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1/*P:900 This is the Switcher: code which sits at 0xFFC00000 to do the low-level
2 * Guest<->Host switch. It is as simple as it can be made, but it's naturally
3 * very specific to x86.
4 *
5 * You have now completed Preparation. If this has whet your appetite; if you
6 * are feeling invigorated and refreshed then the next, more challenging stage
7 * can be found in "make Guest". :*/
8
9/*S:100
10 * Welcome to the Switcher itself!
11 *
12 * This file contains the low-level code which changes the CPU to run the Guest
13 * code, and returns to the Host when something happens. Understand this, and
14 * you understand the heart of our journey.
15 *
16 * Because this is in assembler rather than C, our tale switches from prose to
17 * verse. First I tried limericks:
18 *
19 * There once was an eax reg,
20 * To which our pointer was fed,
21 * It needed an add,
22 * Which asm-offsets.h had
23 * But this limerick is hurting my head.
24 *
25 * Next I tried haikus, but fitting the required reference to the seasons in
26 * every stanza was quickly becoming tiresome:
27 *
28 * The %eax reg
29 * Holds "struct lguest_pages" now:
30 * Cherry blossoms fall.
31 *
32 * Then I started with Heroic Verse, but the rhyming requirement leeched away
33 * the content density and led to some uniquely awful oblique rhymes:
34 *
35 * These constants are coming from struct offsets
36 * For use within the asm switcher text.
37 *
38 * Finally, I settled for something between heroic hexameter, and normal prose
39 * with inappropriate linebreaks. Anyway, it aint no Shakespeare.
40 */
41
42// Not all kernel headers work from assembler
43// But these ones are needed: the ENTRY() define
44// And constants extracted from struct offsets
45// To avoid magic numbers and breakage:
46// Should they change the compiler can't save us
47// Down here in the depths of assembler code.
48#include <linux/linkage.h>
49#include <asm/asm-offsets.h>
50#include <asm/page.h>
51#include "../lg.h"
52
53// We mark the start of the code to copy
54// It's placed in .text tho it's never run here
55// You'll see the trick macro at the end
56// Which interleaves data and text to effect.
57.text
58ENTRY(start_switcher_text)
59
60// When we reach switch_to_guest we have just left
61// The safe and comforting shores of C code
62// %eax has the "struct lguest_pages" to use
63// Where we save state and still see it from the Guest
64// And %ebx holds the Guest shadow pagetable:
65// Once set we have truly left Host behind.
66ENTRY(switch_to_guest)
67 // We told gcc all its regs could fade,
68 // Clobbered by our journey into the Guest
69 // We could have saved them, if we tried
70 // But time is our master and cycles count.
71
72 // Segment registers must be saved for the Host
73 // We push them on the Host stack for later
74 pushl %es
75 pushl %ds
76 pushl %gs
77 pushl %fs
78 // But the compiler is fickle, and heeds
79 // No warning of %ebp clobbers
80 // When frame pointers are used. That register
81 // Must be saved and restored or chaos strikes.
82 pushl %ebp
83 // The Host's stack is done, now save it away
84 // In our "struct lguest_pages" at offset
85 // Distilled into asm-offsets.h
86 movl %esp, LGUEST_PAGES_host_sp(%eax)
87
88 // All saved and there's now five steps before us:
89 // Stack, GDT, IDT, TSS
90 // And last of all the page tables are flipped.
91
92 // Yet beware that our stack pointer must be
93 // Always valid lest an NMI hits
94 // %edx does the duty here as we juggle
95 // %eax is lguest_pages: our stack lies within.
96 movl %eax, %edx
97 addl $LGUEST_PAGES_regs, %edx
98 movl %edx, %esp
99
100 // The Guest's GDT we so carefully
101 // Placed in the "struct lguest_pages" before
102 lgdt LGUEST_PAGES_guest_gdt_desc(%eax)
103
104 // The Guest's IDT we did partially
105 // Move to the "struct lguest_pages" as well.
106 lidt LGUEST_PAGES_guest_idt_desc(%eax)
107
108 // The TSS entry which controls traps
109 // Must be loaded up with "ltr" now:
110 // For after we switch over our page tables
111 // It (as the rest) will be writable no more.
112 // (The GDT entry TSS needs
113 // Changes type when we load it: damn Intel!)
114 movl $(GDT_ENTRY_TSS*8), %edx
115 ltr %dx
116
117 // Look back now, before we take this last step!
118 // The Host's TSS entry was also marked used;
119 // Let's clear it again, ere we return.
120 // The GDT descriptor of the Host
121 // Points to the table after two "size" bytes
122 movl (LGUEST_PAGES_host_gdt_desc+2)(%eax), %edx
123 // Clear the type field of "used" (byte 5, bit 2)
124 andb $0xFD, (GDT_ENTRY_TSS*8 + 5)(%edx)
125
126 // Once our page table's switched, the Guest is live!
127 // The Host fades as we run this final step.
128 // Our "struct lguest_pages" is now read-only.
129 movl %ebx, %cr3
130
131 // The page table change did one tricky thing:
132 // The Guest's register page has been mapped
133 // Writable onto our %esp (stack) --
134 // We can simply pop off all Guest regs.
135 popl %ebx
136 popl %ecx
137 popl %edx
138 popl %esi
139 popl %edi
140 popl %ebp
141 popl %gs
142 popl %eax
143 popl %fs
144 popl %ds
145 popl %es
146
147 // Near the base of the stack lurk two strange fields
148 // Which we fill as we exit the Guest
149 // These are the trap number and its error
150 // We can simply step past them on our way.
151 addl $8, %esp
152
153 // The last five stack slots hold return address
154 // And everything needed to change privilege
155 // Into the Guest privilege level of 1,
156 // And the stack where the Guest had last left it.
157 // Interrupts are turned back on: we are Guest.
158 iret
159
160// There are two paths where we switch to the Host
161// So we put the routine in a macro.
162// We are on our way home, back to the Host
163// Interrupted out of the Guest, we come here.
164#define SWITCH_TO_HOST \
165 /* We save the Guest state: all registers first \
166 * Laid out just as "struct lguest_regs" defines */ \
167 pushl %es; \
168 pushl %ds; \
169 pushl %fs; \
170 pushl %eax; \
171 pushl %gs; \
172 pushl %ebp; \
173 pushl %edi; \
174 pushl %esi; \
175 pushl %edx; \
176 pushl %ecx; \
177 pushl %ebx; \
178 /* Our stack and our code are using segments \
179 * Set in the TSS and IDT \
180 * Yet if we were to touch data we'd use \
181 * Whatever data segment the Guest had. \
182 * Load the lguest ds segment for now. */ \
183 movl $(LGUEST_DS), %eax; \
184 movl %eax, %ds; \
185 /* So where are we? Which CPU, which struct? \
186 * The stack is our clue: our TSS starts \
187 * It at the end of "struct lguest_pages". \
188 * Or we may have stumbled while restoring \
189 * Our Guest segment regs while in switch_to_guest, \
190 * The fault pushed atop that part-unwound stack. \
191 * If we round the stack down to the page start \
192 * We're at the start of "struct lguest_pages". */ \
193 movl %esp, %eax; \
194 andl $(~(1 << PAGE_SHIFT - 1)), %eax; \
195 /* Save our trap number: the switch will obscure it \
196 * (The Guest regs are not mapped here in the Host) \
197 * %ebx holds it safe for deliver_to_host */ \
198 movl LGUEST_PAGES_regs_trapnum(%eax), %ebx; \
199 /* The Host GDT, IDT and stack! \
200 * All these lie safely hidden from the Guest: \
201 * We must return to the Host page tables \
202 * (Hence that was saved in struct lguest_pages) */ \
203 movl LGUEST_PAGES_host_cr3(%eax), %edx; \
204 movl %edx, %cr3; \
205 /* As before, when we looked back at the Host \
206 * As we left and marked TSS unused \
207 * So must we now for the Guest left behind. */ \
208 andb $0xFD, (LGUEST_PAGES_guest_gdt+GDT_ENTRY_TSS*8+5)(%eax); \
209 /* Switch to Host's GDT, IDT. */ \
210 lgdt LGUEST_PAGES_host_gdt_desc(%eax); \
211 lidt LGUEST_PAGES_host_idt_desc(%eax); \
212 /* Restore the Host's stack where it's saved regs lie */ \
213 movl LGUEST_PAGES_host_sp(%eax), %esp; \
214 /* Last the TSS: our Host is complete */ \
215 movl $(GDT_ENTRY_TSS*8), %edx; \
216 ltr %dx; \
217 /* Restore now the regs saved right at the first. */ \
218 popl %ebp; \
219 popl %fs; \
220 popl %gs; \
221 popl %ds; \
222 popl %es
223
224// Here's where we come when the Guest has just trapped:
225// (Which trap we'll see has been pushed on the stack).
226// We need only switch back, and the Host will decode
227// Why we came home, and what needs to be done.
228return_to_host:
229 SWITCH_TO_HOST
230 iret
231
232// An interrupt, with some cause external
233// Has ajerked us rudely from the Guest's code
234// Again we must return home to the Host
235deliver_to_host:
236 SWITCH_TO_HOST
237 // But now we must go home via that place
238 // Where that interrupt was supposed to go
239 // Had we not been ensconced, running the Guest.
240 // Here we see the cleverness of our stack:
241 // The Host stack is formed like an interrupt
242 // With EIP, CS and EFLAGS layered.
243 // Interrupt handlers end with "iret"
244 // And that will take us home at long long last.
245
246 // But first we must find the handler to call!
247 // The IDT descriptor for the Host
248 // Has two bytes for size, and four for address:
249 // %edx will hold it for us for now.
250 movl (LGUEST_PAGES_host_idt_desc+2)(%eax), %edx
251 // We now know the table address we need,
252 // And saved the trap's number inside %ebx.
253 // Yet the pointer to the handler is smeared
254 // Across the bits of the table entry.
255 // What oracle can tell us how to extract
256 // From such a convoluted encoding?
257 // I consulted gcc, and it gave
258 // These instructions, which I gladly credit:
259 leal (%edx,%ebx,8), %eax
260 movzwl (%eax),%edx
261 movl 4(%eax), %eax
262 xorw %ax, %ax
263 orl %eax, %edx
264 // Now the address of the handler's in %edx
265 // We call it now: its "iret" takes us home.
266 jmp *%edx
267
268// Every interrupt can come to us here
269// But we must truly tell each apart.
270// They number two hundred and fifty six
271// And each must land in a different spot,
272// Push its number on stack, and join the stream.
273
274// And worse, a mere six of the traps stand apart
275// And push on their stack an addition:
276// An error number, thirty two bits long
277// So we punish the other two fifty
278// And make them push a zero so they match.
279
280// Yet two fifty six entries is long
281// And all will look most the same as the last
282// So we create a macro which can make
283// As many entries as we need to fill.
284
285// Note the change to .data then .text:
286// We plant the address of each entry
287// Into a (data) table for the Host
288// To know where each Guest interrupt should go.
289.macro IRQ_STUB N TARGET
290 .data; .long 1f; .text; 1:
291 // Trap eight, ten through fourteen and seventeen
292 // Supply an error number. Else zero.
293 .if (\N <> 8) && (\N < 10 || \N > 14) && (\N <> 17)
294 pushl $0
295 .endif
296 pushl $\N
297 jmp \TARGET
298 ALIGN
299.endm
300
301// This macro creates numerous entries
302// Using GAS macros which out-power C's.
303.macro IRQ_STUBS FIRST LAST TARGET
304 irq=\FIRST
305 .rept \LAST-\FIRST+1
306 IRQ_STUB irq \TARGET
307 irq=irq+1
308 .endr
309.endm
310
311// Here's the marker for our pointer table
312// Laid in the data section just before
313// Each macro places the address of code
314// Forming an array: each one points to text
315// Which handles interrupt in its turn.
316.data
317.global default_idt_entries
318default_idt_entries:
319.text
320 // The first two traps go straight back to the Host
321 IRQ_STUBS 0 1 return_to_host
322 // We'll say nothing, yet, about NMI
323 IRQ_STUB 2 handle_nmi
324 // Other traps also return to the Host
325 IRQ_STUBS 3 31 return_to_host
326 // All interrupts go via their handlers
327 IRQ_STUBS 32 127 deliver_to_host
328 // 'Cept system calls coming from userspace
329 // Are to go to the Guest, never the Host.
330 IRQ_STUB 128 return_to_host
331 IRQ_STUBS 129 255 deliver_to_host
332
333// The NMI, what a fabulous beast
334// Which swoops in and stops us no matter that
335// We're suspended between heaven and hell,
336// (Or more likely between the Host and Guest)
337// When in it comes! We are dazed and confused
338// So we do the simplest thing which one can.
339// Though we've pushed the trap number and zero
340// We discard them, return, and hope we live.
341handle_nmi:
342 addl $8, %esp
343 iret
344
345// We are done; all that's left is Mastery
346// And "make Mastery" is a journey long
347// Designed to make your fingers itch to code.
348
349// Here ends the text, the file and poem.
350ENTRY(end_switcher_text)