| Commit message (Collapse) | Author | Age |
|---|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
No real bugs, just some dead code and some fixups.
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
| |\
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | |
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mszeredi/fuse
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mszeredi/fuse:
mm: export generic_pipe_buf_*() to modules
fuse: support splice() reading from fuse device
fuse: allow splice to move pages
mm: export remove_from_page_cache() to modules
mm: export lru_cache_add_*() to modules
fuse: support splice() writing to fuse device
fuse: get page reference for readpages
fuse: use get_user_pages_fast()
fuse: remove unneeded variable
|
| | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | |
This is needed to enable moving pages into the page cache in fuse with
splice(..., SPLICE_F_MOVE).
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
|
| |\ \
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | | |
* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mason/btrfs-unstable: (27 commits)
Btrfs: add more error checking to btrfs_dirty_inode
Btrfs: allow unaligned DIO
Btrfs: drop verbose enospc printk
Btrfs: Fix block generation verification race
Btrfs: fix preallocation and nodatacow checks in O_DIRECT
Btrfs: avoid ENOSPC errors in btrfs_dirty_inode
Btrfs: move O_DIRECT space reservation to btrfs_direct_IO
Btrfs: rework O_DIRECT enospc handling
Btrfs: use async helpers for DIO write checksumming
Btrfs: don't walk around with task->state != TASK_RUNNING
Btrfs: do aio_write instead of write
Btrfs: add basic DIO read/write support
direct-io: do not merge logically non-contiguous requests
direct-io: add a hook for the fs to provide its own submit_bio function
fs: allow short direct-io reads to be completed via buffered IO
Btrfs: Metadata ENOSPC handling for balance
Btrfs: Pre-allocate space for data relocation
Btrfs: Metadata ENOSPC handling for tree log
Btrfs: Metadata reservation for orphan inodes
Btrfs: Introduce global metadata reservation
...
|
| | |/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | |
This is similar to what already happens in the write case. If we have a short
read while doing O_DIRECT, instead of just returning, fallthrough and try to
read the rest via buffered IO. BTRFS needs this because if we encounter a
compressed or inline extent during DIO, we need to fallback on buffered. If the
extent is compressed we need to read the entire thing into memory and
de-compress it into the users pages. I have tested this with fsx and everything
works great. Thanks,
Signed-off-by: Josef Bacik <josef@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
|
| | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | |
I/O errors can happen due to temporary failures, like multipath
errors or losing network contact with the iSCSI server. Because
of that, the VM will retry readpage on the page.
However, do_generic_file_read does not clear PG_error. This
causes the system to be unable to actually use the data in the
page cache page, even if the subsequent readpage completes
successfully!
The function filemap_fault has had a ClearPageError before
readpage forever. This patch simply adds the same to
do_generic_file_read.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Moyer <jmoyer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
| | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | |
Before applying this patch, cpuset updates task->mems_allowed and
mempolicy by setting all new bits in the nodemask first, and clearing all
old unallowed bits later. But in the way, the allocator may find that
there is no node to alloc memory.
The reason is that cpuset rebinds the task's mempolicy, it cleans the
nodes which the allocater can alloc pages on, for example:
(mpol: mempolicy)
task1 task1's mpol task2
alloc page 1
alloc on node0? NO 1
1 change mems from 1 to 0
1 rebind task1's mpol
0-1 set new bits
0 clear disallowed bits
alloc on node1? NO 0
...
can't alloc page
goto oom
This patch fixes this problem by expanding the nodes range first(set newly
allowed bits) and shrink it lazily(clear newly disallowed bits). So we
use a variable to tell the write-side task that read-side task is reading
nodemask, and the write-side task clears newly disallowed nodes after
read-side task ends the current memory allocation.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix spello]
Signed-off-by: Miao Xie <miaox@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Cc: Ravikiran Thirumalai <kiran@scalex86.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
| |/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Shaohua Li reported parallel file copy on tmpfs can lead to OOM killer.
This is regression of caused by commit 9ff473b9a7 ("vmscan: evict
streaming IO first"). Wow, It is 2 years old patch!
Currently, tmpfs file cache is inserted active list at first. This means
that the insertion doesn't only increase numbers of pages in anon LRU, but
it also reduces anon scanning ratio. Therefore, vmscan will get totally
confused. It scans almost only file LRU even though the system has plenty
unused tmpfs pages.
Historically, lru_cache_add_active_anon() was used for two reasons.
1) Intend to priotize shmem page rather than regular file cache.
2) Intend to avoid reclaim priority inversion of used once pages.
But we've lost both motivation because (1) Now we have separate anon and
file LRU list. then, to insert active list doesn't help such priotize.
(2) In past, one pte access bit will cause page activation. then to
insert inactive list with pte access bit mean higher priority than to
insert active list. Its priority inversion may lead to uninteded lru
chun. but it was already solved by commit 645747462 (vmscan: detect
mapped file pages used only once). (Thanks Hannes, you are great!)
Thus, now we can use lru_cache_add_anon() instead.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reported-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Henrique de Moraes Holschuh <hmh@hmh.eng.br>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
implicit slab.h inclusion from percpu.h
percpu.h is included by sched.h and module.h and thus ends up being
included when building most .c files. percpu.h includes slab.h which
in turn includes gfp.h making everything defined by the two files
universally available and complicating inclusion dependencies.
percpu.h -> slab.h dependency is about to be removed. Prepare for
this change by updating users of gfp and slab facilities include those
headers directly instead of assuming availability. As this conversion
needs to touch large number of source files, the following script is
used as the basis of conversion.
http://userweb.kernel.org/~tj/misc/slabh-sweep.py
The script does the followings.
* Scan files for gfp and slab usages and update includes such that
only the necessary includes are there. ie. if only gfp is used,
gfp.h, if slab is used, slab.h.
* When the script inserts a new include, it looks at the include
blocks and try to put the new include such that its order conforms
to its surrounding. It's put in the include block which contains
core kernel includes, in the same order that the rest are ordered -
alphabetical, Christmas tree, rev-Xmas-tree or at the end if there
doesn't seem to be any matching order.
* If the script can't find a place to put a new include (mostly
because the file doesn't have fitting include block), it prints out
an error message indicating which .h file needs to be added to the
file.
The conversion was done in the following steps.
1. The initial automatic conversion of all .c files updated slightly
over 4000 files, deleting around 700 includes and adding ~480 gfp.h
and ~3000 slab.h inclusions. The script emitted errors for ~400
files.
2. Each error was manually checked. Some didn't need the inclusion,
some needed manual addition while adding it to implementation .h or
embedding .c file was more appropriate for others. This step added
inclusions to around 150 files.
3. The script was run again and the output was compared to the edits
from #2 to make sure no file was left behind.
4. Several build tests were done and a couple of problems were fixed.
e.g. lib/decompress_*.c used malloc/free() wrappers around slab
APIs requiring slab.h to be added manually.
5. The script was run on all .h files but without automatically
editing them as sprinkling gfp.h and slab.h inclusions around .h
files could easily lead to inclusion dependency hell. Most gfp.h
inclusion directives were ignored as stuff from gfp.h was usually
wildly available and often used in preprocessor macros. Each
slab.h inclusion directive was examined and added manually as
necessary.
6. percpu.h was updated not to include slab.h.
7. Build test were done on the following configurations and failures
were fixed. CONFIG_GCOV_KERNEL was turned off for all tests (as my
distributed build env didn't work with gcov compiles) and a few
more options had to be turned off depending on archs to make things
build (like ipr on powerpc/64 which failed due to missing writeq).
* x86 and x86_64 UP and SMP allmodconfig and a custom test config.
* powerpc and powerpc64 SMP allmodconfig
* sparc and sparc64 SMP allmodconfig
* ia64 SMP allmodconfig
* s390 SMP allmodconfig
* alpha SMP allmodconfig
* um on x86_64 SMP allmodconfig
8. percpu.h modifications were reverted so that it could be applied as
a separate patch and serve as bisection point.
Given the fact that I had only a couple of failures from tests on step
6, I'm fairly confident about the coverage of this conversion patch.
If there is a breakage, it's likely to be something in one of the arch
headers which should be easily discoverable easily on most builds of
the specific arch.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Guess-its-ok-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Make sure compiler won't do weird things with limits. E.g. fetching them
twice may return 2 different values after writable limits are implemented.
I.e. either use rlimit helpers added in
3e10e716abf3c71bdb5d86b8f507f9e72236c9cd ("resource: add helpers for
fetching rlimits") or ACCESS_ONCE if not applicable.
Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
No one is calling this anymore as everyone has switched to
invalidate_mapping_pages long time ago. Also update a few
references to it in comments. nfs has two more, but I can't
easily figure what they are actually referring to, so I left
them as-is.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
The cache alias problem will happen if the changes of user shared mapping
is not flushed before copying, then user and kernel mapping may be mapped
into two different cache line, it is impossible to guarantee the coherence
after iov_iter_copy_from_user_atomic. So the right steps should be:
flush_dcache_page(page);
kmap_atomic(page);
write to page;
kunmap_atomic(page);
flush_dcache_page(page);
More precisely, we might create two new APIs flush_dcache_user_page and
flush_dcache_kern_page to replace the two flush_dcache_page accordingly.
Here is a snippet tested on omap2430 with VIPT cache, and I think it is
not ARM-specific:
int val = 0x11111111;
fd = open("abc", O_RDWR);
addr = mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
*(addr+0) = 0x44444444;
tmp = *(addr+0);
*(addr+1) = 0x77777777;
write(fd, &val, sizeof(int));
close(fd);
The results are not always 0x11111111 0x77777777 at the beginning as expected. Sometimes we see 0x44444444 0x77777777.
Signed-off-by: Anfei <anfei.zhou@gmail.com>
Cc: Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: <linux-arch@vger.kernel.org>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
It's a simplified 'read_cache_page()' which takes a page allocation
flag, so that different paths can control how aggressive the memory
allocations are that populate a address space.
In particular, the intel GPU object mapping code wants to be able to do
a certain amount of own internal memory management by automatically
shrinking the address space when memory starts getting tight. This
allows it to dynamically use different memory allocation policies on a
per-allocation basis, rather than depend on the (static) address space
gfp policy.
The actual new function is a one-liner, but re-organizing the helper
functions to the point where you can do this with a single line of code
is what most of the patch is all about.
Tested-by: Chris Wilson <chris@chris-wilson.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
In the case of direct I/O falling back to buffered I/O we sync data
twice currently: once at the end of generic_file_buffered_write using
filemap_write_and_wait_range and once a little later in
__generic_file_aio_write using do_sync_mapping_range with all flags set.
The wait before write of the do_sync_mapping_range call does not make
any sense, so just keep the filemap_write_and_wait_range call and move
it to the right spot.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
All callers really want the more logical filemap_fdatawait_range interface,
so convert them to use it and merge wait_on_page_writeback_range into
filemap_fdatawait_range.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
That is "success", "unknown", "through", "performance", "[re|un]mapping"
, "access", "default", "reasonable", "[con]currently", "temperature"
, "channel", "[un]used", "application", "example","hierarchy", "therefore"
, "[over|under]flow", "contiguous", "threshold", "enough" and others.
Signed-off-by: André Goddard Rosa <andre.goddard@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
* mark struct vm_area_struct::vm_ops as const
* mark vm_ops in AGP code
But leave TTM code alone, something is fishy there with global vm_ops
being used.
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
| |\
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | |
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs-2.6
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs-2.6:
truncate: use new helpers
truncate: new helpers
fs: fix overflow in sys_mount() for in-kernel calls
fs: Make unload_nls() NULL pointer safe
freeze_bdev: grab active reference to frozen superblocks
freeze_bdev: kill bd_mount_sem
exofs: remove BKL from super operations
fs/romfs: correct error-handling code
vfs: seq_file: add helpers for data filling
vfs: remove redundant position check in do_sendfile
vfs: change sb->s_maxbytes to a loff_t
vfs: explicitly cast s_maxbytes in fiemap_check_ranges
libfs: return error code on failed attr set
seq_file: return a negative error code when seq_path_root() fails.
vfs: optimize touch_time() too
vfs: optimization for touch_atime()
vfs: split generic_forget_inode() so that hugetlbfs does not have to copy it
fs/inode.c: add dev-id and inode number for debugging in init_special_inode()
libfs: make simple_read_from_buffer conventional
|
| | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | |
Introduce new truncate helpers truncate_pagecache and inode_newsize_ok.
vmtruncate is also consolidated from mm/memory.c and mm/nommu.c and
into mm/truncate.c.
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
|
| |\ \
| |/
|/|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | |
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/ak/linux-mce-2.6
* 'hwpoison' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/ak/linux-mce-2.6: (21 commits)
HWPOISON: Enable error_remove_page on btrfs
HWPOISON: Add simple debugfs interface to inject hwpoison on arbitary PFNs
HWPOISON: Add madvise() based injector for hardware poisoned pages v4
HWPOISON: Enable error_remove_page for NFS
HWPOISON: Enable .remove_error_page for migration aware file systems
HWPOISON: The high level memory error handler in the VM v7
HWPOISON: Add PR_MCE_KILL prctl to control early kill behaviour per process
HWPOISON: shmem: call set_page_dirty() with locked page
HWPOISON: Define a new error_remove_page address space op for async truncation
HWPOISON: Add invalidate_inode_page
HWPOISON: Refactor truncate to allow direct truncating of page v2
HWPOISON: check and isolate corrupted free pages v2
HWPOISON: Handle hardware poisoned pages in try_to_unmap
HWPOISON: Use bitmask/action code for try_to_unmap behaviour
HWPOISON: x86: Add VM_FAULT_HWPOISON handling to x86 page fault handler v2
HWPOISON: Add poison check to page fault handling
HWPOISON: Add basic support for poisoned pages in fault handler v3
HWPOISON: Add new SIGBUS error codes for hardware poison signals
HWPOISON: Add support for poison swap entries v2
HWPOISON: Export some rmap vma locking to outside world
...
|
| | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | |
Add the high level memory handler that poisons pages
that got corrupted by hardware (typically by a two bit flip in a DIMM
or a cache) on the Linux level. The goal is to prevent everyone
from accessing these pages in the future.
This done at the VM level by marking a page hwpoisoned
and doing the appropriate action based on the type of page
it is.
The code that does this is portable and lives in mm/memory-failure.c
To quote the overview comment:
High level machine check handler. Handles pages reported by the
hardware as being corrupted usually due to a 2bit ECC memory or cache
failure.
This focuses on pages detected as corrupted in the background.
When the current CPU tries to consume corruption the currently
running process can just be killed directly instead. This implies
that if the error cannot be handled for some reason it's safe to
just ignore it because no corruption has been consumed yet. Instead
when that happens another machine check will happen.
Handles page cache pages in various states. The tricky part
here is that we can access any page asynchronous to other VM
users, because memory failures could happen anytime and anywhere,
possibly violating some of their assumptions. This is why this code
has to be extremely careful. Generally it tries to use normal locking
rules, as in get the standard locks, even if that means the
error handling takes potentially a long time.
Some of the operations here are somewhat inefficient and have non
linear algorithmic complexity, because the data structures have not
been optimized for this case. This is in particular the case
for the mapping from a vma to a process. Since this case is expected
to be rare we hope we can get away with this.
There are in principle two strategies to kill processes on poison:
- just unmap the data and wait for an actual reference before
killing
- kill as soon as corruption is detected.
Both have advantages and disadvantages and should be used
in different situations. Right now both are implemented and can
be switched with a new sysctl vm.memory_failure_early_kill
The default is early kill.
The patch does some rmap data structure walking on its own to collect
processes to kill. This is unusual because normally all rmap data structure
knowledge is in rmap.c only. I put it here for now to keep
everything together and rmap knowledge has been seeping out anyways
Includes contributions from Johannes Weiner, Chris Mason, Fengguang Wu,
Nick Piggin (who did a lot of great work) and others.
Cc: npiggin@suse.de
Cc: riel@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Hidehiro Kawai <hidehiro.kawai.ez@hitachi.com>
|
| |/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Recently we encountered OOM problems due to memory use of the GEM cache.
Generally a large amuont of Shmem/Tmpfs pages tend to create a memory
shortage problem.
We often use the following calculation to determine the amount of shmem
pages:
shmem = NR_ACTIVE_ANON + NR_INACTIVE_ANON - NR_ANON_PAGES
however the expression does not consider isolated and mlocked pages.
This patch adds explicit accounting for pages used by shmem and tmpfs.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
Remove these three functions since nobody uses them anymore.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
IS_SYNC inode
Introduce new function for generic inode syncing (vfs_fsync_range) and use
it from fsync() path. Introduce also new helper for syncing after a sync
write (generic_write_sync) using the generic function.
Use these new helpers for syncing from generic VFS functions. This makes
O_SYNC writes to block devices acquire i_mutex for syncing. If we really
care about this, we can make block_fsync() drop the i_mutex and reacquire
it before it returns.
CC: Evgeniy Polyakov <zbr@ioremap.net>
CC: ocfs2-devel@oss.oracle.com
CC: Joel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
CC: Felix Blyakher <felixb@sgi.com>
CC: xfs@oss.sgi.com
CC: Anton Altaparmakov <aia21@cantab.net>
CC: linux-ntfs-dev@lists.sourceforge.net
CC: OGAWA Hirofumi <hirofumi@mail.parknet.co.jp>
CC: linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org
CC: tytso@mit.edu
Acked-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
generic_file_aio_write_nolock() is now used only by block devices and raw
character device. Filesystems should use __generic_file_aio_write() in case
generic_file_aio_write() doesn't suit them. So rename the function to
blkdev_aio_write() and move it to fs/blockdev.c.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
generic_file_buffered_write()
generic_file_direct_write() and generic_file_buffered_write() called
generic_osync_inode() if it was called on O_SYNC file or IS_SYNC inode. But
this is superfluous since generic_file_aio_write() does the syncing as well.
Also XFS and OCFS2 which call these functions directly handle syncing
themselves. So let's have a single place where syncing happens:
generic_file_aio_write().
We slightly change the behavior by syncing only the range of file to which the
write happened for buffered writes but that should be all that is required.
CC: ocfs2-devel@oss.oracle.com
CC: Joel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
CC: Felix Blyakher <felixb@sgi.com>
CC: xfs@oss.sgi.com
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Rename __generic_file_aio_write_nolock() to __generic_file_aio_write(), add
comments to write helpers explaining how they should be used and export
__generic_file_aio_write() since it will be used by some filesystems.
CC: ocfs2-devel@oss.oracle.com
CC: Joel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
Acked-by: Evgeniy Polyakov <zbr@ioremap.net>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
This simple helper saves some filesystems conversion from byte offset
to page numbers and also makes the fdata* interface more complete.
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
In testing a backport of the write_begin/write_end AOPs, a 10% re-read
regression was noticed when running iozone. This regression was
introduced because the old AOPs would always do a mark_page_accessed(page)
after the commit_write, but when the new AOPs where introduced, the only
place this was kept was in pagecache_write_end().
This patch does the same thing in the generic case as what is done in
pagecache_write_end(), which is just to mark the page accessed before we
do write_end().
Signed-off-by: Josef Bacik <jbacik@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
valid
Callers of alloc_pages_node() can optionally specify -1 as a node to mean
"allocate from the current node". However, a number of the callers in
fast paths know for a fact their node is valid. To avoid a comparison and
branch, this patch adds alloc_pages_exact_node() that only checks the nid
with VM_BUG_ON(). Callers that know their node is valid are then
converted.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Acked-by: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org> [for the SLOB NUMA bits]
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Now that we do readahead for sequential mmap reads, here is a simple
evaluation of the impacts, and one further optimization.
It's an NFS-root debian desktop system, readahead size = 60 pages.
The numbers are grabbed after a fresh boot into console.
approach pgmajfault RA miss ratio mmap IO count avg IO size(pages)
A 383 31.6% 383 11
B 225 32.4% 390 11
C 224 32.6% 307 13
case A: mmap sync/async readahead disabled
case B: mmap sync/async readahead enabled, with enforced full async readahead size
case C: mmap sync/async readahead enabled, with enforced full sync/async readahead size
or:
A = vanilla 2.6.30-rc1
B = A plus mmap readahead
C = B plus this patch
The numbers show that
- there are good possibilities for random mmap reads to trigger readahead
- 'pgmajfault' is reduced by 1/3, due to the _async_ nature of readahead
- case C can further reduce IO count by 1/4
- readahead miss ratios are not quite affected
The theory is
- readahead is _good_ for clustered random reads, and can perform
_better_ than readaround because they could be _async_.
- async readahead size is guaranteed to be larger than readaround
size, and they are _async_, hence will mostly behave better
However for B
- sync readahead size could be smaller than readaround size, hence may
make things worse by produce more smaller IOs
which will be fixed by this patch.
Final conclusion:
- mmap readahead reduced major faults by 1/3 and no obvious overheads;
- mmap io can be further reduced by 1/4 with this patch.
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Mmap read-around now shares the same code style and data structure with
readahead code.
This also removes do_page_cache_readahead(). Its last user, mmap
read-around, has been changed to call ra_submit().
The no-readahead-if-congested logic is dumped by the way. Users will be
pretty sensitive about the slow loading of executables. So it's
unfavorable to disabled mmap read-around on a congested queue.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Fengguang Wu <wfg@mail.ustc.edu.cn>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
We need this in one particular case and two more general ones.
Now we do async readahead for sequential mmap reads, and do it with the
help of PG_readahead. For normal reads, PG_readahead is the sufficient
condition to do a sequential readahead. But unfortunately, for mmap
reads, there is a tiny nuisance:
[11736.998347] readahead-init0(process: sh/23926, file: sda1/w3m, offset=0:4503599627370495, ra=0+4-3) = 4
[11737.014985] readahead-around(process: w3m/23926, file: sda1/w3m, offset=0:0, ra=290+32-0) = 17
[11737.019488] readahead-around(process: w3m/23926, file: sda1/w3m, offset=0:0, ra=118+32-0) = 32
[11737.024921] readahead-interleaved(process: w3m/23926, file: sda1/w3m, offset=0:2, ra=4+6-6) = 6
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
An unfavorably small readahead. The original dumb read-around size could
be more efficient.
That happened because ld-linux.so does a read(832) in L1 before mmap(),
which triggers a 4-page readahead, with the second page tagged
PG_readahead.
L0: open("/lib/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY) = 3
L1: read(3, "\177ELF\2\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0>\0\1\0\0\0\340\342"..., 832) = 832
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
L2: fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1420624, ...}) = 0
L3: mmap(NULL, 3527256, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x7fac6e51d000
L4: mprotect(0x7fac6e671000, 2097152, PROT_NONE) = 0
L5: mmap(0x7fac6e871000, 20480, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x154000) = 0x7fac6e871000
L6: mmap(0x7fac6e876000, 16984, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7fac6e876000
L7: close(3) = 0
In general, the PG_readahead flag will also be hit in cases
- sequential reads
- clustered random reads
A full readahead size is desirable in both cases.
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Auto-detect sequential mmap reads and do readahead for them.
The sequential mmap readahead will be triggered when
- sync readahead: it's a major fault and (prev_offset == offset-1);
- async readahead: minor fault on PG_readahead page with valid readahead state.
The benefits of doing readahead instead of read-around:
- less I/O wait thanks to async readahead
- double real I/O size and no more cache hits
The single stream case is improved a little.
For 100,000 sequential mmap reads:
user system cpu total
(1-1) plain -mm, 128KB readaround: 3.224 2.554 48.40% 11.838
(1-2) plain -mm, 256KB readaround: 3.170 2.392 46.20% 11.976
(2) patched -mm, 128KB readahead: 3.117 2.448 47.33% 11.607
The patched (2) has smallest total time, since it has no cache hit overheads
and less I/O block time(thanks to async readahead). Here the I/O size
makes no much difference, since there's only one single stream.
Note that (1-1)'s real I/O size is 64KB and (1-2)'s real I/O size is 128KB,
since the half of the read-around pages will be readahead cache hits.
This is going to make _real_ differences for _concurrent_ IO streams.
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
This shouldn't really change behavior all that much, but the single rather
complex function with read-ahead inside a loop etc is broken up into more
manageable pieces.
The behaviour is also less subtle, with the read-ahead being done up-front
rather than inside some subtle loop and thus avoiding the now unnecessary
extra state variables (ie "did_readaround" is gone).
Fengguang: the code split in fact fixed a bug reported by Pavel Levshin:
the PGMAJFAULT accounting used to be bypassed when MADV_RANDOM is set, in
which case the original code will directly jump to no_cached_page reading.
Cc: Pavel Levshin <lpk@581.spb.su>
Cc: <wli@movementarian.org>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Impact: code simplification.
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
mapping->tree_lock can be acquired from interrupt context. Then,
following dead lock can occur.
Assume "A" as a page.
CPU0:
lock_page_cgroup(A)
interrupted
-> take mapping->tree_lock.
CPU1:
take mapping->tree_lock
-> lock_page_cgroup(A)
This patch tries to fix above deadlock by moving memcg's hook to out of
mapping->tree_lock. charge/uncharge of pagecache/swapcache is protected
by page lock, not tree_lock.
After this patch, lock_page_cgroup() is not called under mapping->tree_lock.
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
This wasn't exported before and is useful (used by the experimental ext3
data=guarded code)
Signed-off-by: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Acked-by: Theodore Tso <tytso@mit.edu>
Acked-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Fix filemap.c kernel-doc warnings:
Warning(mm/filemap.c:575): No description found for parameter 'page'
Warning(mm/filemap.c:575): No description found for parameter 'waiter'
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
This patch adds Kconfig and Makefile entries and exports to
VFS functions to be used by POHMELFS.
Signed-off-by: Evgeniy Polyakov <zbr@ioremap.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Add a function to install a monitor on the page lock waitqueue for a particular
page, thus allowing the page being unlocked to be detected.
This is used by CacheFiles to detect read completion on a page in the backing
filesystem so that it can then copy the data to the waiting netfs page.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Steve Dickson <steved@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Tested-by: Daire Byrne <Daire.Byrne@framestore.com>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Recruit a page flag to aid in cache management. The following extra flag is
defined:
(1) PG_fscache (PG_private_2)
The marked page is backed by a local cache and is pinning resources in the
cache driver.
If PG_fscache is set, then things that checked for PG_private will now also
check for that. This includes things like truncation and page invalidation.
The function page_has_private() had been added to make the checks for both
PG_private and PG_private_2 at the same time.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Steve Dickson <steved@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Tested-by: Daire Byrne <Daire.Byrne@framestore.com>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Impact: standardize IO on cached ops
On modern CPUs it is almost always a bad idea to use non-temporal stores,
as the regression in this commit has shown it:
30d697f: x86: fix performance regression in write() syscall
The kernel simply has no good information about whether using non-temporal
stores is a good idea or not - and trying to add heuristics only increases
complexity and inserts fragility.
The regression on cached write()s took very long to be found - over two
years. So dont take any chances and let the hardware decide how it makes
use of its caches.
The only exception is drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_gem.c: there were we are
absolutely sure that another entity (the GPU) will pick up the dirty
data immediately and that the CPU will not touch that data before the
GPU will.
Also, keep the _nocache() primitives to make it easier for people to
experiment with these details. There may be more clear-cut cases where
non-cached copies can be used, outside of filemap.c.
Cc: Salman Qazi <sqazi@google.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Impact: cleanup, enable future change
Add a 'total bytes copied' parameter to __copy_from_user_*nocache(),
and update all the callsites.
The parameter is not used yet - architecture code can use it to
more intelligently decide whether the copy should be cached or
non-temporal.
Cc: Salman Qazi <sqazi@google.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
System calls with an unsigned long long argument can't be converted with
the standard wrappers since that would include a cast to long, which in
turn means that we would lose the upper 32 bit on 32 bit architectures.
Also semctl can't use the standard wrapper since it has a 'union'
parameter.
So we handle them as special case and add some extra wrappers instead.
Signed-off-by: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Convert all system calls to return a long. This should be a NOP since all
converted types should have the same size anyway.
With the exception of sys_exit_group which returned void. But that doesn't
matter since the system call doesn't return.
Signed-off-by: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
My patch, memcg-fix-gfp_mask-of-callers-of-charge.patch changed gfp_mask
of callers of charge to be GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE for showing what will
happen at memory reclaim.
But in recent discussion, it's NACKed because it sounds ugly.
This patch is for reverting it and add some clean up to gfp_mask of
callers of charge. No behavior change but need review before generating
HUNK in deep queue.
This patch also adds explanation to meaning of gfp_mask passed to charge
functions in memcontrol.h.
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Frustratingly, gfp_t is really divided into two classes of flags. One are
the context dependent ones (can we sleep? can we enter filesystem? block
subsystem? should we use some extra reserves, etc.). The other ones are
the type of memory required and depend on how the algorithm is implemented
rather than the point at which the memory is allocated (highmem? dma
memory? etc).
Some of the functions which allocate a page and add it to page cache take
a gfp_t, but sometimes those functions or their callers aren't really
doing the right thing: when allocating pagecache page, the memory type
should be mapping_gfp_mask(mapping). When allocating radix tree nodes,
the memory type should be kernel mapped (not highmem) memory. The gfp_t
argument should only really be needed for context dependent options.
This patch doesn't really solve that tangle in a nice way, but it does
attempt to fix a couple of bugs.
- find_or_create_page changes its radix-tree allocation to only include
the main context dependent flags in order so the pagecache page may be
allocated from arbitrary types of memory without affecting the
radix-tree. In practice, slab allocations don't come from highmem
anyway, and radix-tree only uses slab allocations. So there isn't a
practical change (unless some fs uses GFP_DMA for pages).
- grab_cache_page_nowait() is changed to allocate radix-tree nodes with
GFP_NOFS, because it is not supposed to reenter the filesystem. This
bug could cause lock recursion if a filesystem is not expecting the
function to reenter the fs (as-per documentation).
Filesystems should be careful about exactly what semantics they want and
what they get when fiddling with gfp_t masks to allocate pagecache. One
should be as liberal as possible with the type of memory that can be used,
and same for the the context specific flags.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Direct IO can invalidate and sync a lot of pagecache pages in the mapping.
A 4K direct IO will actually try to sync and/or invalidate the pagecache
of the entire file, for example (which might be many GB or TB large).
Improve this by doing range syncs. Also, memory no longer has to be
unmapped to catch the dirty bits for syncing, as dirty bits would remain
coherent due to dirty mmap accounting.
This fixes the immediate DM deadlocks when doing direct IO reads to block
device with a mounted filesystem, if only by papering over the problem
somewhat rather than addressing the fsync starvation cases.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Jeff Moyer <jmoyer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
