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* mm/init: cpu_hotplug_init() must be initialized before SLABLinus Torvalds2009-06-23
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SLAB uses get/put_online_cpus() which use a mutex which is itself only initialized when cpu_hotplug_init() is called. Currently we hang suring boot in SLAB due to doing that too late. Reported by James Bottomley and Sachin Sant (and possibly others). Debugged by Benjamin Herrenschmidt. This just removes the dynamic initialization of the data structures, and replaces it with a static one, avoiding this dependency entirely, and removing one unnecessary special initcall. Tested-by: Sachin Sant <sachinp@in.ibm.com> Tested-by: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com> Tested-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* Merge branch 'irq-fixes-for-linus' of ↵Linus Torvalds2009-06-20
|\ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip * 'irq-fixes-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip: genirq, irq.h: Fix kernel-doc warnings genirq: fix comment to say IRQ_WAKE_THREAD
| * genirq: fix comment to say IRQ_WAKE_THREADSteven Rostedt2009-05-12
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Trying to implement a driver to use threaded irqs, I was confused when the return value to use that was described in the comment above request_threaded_irq was not defined. Turns out that the enum is IRQ_WAKE_THREAD where as the comment said IRQ_THREAD_WAKE. [Impact: do not confuse developers with wrong comments ] Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> LKML-Reference: <alpine.DEB.2.00.0905121431020.13338@gandalf.stny.rr.com> Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
* | Merge branch 'perfcounters-fixes-for-linus' of ↵Linus Torvalds2009-06-20
|\ \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip * 'perfcounters-fixes-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip: (49 commits) perfcounter: Handle some IO return values perf_counter: Push perf_sample_data through the swcounter code perf_counter tools: Define and use our own u64, s64 etc. definitions perf_counter: Close race in perf_lock_task_context() perf_counter, x86: Improve interactions with fast-gup perf_counter: Simplify and fix task migration counting perf_counter tools: Add a data file header perf_counter: Update userspace callchain sampling uses perf_counter: Make callchain samples extensible perf report: Filter to parent set by default perf_counter tools: Handle lost events perf_counter: Add event overlow handling fs: Provide empty .set_page_dirty() aop for anon inodes perf_counter: tools: Makefile tweaks for 64-bit powerpc perf_counter: powerpc: Add processor back-end for MPC7450 family perf_counter: powerpc: Make powerpc perf_counter code safe for 32-bit kernels perf_counter: powerpc: Change how processor-specific back-ends get selected perf_counter: powerpc: Use unsigned long for register and constraint values perf_counter: powerpc: Enable use of software counters on 32-bit powerpc perf_counter tools: Add and use isprint() ...
| * | perf_counter: Push perf_sample_data through the swcounter codePeter Zijlstra2009-06-20
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Push the perf_sample_data further outwards to the swcounter interface, to abstract it away some more. Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> LKML-Reference: <new-submission> Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
| * | perf_counter: Close race in perf_lock_task_context()Peter Zijlstra2009-06-19
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | perf_lock_task_context() is buggy because it can return a dead context. the RCU read lock in perf_lock_task_context() only guarantees the memory won't get freed, it doesn't guarantee the object is valid (in our case refcount > 0). Therefore we can return a locked object that can get freed the moment we release the rcu read lock. perf_pin_task_context() then increases the refcount and does an unlock on freed memory. That increased refcount will cause a double free, in case it started out with 0. Ammend this by including the get_ctx() functionality in perf_lock_task_context() (all users already did this later anyway), and return a NULL context when the found one is already dead. Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de> Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org> Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com> LKML-Reference: <new-submission> Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
| * | perf_counter: Simplify and fix task migration countingPeter Zijlstra2009-06-19
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The task migrations counter was causing rare and hard to decypher memory corruptions under load. After a day of debugging and bisection we found that the problem was introduced with: 3f731ca: perf_counter: Fix cpu migration counter Turning them off fixes the crashes. Incidentally, the whole perf_counter_task_migration() logic can be done simpler as well, by injecting a proper sw-counter event. This cleanup also fixed the crashes. The precise failure mode is not completely clear yet, but we are clearly not unhappy about having a fix ;-) Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de> Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org> Cc: Corey Ashford <cjashfor@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@redhat.com> Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com> LKML-Reference: <new-submission> Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
| * | perf_counter: Add event overlow handlingPeter Zijlstra2009-06-18
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Alternative method of mmap() data output handling that provides better overflow management and a more reliable data stream. Unlike the previous method, that didn't have any user->kernel feedback and relied on userspace keeping up, this method relies on userspace writing its last read position into the control page. It will ensure new output doesn't overwrite not-yet read events, new events for which there is no space left are lost and the overflow counter is incremented, providing exact event loss numbers. Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de> Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org> Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com> LKML-Reference: <new-submission> Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
| * | Merge branch 'linus' into perfcounters/coreIngo Molnar2009-06-17
| |\ \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Conflicts: arch/x86/include/asm/kmap_types.h include/linux/mm.h include/asm-generic/kmap_types.h Merge reason: We crossed changes with kmap_types.h cleanups in mainline. Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
| * | | perf_counter: Fix ctx->mutex vs counter->mutex inversionPeter Zijlstra2009-06-15
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Simon triggered a lockdep inversion report about us taking ctx->mutex vs counter->mutex in inverse orders. Fix that up. Reported-by: Simon Holm Thøgersen <odie@cs.aau.dk> Tested-by: Simon Holm Thøgersen <odie@cs.aau.dk> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de> Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org> Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com> LKML-Reference: <new-submission> Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
| * | | perf_counter: Fix stack corruption in perf_read_hwMarti Raudsepp2009-06-13
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | With PERF_FORMAT_ID, perf_read_hw now needs space for up to 4 values. Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de> Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org> Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com> LKML-Reference: <new-submission> Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
| * | | perf_counter: Fix atomic_set vs. atomic64_t type mismatchPaul Mackerras2009-06-13
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Using atomic_set on an atomic64_t variable gives a compiler warning on powerpc, and won't give the desired result at runtime. This fixes an instance of this error in the perf_counter code. Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> LKML-Reference: <18995.20490.979429.244883@cargo.ozlabs.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
* | | | Merge branch 'sched-fixes-for-linus' of ↵Linus Torvalds2009-06-20
|\ \ \ \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip * 'sched-fixes-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip: sched: Fix out of scope variable access in sched_slice() sched: Hide runqueues from direct refer at source code level sched: Remove unneeded __ref tag sched, x86: Fix cpufreq + sched_clock() TSC scaling
| * | | | sched: Fix out of scope variable access in sched_slice()Christian Engelmayer2009-06-17
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Access to local variable lw is aliased by usage of pointer load. Access to pointer load in calc_delta_mine() happens when lw is already out of scope. [ Reported by static code analysis. ] Signed-off-by: Christian Engelmayer <christian.engelmayer@frequentis.com> LKML-Reference: <20090616103512.0c846e51@frequentis.com> Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
| * | | | sched: Hide runqueues from direct refer at source code levelHitoshi Mitake2009-06-17
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | There are some points which refer the per-cpu value "runqueues" directly. sched.c provides nice abstraction, such as cpu_rq() and this_rq(), so we should use these macros when looking runqueues. Signed-off-by: Hitoshi Mitake <mitake@dcl.info.waseda.ac.jp> LKML-Reference: <20090617.222055.374768827975756908.mitake@dcl.info.waseda.ac.jp> Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
| * | | | sched: Remove unneeded __ref tagLi Zefan2009-06-17
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Those two functions no longer call alloc_bootmmem_cpumask_var(), so no need to tag them with __init_refok. Signed-off-by: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com> Acked-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi> LKML-Reference: <4A35DD5B.9050106@cn.fujitsu.com> Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
* | | | | Merge branch 'tracing-fixes-for-linus' of ↵Linus Torvalds2009-06-20
|\ \ \ \ \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip * 'tracing-fixes-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip: (24 commits) tracing/urgent: warn in case of ftrace_start_up inbalance tracing/urgent: fix unbalanced ftrace_start_up function-graph: add stack frame test function-graph: disable when both x86_32 and optimize for size are configured ring-buffer: have benchmark test print to trace buffer ring-buffer: do not grab locks in nmi ring-buffer: add locks around rb_per_cpu_empty ring-buffer: check for less than two in size allocation ring-buffer: remove useless compile check for buffer_page size ring-buffer: remove useless warn on check ring-buffer: use BUF_PAGE_HDR_SIZE in calculating index tracing: update sample event documentation tracing/filters: fix race between filter setting and module unload tracing/filters: free filter_string in destroy_preds() ring-buffer: use commit counters for commit pointer accounting ring-buffer: remove unused variable ring-buffer: have benchmark test handle discarded events ring-buffer: prevent adding write in discarded area tracing/filters: strloc should be unsigned short tracing/filters: operand can be negative ... Fix up kmemcheck-induced conflict in kernel/trace/ring_buffer.c manually
| * \ \ \ \ Merge branch 'tip/tracing/urgent-1' of ↵Ingo Molnar2009-06-20
| |\ \ \ \ \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rostedt/linux-2.6-trace into tracing/urgent
| | * | | | | function-graph: add stack frame testSteven Rostedt2009-06-18
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | In case gcc does something funny with the stack frames, or the return from function code, we would like to detect that. An arch may implement passing of a variable that is unique to the function and can be saved on entering a function and can be tested when exiting the function. Usually the frame pointer can be used for this purpose. This patch also implements this for x86. Where it passes in the stack frame of the parent function, and will test that frame on exit. There was a case in x86_32 with optimize for size (-Os) where, for a few functions, gcc would align the stack frame and place a copy of the return address into it. The function graph tracer modified the copy and not the actual return address. On return from the funtion, it did not go to the tracer hook, but returned to the parent. This broke the function graph tracer, because the return of the parent (where gcc did not do this funky manipulation) returned to the location that the child function was suppose to. This caused strange kernel crashes. This test detected the problem and pointed out where the issue was. This modifies the parameters of one of the functions that the arch specific code calls, so it includes changes to arch code to accommodate the new prototype. Note, I notice that the parsic arch implements its own push_return_trace. This is now a generic function and the ftrace_push_return_trace should be used instead. This patch does not touch that code. Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org> Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com> Cc: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de> Cc: Kyle McMartin <kyle@mcmartin.ca> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
| | * | | | | function-graph: disable when both x86_32 and optimize for size are configuredSteven Rostedt2009-06-18
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | On x86_32, when optimize for size is set, gcc may align the frame pointer and make a copy of the the return address inside the stack frame. The return address that is located in the stack frame may not be the one used to return to the calling function. This will break the function graph tracer. The function graph tracer replaces the return address with a jump to a hook function that can trace the exit of the function. If it only replaces a copy, then the hook will not be called when the function returns. Worse yet, when the parent function returns, the function graph tracer will return back to the location of the child function which will easily crash the kernel with weird results. To see the problem, when i386 is compiled with -Os we get: c106be03: 57 push %edi c106be04: 8d 7c 24 08 lea 0x8(%esp),%edi c106be08: 83 e4 e0 and $0xffffffe0,%esp c106be0b: ff 77 fc pushl 0xfffffffc(%edi) c106be0e: 55 push %ebp c106be0f: 89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp c106be11: 57 push %edi c106be12: 56 push %esi c106be13: 53 push %ebx c106be14: 81 ec 8c 00 00 00 sub $0x8c,%esp c106be1a: e8 f5 57 fb ff call c1021614 <mcount> When it is compiled with -O2 instead we get: c10896f0: 55 push %ebp c10896f1: 89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp c10896f3: 83 ec 28 sub $0x28,%esp c10896f6: 89 5d f4 mov %ebx,0xfffffff4(%ebp) c10896f9: 89 75 f8 mov %esi,0xfffffff8(%ebp) c10896fc: 89 7d fc mov %edi,0xfffffffc(%ebp) c10896ff: e8 d0 08 fa ff call c1029fd4 <mcount> The compile with -Os will align the stack pointer then set up the frame pointer (%ebp), and it copies the return address back into the stack frame. The change to the return address in mcount is done to the copy and not the real place holder of the return address. Then compile with -O2 sets up the frame pointer first, this makes the change to the return address by mcount affect where the function will jump on exit. Reported-by: Jake Edge <jake@lwn.net> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
| * | | | | | Merge branch 'tip/tracing/urgent' of ↵Ingo Molnar2009-06-20
| |\| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rostedt/linux-2.6-trace into tracing/urgent
| | * | | | | ring-buffer: have benchmark test print to trace bufferSteven Rostedt2009-06-17
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Currently the output of the ring buffer benchmark/test prints to the console. This test runs for ten seconds every ten seconds and ouputs the result after every iteration. This needlessly fills up the logs. This patch makes the ring buffer benchmark/test print to the ftrace buffer using trace_printk. To view the test results, you must examine the debug/tracing/trace file. Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
| | * | | | | ring-buffer: do not grab locks in nmiSteven Rostedt2009-06-17
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | If ftrace_dump_on_oops is set, and an NMI detects a lockup, then it will need to read from the ring buffer. But the read side of the ring buffer still takes locks. This patch adds a check on the read side that if it is in an NMI, then it will disable the ring buffer and not take any locks. Reads can still happen on a disabled ring buffer. Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
| | * | | | | ring-buffer: add locks around rb_per_cpu_emptySteven Rostedt2009-06-17
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The checking of whether the buffer is empty or not needs to be serialized among the readers. Add the reader spin lock around it. Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
| | * | | | | ring-buffer: check for less than two in size allocationSteven Rostedt2009-06-17
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The ring buffer must have at least two pages allocated for the reader page swap to work. The page count check will miss the case of a zero size passed in. Even though a zero size ring buffer would probably fail an allocation, making the min size check for less than two instead of equal to one makes the code a bit more robust. Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
| | * | | | | ring-buffer: remove useless compile check for buffer_page sizeSteven Rostedt2009-06-17
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The original version of the ring buffer had a hack to map the page struct that held the pages of the buffer to also be the structure that the ring buffer would keep the pages in a link list. This overlap of the page struct was very dangerous and that hack was removed a while ago. But there was a check to make sure the buffer_page never became bigger than the page struct, and would fail the compile if it did. The check was only meaningful when we had the hack. Now that we have separate allocated descriptors for the buffer pages, we can remove this check. Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
| | * | | | | ring-buffer: remove useless warn on checkSteven Rostedt2009-06-16
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A check if "write > BUF_PAGE_SIZE" is done right after a if (write > BUF_PAGE_SIZE) return ...; Thus the check is actually testing the compiler and not the kernel. This is useless, remove it. Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
| | * | | | | ring-buffer: use BUF_PAGE_HDR_SIZE in calculating indexSteven Rostedt2009-06-16
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The index of the event is found by masking PAGE_MASK to it and subtracting the header size. Currently the header size is calculate by PAGE_SIZE - BUF_PAGE_SIZE, when we already have a macro BUF_PAGE_HDR_SIZE to define it. If we want to change BUF_PAGE_SIZE to something less than filling the rest of the page (this is done for debugging), then we break the algorithm to find the index. Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
| * | | | | | tracing/urgent: warn in case of ftrace_start_up inbalanceFrederic Weisbecker2009-06-20
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Prevent from further ftrace_start_up inbalances so that we avoid future nop patching omissions with dynamic ftrace. Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com> Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
| * | | | | | tracing/urgent: fix unbalanced ftrace_start_upFrederic Weisbecker2009-06-20
| |/ / / / / | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Perfcounter reports the following stats for a wide system profiling: # # (2364 samples) # # Overhead Symbol # ........ ...... # 15.40% [k] mwait_idle_with_hints 8.29% [k] read_hpet 5.75% [k] ftrace_caller 3.60% [k] ftrace_call [...] This snapshot has been taken while neither the function tracer nor the function graph tracer was running. With dynamic ftrace, such results show a wrong ftrace behaviour because all calls to ftrace_caller or ftrace_graph_caller (the patched calls to mcount) are supposed to be patched into nop if none of those tracers are running. The problem occurs after the first run of the function tracer. Once we launch it a second time, the callsites will never be nopped back, unless you set custom filters. For example it happens during the self tests at boot time. The function tracer selftest runs, and then the dynamic tracing is tested too. After that, the callsites are left un-nopped. This is because the reset callback of the function tracer tries to unregister two ftrace callbacks in once: the common function tracer and the function tracer with stack backtrace, regardless of which one is currently in use. It then creates an unbalance on ftrace_start_up value which is expected to be zero when the last ftrace callback is unregistered. When it reaches zero, the FTRACE_DISABLE_CALLS is set on the next ftrace command, triggering the patching into nop. But since it becomes unbalanced, ie becomes lower than zero, if the kernel functions are patched again (as in every further function tracer runs), they won't ever be nopped back. Note that ftrace_call and ftrace_graph_call are still patched back to ftrace_stub in the off case, but not the callers of ftrace_call and ftrace_graph_caller. It means that the tracing is well deactivated but we waste a useless call into every kernel function. This patch just unregisters the right ftrace_ops for the function tracer on its reset callback and ignores the other one which is not registered, fixing the unbalance. The problem also happens is .30 Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com> Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Cc: stable@kernel.org
| * | | | | tracing/filters: fix race between filter setting and module unloadLi Zefan2009-06-16
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Module unload is protected by event_mutex, while setting filter is protected by filter_mutex. This leads to the race: echo 'bar == 0 || bar == 10' \ | > sample/filter | | insmod sample.ko add_pred("bar == 0") | -> n_preds == 1 | add_pred("bar == 100") | -> n_preds == 2 | | rmmod sample.ko | insmod sample.ko add_pred("&&") | -> n_preds == 1 (should be 3) | Now event->filter->preds is corrupted. An then when filter_match_preds() is called, the WARN_ON() in it will be triggered. To avoid the race, we remove filter_mutex, and replace it with event_mutex. [ Impact: prevent corruption of filters by module removing and loading ] Signed-off-by: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com> LKML-Reference: <4A375A4D.6000205@cn.fujitsu.com> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
| * | | | | tracing/filters: free filter_string in destroy_preds()Li Zefan2009-06-16
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | filter->filter_string is not freed when unloading a module: # insmod trace-events-sample.ko # echo "bar < 100" > /mnt/tracing/events/sample/foo_bar/filter # rmmod trace-events-sample.ko [ Impact: fix memory leak when unloading module ] Signed-off-by: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com> LKML-Reference: <4A375A30.9060802@cn.fujitsu.com> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
| * | | | | ring-buffer: use commit counters for commit pointer accountingSteven Rostedt2009-06-16
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The ring buffer is made up of three sets of pointers. The head page pointer, which points to the next page for the reader to get. The commit pointer and commit index, which points to the page and index of the last committed write respectively. The tail pointer and tail index, which points to the page and the index of the last reserved data respectively (non committed). The commit pointer is only moved forward by the outer most writer. If a nested writer comes in, it will not move the pointer forward. The current implementation has a flaw. It assumes that the outer most writer successfully reserved data. There's a small race window where the outer most writer could find the tail pointer, but a nested writer could come in (via interrupt) and move the tail forward, and even the commit forward. The outer writer would not realized the commit moved forward and the accounting will break. This patch changes the design to use counters in the per cpu buffers to keep track of commits. The counters are incremented at the start of the commit, and decremented at the end. If the end commit counter is 1, then it moves the commit pointers. A loop is made to check for races between checking and moving the commit pointers. Only the outer commit should move the pointers anyway. The test of knowing if a reserve is equal to the last commit update is still needed to know for time keeping. The time code is much less racey than the commit updates. This change not only solves the mentioned race, but also makes the code simpler. [ Impact: fix commit race and simplify code ] Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
| * | | | | ring-buffer: remove unused variableSteven Rostedt2009-06-16
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Fix the compiler error: kernel/trace/ring_buffer.c: In function 'rb_move_tail': kernel/trace/ring_buffer.c:1236: warning: unused variable 'event' Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
| * | | | | ring-buffer: have benchmark test handle discarded eventsSteven Rostedt2009-06-16
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | With the addition of commit: c7b0930857e2278f2e7714db6294e94c57f623b0 ring-buffer: prevent adding write in discarded area The ring buffer may now add discarded events when a write passes the end of a buffer page. Before, a discarded event was only added when the tracer deliberately created one. The ring buffer benchmark test does not handle discarded events when it reads the buffer and fails when it encounters one. Also fix the increment for large data entries (luckily, the test did not add any yet). [ Impact: fix false failure of ring buffer self test ] Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
| * | | | | ring-buffer: prevent adding write in discarded areaSteven Rostedt2009-06-15
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This a very tight race where an interrupt could come in and not have enough data to put into the end of a buffer page, and that it would fail to write and need to go to the next page. But if this happened when another writer was about to reserver their data, and that writer has smaller data to reserve, then it could succeed even though the interrupt moved the tail page. To pervent that, if we fail to store data, and by subtracting the amount we reserved we still have room for smaller data, we need to fill that space with "discarded" data. [ Impact: prevent race were buffer data may be lost ] Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
| * | | | | tracing/filters: strloc should be unsigned shortLi Zefan2009-06-15
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | I forgot to update filter code accordingly in "tracing/events: change the type of __str_loc_item to unsigned short" (commt b0aae68cc5508f3c2fbf728988c954db4c8b8a53) It can cause system crash: # echo 1 > tracing/events/irq/irq_handler_entry/enable # echo 'name == eth0' > tracing/events/irq/irq_handler_entry/filter [ Impact: fix crash while filtering on __string() field ] Acked-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com> LKML-Reference: <4A35B905.3090500@cn.fujitsu.com> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
| * | | | | tracing/filters: operand can be negativeLi Zefan2009-06-15
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This should be a bug: # cat format name: foo_bar ID: 71 format: ... field:int bar; offset:24; size:4; # echo 'bar < 0' > filter # echo 'bar < -1' > filter bash: echo: write error: Invalid argument [ Impact: fix to allow negative operand in filer expr ] Acked-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com> LKML-Reference: <4A35B8DF.60400@cn.fujitsu.com> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
| * | | | | tracing: replace a GFP_ATOMIC with GFP_KERNEL allocationLi Zefan2009-06-15
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Atomic allocation is not needed here. [ Impact: clean up of memory alloction type ] Acked-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com> LKML-Reference: <4A35B898.2050607@cn.fujitsu.com> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
| * | | | | tracing: fix a typo in tracing_cpumask_write()Li Zefan2009-06-15
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | It's tracing_cpumask_new that should be kfree()ed. This causes tracing_cpumask to be freed due to the typo: # echo z > tracing_cpumask bash: echo: write error: Invalid argument And subsequent reads/writes to tracing_cpuamsk will access this already-freed tracing_cpumask, thus may lead to crash. [ Impact: fix leak and crash when writing invalid val to tracing_cpumask ] Acked-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com> LKML-Reference: <4A35B86A.7070608@cn.fujitsu.com> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
| * | | | | cpumask: use new operators in kernel/traceRusty Russell2009-06-15
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> LKML-Reference: <200906122115.30787.rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
* | | | | | Merge branch 'timers-fixes-for-linus' of ↵Linus Torvalds2009-06-20
|\ \ \ \ \ \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip * 'timers-fixes-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip: NOHZ: Properly feed cpufreq ondemand governor
| * | | | | | NOHZ: Properly feed cpufreq ondemand governorEero Nurkkala2009-05-27
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A call from irq_exit() may occasionally pause the timing info for cpufreq ondemand governor. This results in the cpufreq ondemand governor to fail to calculate the system load properly. Thus, relocate the checks for this particular case to keep the governor always functional. Signed-off-by: Eero Nurkkala <ext-eero.nurkkala@nokia.com> Reported-by: Tero Kristo <tero.kristo@nokia.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Acked-by: Venkatesh Pallipadi <venkatesh.pallipadi@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
* | | | | | | ptrace: wait_task_zombie: do not account traced sub-threadsOleg Nesterov2009-06-19
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The bug is ancient. If we trace the sub-thread of our natural child and this sub-thread exits, we update parent->signal->cxxx fields. But we should not do this until the whole thread-group exits, otherwise we account this thread (and all other live threads) twice. Add the task_detached() check. No need to check thread_group_empty(), wait_consider_task()->delay_group_leader() already did this. Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> Acked-by: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com> Cc: Stanislaw Gruszka <sgruszka@redhat.com> Cc: Vitaly Mayatskikh <vmayatsk@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* | | | | | | gcov: enable GCOV_PROFILE_ALL for x86_64Peter Oberparleiter2009-06-18
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Enable gcov profiling of the entire kernel on x86_64. Required changes include disabling profiling for: * arch/kernel/acpi/realmode and arch/kernel/boot/compressed: not linked to main kernel * arch/vdso, arch/kernel/vsyscall_64 and arch/kernel/hpet: profiling causes segfaults during boot (incompatible context) Signed-off-by: Peter Oberparleiter <oberpar@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org> Cc: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com> Cc: Li Wei <W.Li@Sun.COM> Cc: Michael Ellerman <michaele@au1.ibm.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heicars2@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <mschwid2@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Cc: WANG Cong <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Cc: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org> Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com> Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* | | | | | | gcov: add gcov profiling infrastructurePeter Oberparleiter2009-06-18
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Enable the use of GCC's coverage testing tool gcov [1] with the Linux kernel. gcov may be useful for: * debugging (has this code been reached at all?) * test improvement (how do I change my test to cover these lines?) * minimizing kernel configurations (do I need this option if the associated code is never run?) The profiling patch incorporates the following changes: * change kbuild to include profiling flags * provide functions needed by profiling code * present profiling data as files in debugfs Note that on some architectures, enabling gcc's profiling option "-fprofile-arcs" for the entire kernel may trigger compile/link/ run-time problems, some of which are caused by toolchain bugs and others which require adjustment of architecture code. For this reason profiling the entire kernel is initially restricted to those architectures for which it is known to work without changes. This restriction can be lifted once an architecture has been tested and found compatible with gcc's profiling. Profiling of single files or directories is still available on all platforms (see config help text). [1] http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Gcov.html Signed-off-by: Peter Oberparleiter <oberpar@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org> Cc: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com> Cc: Li Wei <W.Li@Sun.COM> Cc: Michael Ellerman <michaele@au1.ibm.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heicars2@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <mschwid2@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Cc: WANG Cong <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Cc: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org> Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com> Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* | | | | | | kernel: constructor supportPeter Oberparleiter2009-06-18
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Call constructors (gcc-generated initcall-like functions) during kernel start and module load. Constructors are e.g. used for gcov data initialization. Disable constructor support for usermode Linux to prevent conflicts with host glibc. Signed-off-by: Peter Oberparleiter <oberpar@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Acked-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Acked-by: WANG Cong <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Cc: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org> Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com> Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org> Cc: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com> Cc: Li Wei <W.Li@Sun.COM> Cc: Michael Ellerman <michaele@au1.ibm.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heicars2@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <mschwid2@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* | | | | | | nsproxy: extract create_nsproxy()Alexey Dobriyan2009-06-18
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | clone_nsproxy() does useless copying of old nsproxy -- every pointer will be rewritten to new ns or to old ns. Remove copying, rename clone_nsproxy(), create_nsproxy() will be used by C/R code to create fresh nsproxy on restart. Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com> Acked-by: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Cc: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@openvz.org> Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* | | | | | | utsns: extract creeate_uts_ns()Alexey Dobriyan2009-06-18
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | create_uts_ns() will be used by C/R to create fresh uts_ns. Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com> Acked-by: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* | | | | | | pidns: rewrite copy_pid_ns()Alexey Dobriyan2009-06-18
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | copy_pid_ns() is a perfect example of a case where unwinding leads to more code and makes it less clear. Watch the diffstat. Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com> Cc: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@openvz.org> Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Reviewed-by: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Acked-by: Sukadev Bhattiprolu <sukadev@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Reviewed-by: WANG Cong <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>