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* mm: fixup /proc/vmstat outputPeter Zijlstra2007-07-06
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Line up the vmstat_text with zone_stat_item enum zone_stat_item { /* First 128 byte cacheline (assuming 64 bit words) */ NR_FREE_PAGES, NR_INACTIVE, NR_ACTIVE, We current have nr_active and nr_inactive reversed. [ "OK with patch, though using initializers canbe handy to prevent such things in future: static const char * const vmstat_text[] = { [NR_FREE_PAGES] = "nr_free_pages", ..." - Alexey ] Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> Acked-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* Detach sched.h from mm.hAlexey Dobriyan2007-05-21
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | First thing mm.h does is including sched.h solely for can_do_mlock() inline function which has "current" dereference inside. By dealing with can_do_mlock() mm.h can be detached from sched.h which is good. See below, why. This patch a) removes unconditional inclusion of sched.h from mm.h b) makes can_do_mlock() normal function in mm/mlock.c c) exports can_do_mlock() to not break compilation d) adds sched.h inclusions back to files that were getting it indirectly. e) adds less bloated headers to some files (asm/signal.h, jiffies.h) that were getting them indirectly Net result is: a) mm.h users would get less code to open, read, preprocess, parse, ... if they don't need sched.h b) sched.h stops being dependency for significant number of files: on x86_64 allmodconfig touching sched.h results in recompile of 4083 files, after patch it's only 3744 (-8.3%). Cross-compile tested on all arm defconfigs, all mips defconfigs, all powerpc defconfigs, alpha alpha-up arm i386 i386-up i386-defconfig i386-allnoconfig ia64 ia64-up m68k mips parisc parisc-up powerpc powerpc-up s390 s390-up sparc sparc-up sparc64 sparc64-up um-x86_64 x86_64 x86_64-up x86_64-defconfig x86_64-allnoconfig as well as my two usual configs. Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* VM statistics: Make timer deferrableChristoph Lameter2007-05-11
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | VM statistics updates do not matter if the kernel is in idle powersaving mode. So allow the timer to be deferred. It would be better though if we could switch the timer between deferrable and nondeferrable based on differentials present. The timer would start out nondeferrable and if we find that there were no updates in the last statistics interval then we would switch the timer to deferrable. If the timer later finds again that there are differentials then go to nondeferrable again. And yet another way would be to run the timer shortly before going to idle? The solution here means that the VM counters may be slightly off during idle since differentials may be still pending while the timer is deferred. Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* Move remote node draining out of slab allocatorsChristoph Lameter2007-05-09
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Currently the slab allocators contain callbacks into the page allocator to perform the draining of pagesets on remote nodes. This requires SLUB to have a whole subsystem in order to be compatible with SLAB. Moving node draining out of the slab allocators avoids a section of code in SLUB. Move the node draining so that is is done when the vm statistics are updated. At that point we are already touching all the cachelines with the pagesets of a processor. Add a expire counter there. If we have to update per zone or global vm statistics then assume that the pageset will require subsequent draining. The expire counter will be decremented on each vm stats update pass until it reaches zero. Then we will drain one batch from the pageset. The draining will cause vm counter updates which will then cause another expiration until the pcp is empty. So we will drain a batch every 3 seconds. Note that remote node draining is a somewhat esoteric feature that is required on large NUMA systems because otherwise significant portions of system memory can become trapped in pcp queues. The number of pcp is determined by the number of processors and nodes in a system. A system with 4 processors and 2 nodes has 8 pcps which is okay. But a system with 1024 processors and 512 nodes has 512k pcps with a high potential for large amount of memory being caught in them. Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* Make vm statistics update interval configurableChristoph Lameter2007-05-09
| | | | | | | | | | Make it configurable. Code in mm makes the vm statistics intervals independent from the cache reaper use that opportunity to make it configurable. Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* vmstat: use our own timer eventsChristoph Lameter2007-05-09
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | vmstat is currently using the cache reaper to periodically bring the statistics up to date. The cache reaper does only exists in SLUB as a way to provide compatibility with SLAB. This patch removes the vmstat calls from the slab allocators and provides its own handling. The advantage is also that we can use a different frequency for the updates. Refreshing vm stats is a pretty fast job so we can run this every second and stagger this by only one tick. This will lead to some overlap in large systems. F.e a system running at 250 HZ with 1024 processors will have 4 vm updates occurring at once. However, the vm stats update only accesses per node information. It is only necessary to stagger the vm statistics updates per processor in each node. Vm counter updates occurring on distant nodes will not cause cacheline contention. We could implement an alternate approach that runs the first processor on each node at the second and then each of the other processor on a node on a subsequent tick. That may be useful to keep a large amount of the second free of timer activity. Maybe the timer folks will have some feedback on this one? [jirislaby@gmail.com: add missing break] Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* Add suspend-related notifications for CPU hotplugRafael J. Wysocki2007-05-09
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Since nonboot CPUs are now disabled after tasks and devices have been frozen and the CPU hotplug infrastructure is used for this purpose, we need special CPU hotplug notifications that will help the CPU-hotplug-aware subsystems distinguish normal CPU hotplug events from CPU hotplug events related to a system-wide suspend or resume operation in progress. This patch introduces such notifications and causes them to be used during suspend and resume transitions. It also changes all of the CPU-hotplug-aware subsystems to take these notifications into consideration (for now they are handled in the same way as the corresponding "normal" ones). [oleg@tv-sign.ru: cleanups] Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl> Cc: Gautham R Shenoy <ego@in.ibm.com> Cc: Pavel Machek <pavel@ucw.cz> Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* [PATCH] optional ZONE_DMA: optional ZONE_DMA in the VMChristoph Lameter2007-02-11
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Make ZONE_DMA optional in core code. - ifdef all code for ZONE_DMA and related definitions following the example for ZONE_DMA32 and ZONE_HIGHMEM. - Without ZONE_DMA, ZONE_HIGHMEM and ZONE_DMA32 we get to a ZONES_SHIFT of 0. - Modify the VM statistics to work correctly without a DMA zone. - Modify slab to not create DMA slabs if there is no ZONE_DMA. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanup] [jdike@addtoit.com: build fix] [apw@shadowen.org: Simplify calculation of the number of bits we need for ZONES_SHIFT] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de> Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com> Cc: Kyle McMartin <kyle@mcmartin.ca> Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@debian.org> Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@steeleye.com> Cc: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org> Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org> Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* [PATCH] Drop get_zone_counts()Christoph Lameter2007-02-11
| | | | | | | | Values are available via ZVC sums. Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* [PATCH] Drop __get_zone_counts()Christoph Lameter2007-02-11
| | | | | | | | Values are readily available via ZVC per node and global sums. Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* [PATCH] Reorder ZVCs according to cachelineChristoph Lameter2007-02-11
| | | | | | | | | | | | The global and per zone counter sums are in arrays of longs. Reorder the ZVCs so that the most frequently used ZVCs are put into the same cacheline. That way calculations of the global, node and per zone vm state touches only a single cacheline. This is mostly important for 64 bit systems were one 128 byte cacheline takes only 8 longs. Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* [PATCH] Use ZVC for free_pagesChristoph Lameter2007-02-11
| | | | | | | | | | | This is again simplifies some of the VM counter calculations through the use of the ZVC consolidated counters. [michal.k.k.piotrowski@gmail.com: build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Michal Piotrowski <michal.k.k.piotrowski@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* [PATCH] Use ZVC for inactive and active countsChristoph Lameter2007-02-11
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The determination of the dirty ratio to determine writeback behavior is currently based on the number of total pages on the system. However, not all pages in the system may be dirtied. Thus the ratio is always too low and can never reach 100%. The ratio may be particularly skewed if large hugepage allocations, slab allocations or device driver buffers make large sections of memory not available anymore. In that case we may get into a situation in which f.e. the background writeback ratio of 40% cannot be reached anymore which leads to undesired writeback behavior. This patchset fixes that issue by determining the ratio based on the actual pages that may potentially be dirty. These are the pages on the active and the inactive list plus free pages. The problem with those counts has so far been that it is expensive to calculate these because counts from multiple nodes and multiple zones will have to be summed up. This patchset makes these counters ZVC counters. This means that a current sum per zone, per node and for the whole system is always available via global variables and not expensive anymore to calculate. The patchset results in some other good side effects: - Removal of the various functions that sum up free, active and inactive page counts - Cleanup of the functions that display information via the proc filesystem. This patch: The use of a ZVC for nr_inactive and nr_active allows a simplification of some counter operations. More ZVC functionality is used for sums etc in the following patches. [akpm@osdl.org: UP build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* [PATCH] /proc/zoneinfo: fix vm stats displayAndrew Morton2007-02-11
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This early break prevents us from displaying info for the vm stats thresholds if the zone doesn't have any pages in its per-cpu pagesets. So my 800MB i386 box says: Node 0, zone DMA pages free 2365 min 16 low 20 high 24 active 0 inactive 0 scanned 0 (a: 0 i: 0) spanned 4096 present 4044 nr_anon_pages 0 nr_mapped 1 nr_file_pages 0 nr_slab_reclaimable 0 nr_slab_unreclaimable 0 nr_page_table_pages 0 nr_dirty 0 nr_writeback 0 nr_unstable 0 nr_bounce 0 nr_vmscan_write 0 protection: (0, 868, 868) pagesets all_unreclaimable: 0 prev_priority: 12 start_pfn: 0 Node 0, zone Normal pages free 199713 min 934 low 1167 high 1401 active 10215 inactive 4507 scanned 0 (a: 0 i: 0) spanned 225280 present 222420 nr_anon_pages 2685 nr_mapped 1110 nr_file_pages 12055 nr_slab_reclaimable 2216 nr_slab_unreclaimable 1527 nr_page_table_pages 213 nr_dirty 0 nr_writeback 0 nr_unstable 0 nr_bounce 0 nr_vmscan_write 0 protection: (0, 0, 0) pagesets cpu: 0 pcp: 0 count: 152 high: 186 batch: 31 cpu: 0 pcp: 1 count: 13 high: 62 batch: 15 vm stats threshold: 16 cpu: 1 pcp: 0 count: 34 high: 186 batch: 31 cpu: 1 pcp: 1 count: 10 high: 62 batch: 15 vm stats threshold: 16 all_unreclaimable: 0 prev_priority: 12 start_pfn: 4096 Just nuke all that search-for-the-first-non-empty-pageset code. Dunno why it was there in the first place.. Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@engr.sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* [PATCH] struct seq_operations and struct file_operations constificationHelge Deller2006-12-07
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - move some file_operations structs into the .rodata section - move static strings from policy_types[] array into the .rodata section - fix generic seq_operations usages, so that those structs may be defined as "const" as well [akpm@osdl.org: couple of fixes] Signed-off-by: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] mm: cleanup indentation on switch for CPU operationsAndy Whitcroft2006-12-07
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | These patches introduced new switch statements which are indented contrary to the concensus in mm/*.c. Fix them up to match that concensus. [PATCH] node local per-cpu-pages [PATCH] ZVC: Scale thresholds depending on the size of the system commit e7c8d5c9955a4d2e88e36b640563f5d6d5aba48a commit df9ecaba3f152d1ea79f2a5e0b87505e03f47590 Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org> Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@engr.sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] vmscan: Fix temp_priority raceMartin Bligh2006-10-28
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The temp_priority field in zone is racy, as we can walk through a reclaim path, and just before we copy it into prev_priority, it can be overwritten (say with DEF_PRIORITY) by another reclaimer. The same bug is contained in both try_to_free_pages and balance_pgdat, but it is fixed slightly differently. In balance_pgdat, we keep a separate priority record per zone in a local array. In try_to_free_pages there is no need to do this, as the priority level is the same for all zones that we reclaim from. Impact of this bug is that temp_priority is copied into prev_priority, and setting this artificially high causes reclaimers to set distress artificially low. They then fail to reclaim mapped pages, when they are, in fact, under severe memory pressure (their priority may be as low as 0). This causes the OOM killer to fire incorrectly. From: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> __zone_reclaim() isn't modifying zone->prev_priority. But zone->prev_priority is used in the decision whether or not to bring mapped pages onto the inactive list. Hence there's a risk here that __zone_reclaim() will fail because zone->prev_priority ir large (ie: low urgency) and lots of mapped pages end up stuck on the active list. Fix that up by decreasing (ie making more urgent) zone->prev_priority as __zone_reclaim() scans the zone's pages. This bug perhaps explains why ZONE_RECLAIM_PRIORITY was created. It should be possible to remove that now, and to just start out at DEF_PRIORITY? Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au> Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@engr.sgi.com> Cc: <stable@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* Remove all inclusions of <linux/config.h>Dave Jones2006-10-04
| | | | | | kbuild explicitly includes this at build time. Signed-off-by: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
* [PATCH] zone_statistics: Use hot node instead of cold zone_pgdatChristoph Lameter2006-09-27
| | | | | | | | | Now that we have the node in the hot zone of struct zone we can avoid accessing zone_pgdat in zone_statistics. Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] vm: add per-zone writeout counterAndrew Morton2006-09-27
| | | | | | | | | | | | | The VM is supposed to minimise the number of pages which get written off the LRU (for IO scheduling efficiency, and for high reclaim-success rates). But we don't actually have a clear way of showing how true this is. So add `nr_vmscan_write' to /proc/vmstat and /proc/zoneinfo - the number of pages which have been written by the vm scanner in this zone and globally. Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@engr.sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] ZVC: Support NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE / NR_SLAB_UNRECLAIMABLEChristoph Lameter2006-09-26
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Remove the atomic counter for slab_reclaim_pages and replace the counter and NR_SLAB with two ZVC counter that account for unreclaimable and reclaimable slab pages: NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE and NR_SLAB_UNRECLAIMABLE. Change the check in vmscan.c to refer to to NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE. The intend seems to be to check for slab pages that could be freed. Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] mm: do not check unpopulated zones for draining and counter updatesChristoph Lameter2006-09-26
| | | | | | | | | If a zone is unpopulated then we do not need to check for pages that are to be drained and also not for vm counters that may need to be updated. Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] reduce MAX_NR_ZONES: remove display of counters for unconfigured zonesChristoph Lameter2006-09-26
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | eventcounters: Do not display counters for zones that are not available on an arch Do not define or display counters for the DMA32 and the HIGHMEM zone if such zones were not configured. [akpm@osdl.org: s390 fix] [heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com: s390 fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] ZVC: Scale thresholds depending on the size of the systemChristoph Lameter2006-09-01
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The ZVC counter update threshold is currently set to a fixed value of 32. This patch sets up the threshold depending on the number of processors and the sizes of the zones in the system. With the current threshold of 32, I was able to observe slight contention when more than 130-140 processors concurrently updated the counters. The contention vanished when I either increased the threshold to 64 or used Andrew's idea of overstepping the interval (see ZVC overstep patch). However, we saw contention again at 220-230 processors. So we need higher values for larger systems. But the current default is already a bit of an overkill for smaller systems. Some systems have tiny zones where precision matters. For example i386 and x86_64 have 16M DMA zones and either 900M ZONE_NORMAL or ZONE_DMA32. These are even present on SMP and NUMA systems. The patch here sets up a threshold based on the number of processors in the system and the size of the zone that these counters are used for. The threshold should grow logarithmically, so we use fls() as an easy approximation. Results of tests on a system with 1024 processors (4TB RAM) The following output is from a test allocating 1GB of memory concurrently on each processor (Forking the process. So contention on mmap_sem and the pte locks is not a factor): X MIN TYPE: CPUS WALL WALL SYS USER TOTCPU fork 1 0.552 0.552 0.540 0.012 0.552 fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.036 2.200 fork 16 0.564 0.548 8.812 0.164 8.976 fork 128 0.580 0.572 72.204 1.208 73.412 fork 256 1.300 0.660 310.400 2.160 312.560 fork 512 3.512 0.696 1526.836 4.816 1531.652 fork 1020 20.024 0.700 17243.176 6.688 17249.863 So a threshold of 32 is fine up to 128 processors. At 256 processors contention becomes a factor. Overstepping the counter (earlier patch) improves the numbers a bit: fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.040 2.204 fork 16 0.552 0.548 8.640 0.148 8.788 fork 128 0.556 0.548 69.676 0.956 70.632 fork 256 0.876 0.636 212.468 2.108 214.576 fork 512 2.276 0.672 997.324 4.260 1001.584 fork 1020 13.564 0.680 11586.436 6.088 11592.523 Still contention at 512 and 1020. Contention at 1020 is down by a third. 256 still has a slight bit of contention. After this patch the counter threshold will be set to 125 which reduces contention significantly: fork 128 0.560 0.548 69.776 0.932 70.708 fork 256 0.636 0.556 143.460 2.036 145.496 fork 512 0.640 0.548 284.244 4.236 288.480 fork 1020 1.500 0.588 1326.152 8.892 1335.044 [akpm@osdl.org: !SMP build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] ZVC: Overstep countersChristoph Lameter2006-09-01
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Increments and decrements are usually grouped rather than mixed. We can optimize the inc and dec functions for that case. Increment and decrement the counters by 50% more than the threshold in those cases and set the differential accordingly. This decreases the need to update the atomic counters. The idea came originally from Andrew Morton. The overstepping alone was sufficient to address the contention issue found when updating the global and the per zone counters from 160 processors. Also remove some code in dec_zone_page_state. Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] vmstat: export all_vm_events()Heiko Carstens2006-07-10
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Add missing EXPORT_SYMBOL for all_vm_events(). Git commit f8891e5e1f93a128c3900f82035e8541357896a7 caused this: Building modules, stage 2. MODPOST WARNING: "all_vm_events" [arch/s390/appldata/appldata_mem.ko] undefined! CC arch/s390/appldata/appldata_mem.mod.o Cc: Christoph Lameter <christoph@lameter.com> Cc: Gerald Schaefer <geraldsc@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] Light weight event countersChristoph Lameter2006-06-30
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The remaining counters in page_state after the zoned VM counter patches have been applied are all just for show in /proc/vmstat. They have no essential function for the VM. We use a simple increment of per cpu variables. In order to avoid the most severe races we disable preempt. Preempt does not prevent the race between an increment and an interrupt handler incrementing the same statistics counter. However, that race is exceedingly rare, we may only loose one increment or so and there is no requirement (at least not in kernel) that the vm event counters have to be accurate. In the non preempt case this results in a simple increment for each counter. For many architectures this will be reduced by the compiler to a single instruction. This single instruction is atomic for i386 and x86_64. And therefore even the rare race condition in an interrupt is avoided for both architectures in most cases. The patchset also adds an off switch for embedded systems that allows a building of linux kernels without these counters. The implementation of these counters is through inline code that hopefully results in only a single instruction increment instruction being emitted (i386, x86_64) or in the increment being hidden though instruction concurrency (EPIC architectures such as ia64 can get that done). Benefits: - VM event counter operations usually reduce to a single inline instruction on i386 and x86_64. - No interrupt disable, only preempt disable for the preempt case. Preempt disable can also be avoided by moving the counter into a spinlock. - Handling is similar to zoned VM counters. - Simple and easily extendable. - Can be omitted to reduce memory use for embedded use. References: RFC http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113512330605497&w=2 RFC http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114988082814934&w=2 local_t http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114991748606690&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?t=115014808400007&r=1&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767022346&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115047968808926&w=2 Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] Use Zoned VM Counters for NUMA statisticsChristoph Lameter2006-06-30
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The numa statistics are really event counters. But they are per node and so we have had special treatment for these counters through additional fields on the pcp structure. We can now use the per zone nature of the zoned VM counters to realize these. This will shrink the size of the pcp structure on NUMA systems. We will have some room to add additional per zone counters that will all still fit in the same cacheline. Bits Prior pcp size Size after patch We can add ------------------------------------------------------------------ 64 128 bytes (16 words) 80 bytes (10 words) 48 32 76 bytes (19 words) 56 bytes (14 words) 8 (64 byte cacheline) 72 (128 byte) Remove the special statistics for numa and replace them with zoned vm counters. This has the side effect that global sums of these events now show up in /proc/vmstat. Also take the opportunity to move the zone_statistics() function from page_alloc.c into vmstat.c. Discussions: V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?t=115048227000002&r=1&w=2 Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Acked-by: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] zoned-vm-counters: remove read_page_state()Andrew Morton2006-06-30
| | | | | | | | No callers. Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@engr.sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] zoned vm counters: conversion of nr_bounce to per zone counterChristoph Lameter2006-06-30
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Conversion of nr_bounce to a per zone counter nr_bounce is only used for proc output. So it could be left as an event counter. However, the event counters may not be accurate and nr_bounce is categorizing types of pages in a zone. So we really need this to also be a per zone counter. [akpm@osdl.org: bugfix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] zoned vm counters: conversion of nr_unstable to per zone counterChristoph Lameter2006-06-30
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Conversion of nr_unstable to a per zone counter We need to do some special modifications to the nfs code since there are multiple cases of disposition and we need to have a page ref for proper accounting. This converts the last critical page state of the VM and therefore we need to remove several functions that were depending on GET_PAGE_STATE_LAST in order to make the kernel compile again. We are only left with event type counters in page state. [akpm@osdl.org: bugfixes] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] zoned vm counters: conversion of nr_writeback to per zone counterChristoph Lameter2006-06-30
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Conversion of nr_writeback to per zone counter. This removes the last page_state counter from arch/i386/mm/pgtable.c so we drop the page_state from there. [akpm@osdl.org: bugfix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] zoned vm counters: conversion of nr_dirty to per zone counterChristoph Lameter2006-06-30
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This makes nr_dirty a per zone counter. Looping over all processors is avoided during writeback state determination. The counter aggregation for nr_dirty had to be undone in the NFS layer since we summed up the page counts from multiple zones. Someone more familiar with NFS should probably review what I have done. [akpm@osdl.org: bugfix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] zoned vm counters: conversion of nr_pagetables to per zone counterChristoph Lameter2006-06-30
| | | | | | | | | Conversion of nr_page_table_pages to a per zone counter [akpm@osdl.org: bugfix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] zoned vm counters: conversion of nr_slab to per zone counterChristoph Lameter2006-06-30
| | | | | | | | | | | | | - Allows reclaim to access counter without looping over processor counts. - Allows accurate statistics on how many pages are used in a zone by the slab. This may become useful to balance slab allocations over various zones. [akpm@osdl.org: bugfix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] zoned vm counters: split NR_ANON_PAGES off from NR_FILE_MAPPEDChristoph Lameter2006-06-30
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The current NR_FILE_MAPPED is used by zone reclaim and the dirty load calculation as the number of mapped pagecache pages. However, that is not true. NR_FILE_MAPPED includes the mapped anonymous pages. This patch separates those and therefore allows an accurate tracking of the anonymous pages per zone. It then becomes possible to determine the number of unmapped pages per zone and we can avoid scanning for unmapped pages if there are none. Also it may now be possible to determine the mapped/unmapped ratio in get_dirty_limit. Isnt the number of anonymous pages irrelevant in that calculation? Note that this will change the meaning of the number of mapped pages reported in /proc/vmstat /proc/meminfo and in the per node statistics. This may affect user space tools that monitor these counters! NR_FILE_MAPPED works like NR_FILE_DIRTY. It is only valid for pagecache pages. Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] zoned vm counters: conversion of nr_pagecache to per zone counterChristoph Lameter2006-06-30
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Currently a single atomic variable is used to establish the size of the page cache in the whole machine. The zoned VM counters have the same method of implementation as the nr_pagecache code but also allow the determination of the pagecache size per zone. Remove the special implementation for nr_pagecache and make it a zoned counter named NR_FILE_PAGES. Updates of the page cache counters are always performed with interrupts off. We can therefore use the __ variant here. Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] zoned vm counters: convert nr_mapped to per zone counterChristoph Lameter2006-06-30
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | nr_mapped is important because it allows a determination of how many pages of a zone are not mapped, which would allow a more efficient means of determining when we need to reclaim memory in a zone. We take the nr_mapped field out of the page state structure and define a new per zone counter named NR_FILE_MAPPED (the anonymous pages will be split off from NR_MAPPED in the next patch). We replace the use of nr_mapped in various kernel locations. This avoids the looping over all processors in try_to_free_pages(), writeback, reclaim (swap + zone reclaim). [akpm@osdl.org: bugfix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementationChristoph Lameter2006-06-30
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] zoned vm counters: create vmstat.c/.h from page_alloc.c/.hChristoph Lameter2006-06-30
NOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters. ZVCs are reliable whereas event counters do not need to be. Zone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state of memory in one zone is. In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local reclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in order to get more balanced memory use. It is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory allocations on various zones. This patchset allows the retrieval of that data from userspace. The patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the existing page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the approach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache. Small per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone. If the counter exceeds certain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of atomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values. The small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they will be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed. Access to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then possible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out that approach). The access to the total number of pages of various types does no longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters. Benefits of this patchset right now: - Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones. - loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information because the needed information is directly accessible. - Special handling for nr_pagecache removed. - zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine when it is worth to do local reclaim. - Fast inline per node page state determination. - Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone. - The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides some of the needed numbers. - Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files. References to earlier discussions: V1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113511649910826&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114980851924230&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115014697910351&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767318740&w=2 Performance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions. Seems to be a tad faster even. Tested on ia64/NUMA. Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP. Includes fixes for s390/arm/uml arch code. This patch: Move counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h. Create vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc functions. Move the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show. [akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix] [akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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