| Commit message (Collapse) | Author | Age |
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This allows subsytems to provide devtmpfs with non-default permissions
for the device node. Instead of the default mode of 0600, null, zero,
random, urandom, full, tty, ptmx now have a mode of 0666, which allows
non-privileged processes to access standard device nodes in case no
other userspace process applies the expected permissions.
This also fixes a wrong assignment in pktcdvd and a checkpatch.pl complain.
Signed-off-by: Kay Sievers <kay.sievers@vrfy.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/driver-core-2.6:
Driver Core: devtmpfs - kernel-maintained tmpfs-based /dev
debugfs: Modify default debugfs directory for debugging pktcdvd.
debugfs: Modified default dir of debugfs for debugging UHCI.
debugfs: Change debugfs directory of IWMC3200
debugfs: Change debuhgfs directory of trace-events-sample.h
debugfs: Fix mount directory of debugfs by default in events.txt
hpilo: add poll f_op
hpilo: add interrupt handler
hpilo: staging for interrupt handling
driver core: platform_device_add_data(): use kmemdup()
Driver core: Add support for compatibility classes
uio: add generic driver for PCI 2.3 devices
driver-core: move dma-coherent.c from kernel to driver/base
mem_class: fix bug
mem_class: use minor as index instead of searching the array
driver model: constify attribute groups
UIO: remove 'default n' from Kconfig
Driver core: Add accessor for device platform data
Driver core: move dev_get/set_drvdata to drivers/base/dd.c
Driver core: add new device to bus's list before probing
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Let attribute group vectors be declared "const". We'd
like to let most attribute metadata live in read-only
sections... this is a start.
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/percpu
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/percpu: (46 commits)
powerpc64: convert to dynamic percpu allocator
sparc64: use embedding percpu first chunk allocator
percpu: kill lpage first chunk allocator
x86,percpu: use embedding for 64bit NUMA and page for 32bit NUMA
percpu: update embedding first chunk allocator to handle sparse units
percpu: use group information to allocate vmap areas sparsely
vmalloc: implement pcpu_get_vm_areas()
vmalloc: separate out insert_vmalloc_vm()
percpu: add chunk->base_addr
percpu: add pcpu_unit_offsets[]
percpu: introduce pcpu_alloc_info and pcpu_group_info
percpu: move pcpu_lpage_build_unit_map() and pcpul_lpage_dump_cfg() upward
percpu: add @align to pcpu_fc_alloc_fn_t
percpu: make @dyn_size mandatory for pcpu_setup_first_chunk()
percpu: drop @static_size from first chunk allocators
percpu: generalize first chunk allocator selection
percpu: build first chunk allocators selectively
percpu: rename 4k first chunk allocator to page
percpu: improve boot messages
percpu: fix pcpu_reclaim() locking
...
Fix trivial conflict as by Tejun Heo in kernel/sched.c
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Conflicts:
arch/sparc/kernel/smp_64.c
arch/x86/kernel/cpu/perf_counter.c
arch/x86/kernel/setup_percpu.c
drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_ondemand.c
mm/percpu.c
Conflicts in core and arch percpu codes are mostly from commit
ed78e1e078dd44249f88b1dd8c76dafb39567161 which substituted many
num_possible_cpus() with nr_cpu_ids. As for-next branch has moved all
the first chunk allocators into mm/percpu.c, the changes are moved
from arch code to mm/percpu.c.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
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Pull linus#master to merge PER_CPU_DEF_ATTRIBUTES and alpha build fix
changes. As alpha in percpu tree uses 'weak' attribute instead of
inline assembly, there's no need for __used attribute.
Conflicts:
arch/alpha/include/asm/percpu.h
arch/mn10300/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
include/linux/percpu-defs.h
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Percpu variable definition is about to be updated such that all percpu
symbols including the static ones must be unique. Update percpu
variable definitions accordingly.
* as,cfq: rename ioc_count uniquely
* cpufreq: rename cpu_dbs_info uniquely
* xen: move nesting_count out of xen_evtchn_do_upcall() and rename it
* mm: move ratelimits out of balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited_nr() and
rename it
* ipv4,6: rename cookie_scratch uniquely
* x86 perf_counter: rename prev_left to pmc_prev_left, irq_entry to
pmc_irq_entry and nmi_entry to pmc_nmi_entry
* perf_counter: rename disable_count to perf_disable_count
* ftrace: rename test_event_disable to ftrace_test_event_disable
* kmemleak: rename test_pointer to kmemleak_test_pointer
* mce: rename next_interval to mce_next_interval
[ Impact: percpu usage cleanups, no duplicate static percpu var names ]
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru>
Cc: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Cc: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
Cc: Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@xensource.com>
Cc: linux-mm <linux-mm@kvack.org>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <srostedt@redhat.com>
Cc: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
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* 'for-2.6.32' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-2.6-block: (29 commits)
block: use blkdev_issue_discard in blk_ioctl_discard
Make DISCARD_BARRIER and DISCARD_NOBARRIER writes instead of reads
block: don't assume device has a request list backing in nr_requests store
block: Optimal I/O limit wrapper
cfq: choose a new next_req when a request is dispatched
Seperate read and write statistics of in_flight requests
aoe: end barrier bios with EOPNOTSUPP
block: trace bio queueing trial only when it occurs
block: enable rq CPU completion affinity by default
cfq: fix the log message after dispatched a request
block: use printk_once
cciss: memory leak in cciss_init_one()
splice: update mtime and atime on files
block: make blk_iopoll_prep_sched() follow normal 0/1 return convention
cfq-iosched: get rid of must_alloc flag
block: use interrupts disabled version of raise_softirq_irqoff()
block: fix comment in blk-iopoll.c
block: adjust default budget for blk-iopoll
block: fix long lines in block/blk-iopoll.c
block: add blk-iopoll, a NAPI like approach for block devices
...
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blk_ioctl_discard duplicates large amounts of code from blkdev_issue_discard,
the only difference between the two is that blkdev_issue_discard needs to
send a barrier discard request and blk_ioctl_discard a non-barrier one,
and blk_ioctl_discard needs to wait on the request. To facilitates this
add a flags argument to blkdev_issue_discard to control both aspects of the
behaviour. This will be very useful later on for using the waiting
funcitonality for other callers.
Based on an earlier patch from Matthew Wilcox <matthew@wil.cx>.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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Stacked devices do not. For now, just error out with -EINVAL. Later
we could make the limit apply on stacked devices too, for throttling
reasons.
This fixes
5a54cd13353bb3b88887604e2c980aa01e314309
and should go into 2.6.31 stable as well.
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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Implement blk_limits_io_opt() and make blk_queue_io_opt() a wrapper
around it. DM needs this to avoid poking at the queue_limits directly.
Signed-off-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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This patch addresses http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=13401, a
regression introduced in 2.6.30.
From the bug report:
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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Currently, there is a single in_flight counter measuring the number of
requests in the request_queue. But some monitoring tools would like to
know how many read requests and write requests are in progress. Split the
current in_flight counter into two seperate counters for read and write.
This information is exported as a sysfs attribute, as changing the
currently available stat files would break the existing tools.
Signed-off-by: Nikanth Karthikesan <knikanth@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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If BIO is discarded or cross over end of device,
BIO queueing trial doesn't occur.
Actually the trace was called just before make_request at first:
[PATCH] Block queue IO tracing support (blktrace) as of 2006-03-23
2056a782f8e7e65fd4bfd027506b4ce1c5e9ccd4
And then 2 patches added some checks between them:
[PATCH] md: check bio address after mapping through partitions
5ddfe9691c91a244e8d1be597b6428fcefd58103,
[BLOCK] Don't allow empty barriers to be passed down to
queues that don't grok them
51fd77bd9f512ab6cc9df0733ba1caaab89eb957
It breaks original goal.
Let's trace it only when it happens.
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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The blktrace tools can show process id when cfq dispatched a request,
using cfq_log_cfqq() instead of cfq_log().
Signed-off-by: Shan Wei <shanwei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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It's not currently used, as pointed out by
Gui Jianfeng <guijianfeng@cn.fujitsu.com>. We already check the
wait_request flag to allow an idling queue priority allocation access,
so we don't need this extra flag.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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We already have interrupts disabled at that point, so use the
__raise_softirq_irqoff() variant.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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It's not exported, I doubt we'll have a reason to change this...
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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Note sure why they happened in the first place, probably some bad
terminal setting.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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This borrows some code from NAPI and implements a polled completion
mode for block devices. The idea is the same as NAPI - instead of
doing the command completion when the irq occurs, schedule a dedicated
softirq in the hopes that we will complete more IO when the iopoll
handler is invoked. Devices have a budget of commands assigned, and will
stay in polled mode as long as they continue to consume their budget
from the iopoll softirq handler. If they do not, the device is set back
to interrupt completion mode.
This patch holds the core bits for blk-iopoll, device driver support
sold separately.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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Instead of just checking whether this device uses block layer
tagging, we can improve the detection by looking at the maximum
queue depth it has reached. If that crosses 4, then deem it a
queuing device.
This is important on high IOPS devices, since plugging hurts
the performance there (it can be as much as 10-15% of the sys
time).
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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Get rid of any functions that test for these bits and make callers
use bio_rw_flagged() directly. Then it is at least directly apparent
what variable and flag they check.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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Whenever a block device changes it's read-only attribute
notify the userspace about it.
Signed-off-by: Hannes Reinecke <hare@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Nikanth Karthikesan <knikanth@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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o Get rid of busy_rt_queues infrastructure. Looks like it is redundant.
o Once an RT queue gets request it will preempt any of the BE or IDLE queues
immediately. Otherwise this queue will be put on service tree and scheduler
will anyway select this queue before any of the BE or IDLE queue. Hence
looks like there is no need to keep track of how many busy RT queues are
currently on service tree.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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To lessen the impact of async IO on sync IO, let the device drain of
any async IO in progress when switching to a sync cfqq that has idling
enabled.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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Update scsi_io_completion() such that it only fails requests till the
next error boundary and retry the leftover. This enables block layer
to merge requests with different failfast settings and still behave
correctly on errors. Allow merge of requests of different failfast
settings.
As SCSI is currently the only subsystem which follows failfast status,
there's no need to worry about other block drivers for now.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Niel Lambrechts <niel.lambrechts@gmail.com>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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Failfast has characteristics from other attributes. When issuing,
executing and successuflly completing requests, failfast doesn't make
any difference. It only affects how a request is handled on failure.
Allowing requests with different failfast settings to be merged cause
normal IOs to fail prematurely while not allowing has performance
penalties as failfast is used for read aheads which are likely to be
located near in-flight or to-be-issued normal IOs.
This patch introduces the concept of 'mixed merge'. A request is a
mixed merge if it is merge of segments which require different
handling on failure. Currently the only mixable attributes are
failfast ones (or lack thereof).
When a bio with different failfast settings is added to an existing
request or requests of different failfast settings are merged, the
merged request is marked mixed. Each bio carries failfast settings
and the request always tracks failfast state of the first bio. When
the request fails, blk_rq_err_bytes() can be used to determine how
many bytes can be safely failed without crossing into an area which
requires further retrials.
This allows request merging regardless of failfast settings while
keeping the failure handling correct.
This patch only implements mixed merge but doesn't enable it. The
next one will update SCSI to make use of mixed merge.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Niel Lambrechts <niel.lambrechts@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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bio and request use the same set of failfast bits. This patch makes
the following changes to simplify things.
* enumify BIO_RW* bits and reorder bits such that BIOS_RW_FAILFAST_*
bits coincide with __REQ_FAILFAST_* bits.
* The above pushes BIO_RW_AHEAD out of sync with __REQ_FAILFAST_DEV
but the matching is useless anyway. init_request_from_bio() is
responsible for setting FAILFAST bits on FS requests and non-FS
requests never use BIO_RW_AHEAD. Drop the code and comment from
blk_rq_bio_prep().
* Define REQ_FAILFAST_MASK which is OR of all FAILFAST bits and
simplify FAILFAST flags handling in init_request_from_bio().
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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This enables us to track who does what and print info. Its main use
is catching dirty inodes on the default_backing_dev_info, so we can
fix that up.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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The patch "block: Use accessor functions for queue limits"
(ae03bf639a5027d27270123f5f6e3ee6a412781d) changed queue_max_sectors_store()
to use blk_queue_max_sectors() instead of directly assigning the value.
But blk_queue_max_sectors() differs a bit
1. It sets both max_sectors_kb, and max_hw_sectors_kb
2. Never allows one to change max_sectors_kb above BLK_DEF_MAX_SECTORS. If one
specifies a value greater then max_hw_sectors is set to that value but
max_sectors is set to BLK_DEF_MAX_SECTORS
I am not sure whether blk_queue_max_sectors() should be changed, as it seems
to be that way for a long time. And there may be callers dependent on that
behaviour.
This patch simply reverts to the older way of directly assigning the value to
max_sectors as it was before.
Signed-off-by: Nikanth Karthikesan <knikanth@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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dependency, since udev depends on BSG
Make Block Layer SG support v4 the default, since recent udev versions
depend on this to access serial numbers and other low level info properly.
This should be backported to older kernels as well, since most distros have
enabled this for a long time.
Signed-off-by: John Stoffel <john@stoffel.org>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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Update topology comments and sysfs documentation based upon discussions
with Neil Brown.
Signed-off-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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When stacking block devices ensure that optimal I/O size is scaled
accordingly.
Signed-off-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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Introduce blk_limits_io_min() and make blk_queue_io_min() call it.
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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blk_queue_stack_limits() has been superceded by blk_stack_limits() and
disk_stack_limits(). Wrap the function call for now, we'll deprecate it
later.
Signed-off-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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Prior to the change for more sane end_io functions, we exported
the helpers with the normal EXPORT_SYMBOL(). That got changed
to _GPL() for the new interface. Revert that particular change,
on the basis that this is basic functionality and doesn't dip
into internal structures. If these exports can't be non-GPL,
then we may as well make EXPORT_SYMBOL() imply GPL for
everything.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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blk_integrity_unregister should use kobject_put to release the kobject,
otherwise after bi is freed, memory of bi->kobj->name is leaked.
Signed-off-by: Xiaotian Feng <dfeng@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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Move the assignment of a default lock below blk_init_queue() to
blk_queue_make_request(), so we also get to set the default lock
for ->make_request_fn() based drivers. This is important since the
queue flag locking requires a lock to be in place.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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In blk-sysfs.c, queue_var_store uses unsigned long to store data,
but queue_var_show uses unsigned int to show data. This causes,
# echo 70000000000 > /sys/block/<dev>/queue/read_ahead_kb
# cat /sys/block/<dev>/queue/read_ahead_kb => get wrong value
Fix it by using unsigned long.
While at it, convert queue_rq_affinity_show() such that it uses bool
variable instead of explicit != 0 testing.
Signed-off-by: Xiaotian Feng <dfeng@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
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Commit ab0fd1debe730ec9998678a0c53caefbd121ed10 tries to prevent merge
of requests with different failfast settings. In elv_rq_merge_ok(),
it compares new bio's failfast flags against the merge target
request's. However, the flag testing accessors for bio and blk don't
return boolean but the tested bit value directly and FAILFAST on bio
and blk don't match, so directly comparing them with == results in
false negative unnecessary preventing merge of readahead requests.
This patch convert the results to boolean by negating them before
comparison.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Cc: Boaz Harrosh <bharrosh@panasas.com>
Cc: FUJITA Tomonori <fujita.tomonori@lab.ntt.co.jp>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Cc: Jeff Garzik <jeff@garzik.org>
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In case memory is scarce, we now default to oom_cfqq. Once memory is
available again, we should allocate a new cfqq and stop using oom_cfqq for
a particular io context.
Once a new request comes in, check if we are using oom_cfqq, and if yes,
try to allocate a new cfqq.
Tested the patch by forcing the use of oom_cfqq and upon next request thread
realized that it was using oom_cfqq and it allocated a new cfqq.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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Currently, blk_scsi_ioctl_init() is not called since it lacks
an initcall marking. This causes the command table to be
unitialized, hence somce commands are block when they should
not have been.
This fixes a regression introduced by commit
018e0446890661504783f92388ecce7138c1566d
Signed-off-by: FUJITA Tomonori <fujita.tomonori@lab.ntt.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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Block layer used to merge requests and bios with different failfast
settings. This caused regular IOs to fail prematurely when they were
merged into failfast requests for readahead.
Niel Lambrechts could trigger the problem semi-reliably on ext4 when
resuming from STR. ext4 uses readahead when reading inodes and
combined with the deterministic extra SATA PHY exception cycle during
resume on the specific configuration, non-readahead inode read would
fail causing ext4 errors. Please read the following thread for
details.
http://lkml.org/lkml/2009/5/23/21
This patch makes block layer reject merging if the failfast settings
don't match. This is correct but likely to lower IO performance by
preventing regular IOs from mingling into surrounding readahead
requests. Changes to allow such mixed merges and handle errors
correctly will be added later.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reported-by: Niel Lambrechts <niel.lambrechts@gmail.com>
Cc: Theodore Tso <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@carl.(none)>
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With the changes for falling back to an oom_cfqq, we never fail
to find/allocate a queue in cfq_get_queue(). So remove the check.
Signed-off-by: Shan Wei <shanwei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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The next_ordered flag is only meaningful for devices that use __make_request.
So move the test against next_ordered out of generic code and in to
__make_request
Since this test was added, barriers have not worked on md or any
devices that don't use __make_request and so don't bother to set
next_ordered. (dm explicitly sets something other than
QUEUE_ORDERED_NONE since
commit 99360b4c18f7675b50d283301d46d755affe75fd
but notes in the comments that it is otherwise meaningless).
Cc: Ken Milmore <ken.milmore@googlemail.com>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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The initial patches to support this through sysfs export were broken
and have been if 0'ed out in any release. So lets just kill the code
and reclaim some space in struct request_queue, if anyone would later
like to fixup the sysfs bits, the git history can easily restore
the removed bits.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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This patch restores stacking ability to the block layer integrity
infrastructure by creating a set of dedicated bip slabs. Each bip slab
has an embedded bio_vec array at the end. This cuts down on memory
allocations and also simplifies the code compared to the original bvec
version. Only the largest bip slab is backed by a mempool. The pool is
contained in the bio_set so stacking drivers can ensure forward
progress.
Signed-off-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@carl.(none)>
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Setup an emergency fallback cfqq that we allocate at IO scheduler init
time. If the slab allocation fails in cfq_find_alloc_queue(), we'll just
punt IO to that cfqq instead. This ensures that cfq_find_alloc_queue()
never fails without having to ensure free memory.
On cfqq lookup, always try to allocate a new cfqq if the given cfq io
context has the oom_cfqq assigned. This ensures that we only temporarily
punt to this shared queue.
Reviewed-by: Jeff Moyer <jmoyer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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We're going to be needing that init code outside of that function
to get rid of the __GFP_NOFAIL in cfqq allocation.
Reviewed-by: Jeff Moyer <jmoyer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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