force_reval)
		nd.flags |= LOOKUP_REVAL;

	current->total_link_count = 0;
	error = link_path_walk(pathname, &nd);
	if (error) {
		filp = ERR_PTR(error);
		goto out;
	}
	if (unlikely(!audit_dummy_context()) && (open_flag & O_CREAT))
		audit_inode(pathname, nd.path.dentry);

	/*
	 * We have the parent and last component.
	 */

	error = -ENFILE;
	filp = get_empty_filp();
	if (filp == NULL)
		goto exit_parent;
	nd.intent.open.file = filp;
	filp->f_flags = open_flag;
	nd.intent.open.flags = flag;
	nd.intent.open.create_mode = mode;
	nd.flags &= ~LOOKUP_PARENT;
	nd.flags |= LOOKUP_OPEN;
	if (open_flag & O_CREAT) {
		nd.flags |= LOOKUP_CREATE;
		if (open_flag & O_EXCL)
			nd.flags |= LOOKUP_EXCL;
	}
	if (open_flag & O_DIRECTORY)
		nd.flags |= LOOKUP_DIRECTORY;
	if (!(open_flag & O_NOFOLLOW))
		nd.flags |= LOOKUP_FOLLOW;
	filp = do_last(&nd, &path, open_flag, acc_mode, mode, pathname);
	while (unlikely(!filp)) { /* trailing symlink */
		struct path holder;
		struct inode *inode = path.dentry->d_inode;
		void *cookie;
		error = -ELOOP;
		/* S_ISDIR part is a temporary automount kludge */
		if (!(nd.flags & LOOKUP_FOLLOW) && !S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode))
			goto exit_dput;
		if (count++ == 32)
			goto exit_dput;
		/*
		 * This is subtle. Instead of calling do_follow_link() we do
		 * the thing by hands. The reason is that this way we have zero
		 * link_count and path_walk() (called from ->follow_link)
		 * honoring LOOKUP_PARENT.  After that we have the parent and
		 * last component, i.e. we are in the same situation as after
		 * the first path_walk().  Well, almost - if the last component
		 * is normal we get its copy stored in nd->last.name and we will
		 * have to putname() it when we are done. Procfs-like symlinks
		 * just set LAST_BIND.
		 */
		nd.flags |= LOOKUP_PARENT;
		error = security_inode_follow_link(path.dentry, &nd);
		if (error)
			goto exit_dput;
		error = __do_follow_link(&path, &nd, &cookie);
		if (unlikely(error)) {
			/* nd.path had been dropped */
			if (!IS_ERR(cookie) && inode->i_op->put_link)
				inode->i_op->put_link(path.dentry, &nd, cookie);
			path_put(&path);
			release_open_intent(&nd);
			filp = ERR_PTR(error);
			goto out;
		}
		holder = path;
		nd.flags &= ~LOOKUP_PARENT;
		filp = do_last(&nd, &path, open_flag, acc_mode, mode, pathname);
		if (inode->i_op->put_link)
			inode->i_op->put_link(holder.dentry, &nd, cookie);
		path_put(&holder);
	}
out:
	if (nd.root.mnt)
		path_put(&nd.root);
	if (filp == ERR_PTR(-ESTALE) && !force_reval) {
		force_reval = 1;
		goto reval;
	}
	return filp;

exit_dput:
	path_put_conditional(&path, &nd);
	if (!IS_ERR(nd.intent.open.file))
		release_open_intent(&nd);
exit_parent:
	path_put(&nd.path);
	filp = ERR_PTR(error);
	goto out;
}

/**
 * filp_open - open file and return file pointer
 *
 * @filename:	path to open
 * @flags:	open flags as per the open(2) second argument
 * @mode:	mode for the new file if O_CREAT is set, else ignored
 *
 * This is the helper to open a file from kernelspace if you really
 * have to.  But in generally you should not do this, so please move
 * along, nothing to see here..
 */
struct file *filp_open(const char *filename, int flags, int mode)
{
	return do_filp_open(AT_FDCWD, filename, flags, mode, 0);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filp_open);

/**
 * lookup_create - lookup a dentry, creating it if it doesn't exist
 * @nd: nameidata info
 * @is_dir: directory flag
 *
 * Simple function to lookup and return a dentry and create it
 * if it doesn't exist.  Is SMP-safe.
 *
 * Returns with nd->path.dentry->d_inode->i_mutex locked.
 */
struct dentry *lookup_create(struct nameidata *nd, int is_dir)
{
	struct dentry *dentry = ERR_PTR(-EEXIST);

	mutex_lock_nested(&nd->path.dentry->d_inode->i_mutex, I_MUTEX_PARENT);
	/*
	 * Yucky last component or no last component at all?
	 * (foo/., foo/.., /////)
	 */
	if (nd->last_type != LAST_NORM)
		goto fail;
	nd->flags &= ~LOOKUP_PARENT;
	nd->flags |= LOOKUP_CREATE | LOOKUP_EXCL;
	nd->intent.open.flags = O_EXCL;

	/*
	 * Do the final lookup.
	 */
	dentry = lookup_hash(nd);
	if (IS_ERR(dentry))
		goto fail;

	if (dentry->d_inode)
		goto eexist;
	/*
	 * Special case - lookup gave negative, but... we had foo/bar/
	 * From the vfs_mknod() POV we just have a negative dentry -
	 * all is fine. Let's be bastards - you had / on the end, you've
	 * been asking for (non-existent) directory. -ENOENT for you.
	 */
	if (unlikely(!is_dir && nd->last.name[nd->last.len])) {
		dput(dentry);
		dentry = ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
	}
	return dentry;
eexist:
	dput(dentry);
	dentry = ERR_PTR(-EEXIST);
fail:
	return dentry;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(lookup_create);

int vfs_mknod(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode, dev_t dev)
{
	int error = may_create(dir, dentry);

	if (error)
		return error;

	if ((S_ISCHR(mode) || S_ISBLK(mode)) && !capable(CAP_MKNOD))
		return -EPERM;

	if (!dir->i_op->mknod)
		return -EPERM;

	error = devcgroup_inode_mknod(mode, dev);