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+Frequently Asked Questions:
+===========================
+subject: unified zoran driver (zr360x7, zoran, buz, dc10(+), dc30(+), lml33)
+website: http://mjpeg.sourceforge.net/driver-zoran/
+
+1. What cards are supported
+1.1 What the TV decoder can do an what not
+1.2 What the TV encoder can do an what not
+2. How do I get this damn thing to work
+3. What mainboard should I use (or why doesn't my card work)
+4. Programming interface
+5. Applications
+6. Concerning buffer sizes, quality, output size etc.
+7. It hangs/crashes/fails/whatevers! Help!
+8. Maintainers/Contacting
+9. License
+
+===========================
+
+1. What cards are supported
+
+Iomega Buz, Linux Media Labs LML33/LML33R10, Pinnacle/Miro
+DC10/DC10+/DC30/DC30+ and related boards (available under various names).
+
+Iomega Buz:
+* Zoran zr36067 PCI controller
+* Zoran zr36060 MJPEG codec
+* Philips saa7111 TV decoder
+* Philips saa7185 TV encoder
+Drivers to use: videodev, i2c-core, i2c-algo-bit,
+                videocodec, saa7111, saa7185, zr36060, zr36067
+Inputs/outputs: Composite and S-video
+Norms: PAL, SECAM (720x576 @ 25 fps), NTSC (720x480 @ 29.97 fps)
+Card number: 7
+
+Linux Media Labs LML33:
+* Zoran zr36067 PCI controller
+* Zoran zr36060 MJPEG codec
+* Brooktree bt819 TV decoder
+* Brooktree bt856 TV encoder
+Drivers to use: videodev, i2c-core, i2c-algo-bit,
+                videocodec, bt819, bt856, zr36060, zr36067
+Inputs/outputs: Composite and S-video
+Norms: PAL (720x576 @ 25 fps), NTSC (720x480 @ 29.97 fps)
+Card number: 5
+
+Linux Media Labs LML33R10:
+* Zoran zr36067 PCI controller
+* Zoran zr36060 MJPEG codec
+* Philips saa7114 TV decoder
+* Analog Devices adv7170 TV encoder
+Drivers to use: videodev, i2c-core, i2c-algo-bit,
+                videocodec, saa7114, adv7170, zr36060, zr36067
+Inputs/outputs: Composite and S-video
+Norms: PAL (720x576 @ 25 fps), NTSC (720x480 @ 29.97 fps)
+Card number: 6
+
+Pinnacle/Miro DC10(new):
+* Zoran zr36057 PCI controller
+* Zoran zr36060 MJPEG codec
+* Philips saa7110a TV decoder
+* Analog Devices adv7176 TV encoder
+Drivers to use: videodev, i2c-core, i2c-algo-bit,
+                videocodec, saa7110, adv7175, zr36060, zr36067
+Inputs/outputs: Composite, S-video and Internal
+Norms: PAL, SECAM (768x576 @ 25 fps), NTSC (640x480 @ 29.97 fps)
+Card number: 1
+
+Pinnacle/Miro DC10+:
+* Zoran zr36067 PCI controller
+* Zoran zr36060 MJPEG codec
+* Philips saa7110a TV decoder
+* Analog Devices adv7176 TV encoder
+Drivers to use: videodev, i2c-core, i2c-algo-bit,
+                videocodec, sa7110, adv7175, zr36060, zr36067
+Inputs/outputs: Composite, S-video and Internal
+Norms: PAL, SECAM (768x576 @ 25 fps), NTSC (640x480 @ 29.97 fps)
+Card number: 2
+
+Pinnacle/Miro DC10(old): *
+* Zoran zr36057 PCI controller
+* Zoran zr36050 MJPEG codec
+* Zoran zr36016 Video Front End or Fuji md0211 Video Front End (clone?)
+* Micronas vpx3220a TV decoder
+* mse3000 TV encoder or Analog Devices adv7176 TV encoder *
+Drivers to use: videodev, i2c-core, i2c-algo-bit,
+                videocodec, vpx3220, mse3000/adv7175, zr36050, zr36016, zr36067
+Inputs/outputs: Composite, S-video and Internal
+Norms: PAL, SECAM (768x576 @ 25 fps), NTSC (640x480 @ 29.97 fps)
+Card number: 0
+
+Pinnacle/Miro DC30: *
+* Zoran zr36057 PCI controller
+* Zoran zr36050 MJPEG codec
+* Zoran zr36016 Video Front End
+* Micronas vpx3225d/vpx3220a/vpx3216b TV decoder
+* Analog Devices adv7176 TV encoder
+Drivers to use: videodev, i2c-core, i2c-algo-bit,
+                videocodec, vpx3220/vpx3224, adv7175, zr36050, zr36016, zr36067
+Inputs/outputs: Composite, S-video and Internal
+Norms: PAL, SECAM (768x576 @ 25 fps), NTSC (640x480 @ 29.97 fps)
+Card number: 3
+
+Pinnacle/Miro DC30+: *
+* Zoran zr36067 PCI controller
+* Zoran zr36050 MJPEG codec
+* Zoran zr36016 Video Front End
+* Micronas vpx3225d/vpx3220a/vpx3216b TV decoder
+* Analog Devices adv7176 TV encoder
+Drivers to use: videodev, i2c-core, i2c-algo-bit,
+                videocodec, vpx3220/vpx3224, adv7175, zr36050, zr36015, zr36067
+Inputs/outputs: Composite, S-video and Internal
+Norms: PAL, SECAM (768x576 @ 25 fps), NTSC (640x480 @ 29.97 fps)
+Card number: 4
+
+Note: No module for the mse3000 is available yet
+Note: No module for the vpx3224 is available yet
+Note: use encoder=X or decoder=X for non-default i2c chips (see i2c-id.h)
+
+===========================
+
+1.1 What the TV decoder can do an what not
+
+The best know TV standards are NTSC/PAL/SECAM. but for decoding a frame that
+information is not enough. There are several formats of the TV standards.
+And not every TV decoder is able to handle every format. Also the every 
+combination is supported by the driver. There are currently 11 different 
+tv broadcast formats all aver the world. 
+
+The CCIR defines parameters needed for broadcasting the signal. 
+The CCIR has defined different standards: A,B,D,E,F,G,D,H,I,K,K1,L,M,N,...
+The CCIR says not much about about the colorsystem used !!!
+And talking about a colorsystem says not to much about how it is broadcast.
+
+The CCIR standards A,E,F are not used any more.
+
+When you speak about NTSC, you usually mean the standard: CCIR - M using
+the NTSC colorsystem which is used in the USA, Japan, Mexico, Canada
+and a few others. 
+
+When you talk about PAL, you usually mean: CCIR - B/G using the PAL
+colorsystem which is used in many Countries. 
+
+When you talk about SECAM, you mean: CCIR - L using the SECAM Colorsystem 
+which is used in France, and a few others.
+
+There the other version of SECAM, CCIR - D/K is used in Bulgaria, China,
+Slovakai, Hungary, Korea (Rep.), Poland, Rumania and a others. 
+
+The CCIR - H uses the PAL colorsystem (sometimes SECAM) and is used in 
+Egypt, Libya, Sri Lanka, Syrain Arab. Rep.
+
+The CCIR - I uses the PAL colorsystem, and is used in Great Britain, Hong Kong,
+Ireland, Nigeria, South Africa.
+
+The CCIR - N uses the PAL colorsystem and PAL frame size but the NTSC framerate,
+and is used in Argentinia, Uruguay, an a few others
+
+We do not talk about how the audio is broadcast !
+
+A rather good sites about the TV standards are: 
+http://www.sony.jp/ServiceArea/Voltage_map/
+http://info.electronicwerkstatt.de/bereiche/fernsehtechnik/frequenzen_und_normen/Fernsehnormen/
+and http://www.cabl.com/restaurant/channel.html
+
+Other weird things around: NTSC 4.43 is a modificated NTSC, which is mainly
+used in PAL VCR's that are able to play back NTSC. PAL 60 seems to be the same
+as NTSC 4.43 . The Datasheets also talk about NTSC 44, It seems as if it would 
+be the same as NTSC 4.43. 
+NTSC Combs seems to be a decoder mode where the decoder uses a comb filter
+to split coma and luma instead of a Delay line.
+
+But I did not defiantly find out what NTSC Comb is.
+
+Philips saa7111 TV decoder
+was introduced in 1997, is used in the BUZ and 
+can handle: PAL B/G/H/I, PAL N, PAL M, NTSC M, NTSC N, NTSC 4.43 and SECAM 
+
+Philips saa7110a TV decoder
+was introduced in 1995, is used in the Pinnacle/Miro DC10(new), DC10+ and
+can handle: PAL B/G, NTSC M and SECAM 
+
+Philips saa7114 TV decoder
+was introduced in 2000, is used in the LML33R10 and  
+can handle: PAL B/G/D/H/I/N, PAL N, PAL M, NTSC M, NTSC 4.43 and SECAM
+
+Brooktree bt819 TV decoder
+was introduced in 1996, and is used in the LML33 and
+can handle: PAL B/D/G/H/I, NTSC M
+
+Micronas vpx3220a TV decoder
+was introduced in 1996, is used in the DC30 and DC30+ and
+can handle: PAL B/G/H/I, PAL N, PAL M, NTSC M, NTSC 44, PAL 60, SECAM,NTSC Comb
+
+===========================
+
+1.2 What the TV encoder can do an what not
+
+The TV encoder are doing the "same" as the decoder, but in the oder direction.
+You feed them digital data and the generate a Composite or SVHS signal.
+For information about the colorsystems and TV norm take a look in the
+TV decoder section.
+
+Philips saa7185 TV Encoder
+was introduced in 1996, is used in the BUZ
+can generate: PAL B/G, NTSC M
+
+Brooktree bt856 TV Encoder
+was introduced in 1994, is used in the LML33 
+can generate: PAL B/D/G/H/I/N, PAL M, NTSC M, PAL-N (Argentina)
+
+Analog Devices adv7170 TV Encoder
+was introduced in 2000, is used in the LML300R10
+can generate: PAL B/D/G/H/I/N, PAL M, NTSC M, PAL 60
+
+Analog Devices adv7175 TV Encoder
+was introduced in 1996, is used in the DC10, DC10+, DC10 old, DC30, DC30+
+can generate: PAL B/D/G/H/I/N, PAL M, NTSC M
+
+ITT mse3000 TV encoder
+was introduced in 1991, is used in the DC10 old
+can generate: PAL , NTSC , SECAM
+
+The adv717x, should be able to produce PAL N. But you find nothing PAL N 
+specific in the the registers. Seem that you have to reuse a other standard
+to generate PAL N, maybe it would work if you use the PAL M settings. 
+
+==========================
+
+2. How do I get this damn thing to work
+
+Load zr36067.o. If it can't autodetect your card, use the card=X insmod
+option with X being the card number as given in the previous section.
+To have more than one card, use card=X1[,X2[,X3,[X4[..]]]]
+
+To automate this, add the following to your /etc/modprobe.conf:
+
+options zr36067 card=X1[,X2[,X3[,X4[..]]]]
+alias char-major-81-0 zr36067
+
+One thing to keep in mind is that this doesn't load zr36067.o itself yet. It
+just automates loading. If you start using xawtv, the device won't load on
+some systems, since you're trying to load modules as a user, which is not
+allowed ("permission denied"). A quick workaround is to add 'Load "v4l"' to
+XF86Config-4 when you use X by default, or to run 'v4l-conf -c <device>' in
+one of your startup scripts (normally rc.local) if you don't use X. Both
+make sure that the modules are loaded on startup, under the root account.
+
+===========================
+
+3. What mainboard should I use (or why doesn't my card work)
+
+<insert lousy disclaimer here>. In short: good=SiS/Intel, bad=VIA.
+
+Experience tells us that people with a Buz, on average, have more problems
+than users with a DC10+/LML33. Also, it tells us that people owning a VIA-
+based mainboard (ktXXX, MVP3) have more problems than users with a mainboard
+based on a different chipset. Here's some notes from Andrew Stevens:
+--
+Here's my experience of using LML33 and Buz on various motherboards:
+
+VIA MVP3
+        Forget it. Pointless. Doesn't work.
+Intel 430FX (Pentium 200) 
+        LML33 perfect, Buz tolerable (3 or 4 frames dropped per movie)
+Intel 440BX (early stepping)
+        LML33 tolerable. Buz starting to get annoying (6-10 frames/hour)
+Intel 440BX (late stepping)
+        Buz tolerable, LML3 almost perfect (occasional single frame drops)
+SiS735
+        LML33 perfect, Buz tolerable.
+VIA KT133(*)
+        LML33 starting to get annoying, Buz poor enough that I have up.
+
+Both 440BX boards were dual CPU versions.
+--
+Bernhard Praschinger later added:
+--
+AMD 751
+        Buz perfect-tolerable
+AMD 760
+        Buz perfect-tolerable
+--
+In general, people on the user mailinglist won't give you much of a chance
+if you have a VIA-based motherboard. They may be cheap, but sometimes, you'd
+rather want to spend some more money on better boards. In general, VIA
+mainboard's IDE/PCI performance will also suck badly compared to others.
+You'll noticed the DC10+/DC30+ aren't mentioned anywhere in the overview.
+Basically, you can assume that if the Buz works, the LML33 will work too. If
+the LML33 works, the DC10+/DC30+ will work too. They're most tolerant to
+different mainboard chipsets from all of the supported cards.
+
+If you experience timeouts during capture, buy a better mainboard or lower
+the quality/buffersize during capture (see 'Concerning buffer sizes, quality,
+output size etc.'). If it hangs, there's little we can do as of now. Check
+your IRQs and make sure the card has its own interrupts.
+
+===========================
+
+4. Programming interface
+
+This driver conforms to video4linux and video4linux2, both can be used to
+use the driver. Since video4linux didn't provide adequate calls to fully
+use the cards' features, we've introduced several programming extensions,
+which are currently officially accepted in the 2.4.x branch of the kernel.
+These extensions are known as the v4l/mjpeg extensions. See zoran.h for
+details (structs/ioctls).
+
+Information - video4linux:
+http://roadrunner.swansea.linux.org.uk/v4lapi.shtml
+Documentation/video4linux/API.html
+/usr/include/linux/videodev.h
+
+Information - video4linux/mjpeg extensions:
+./zoran.h
+(also see below)
+
+Information - video4linux2:
+http://www.thedirks.org/v4l2/
+/usr/include/linux/videodev2.h
+http://www.bytesex.org/v4l/
+
+More information on the video4linux/mjpeg extensions, by Serguei
+Miridonovi and Rainer Johanni:
+--
+The ioctls for that interface are as follows:
+
+BUZIOC_G_PARAMS
+BUZIOC_S_PARAMS
+
+Get and set the parameters of the buz. The user should always do a
+BUZIOC_G_PARAMS (with a struct buz_params) to obtain the default
+settings, change what he likes and then make a BUZIOC_S_PARAMS call.
+
+BUZIOC_REQBUFS
+
+Before being able to capture/playback, the user has to request
+the buffers he is wanting to use. Fill the structure
+zoran_requestbuffers with the size (recommended: 256*1024) and
+the number (recommended 32 up to 256). There are no such restrictions
+as for the Video for Linux buffers, you should LEAVE SUFFICIENT
+MEMORY for your system however, else strange things will happen ....
+On return, the zoran_requestbuffers structure contains number and
+size of the actually allocated buffers.
+You should use these numbers for doing a mmap of the buffers
+into the user space.
+The BUZIOC_REQBUFS ioctl also makes it happen, that the next mmap
+maps the MJPEG buffer instead of the V4L buffers.
+
+BUZIOC_QBUF_CAPT
+BUZIOC_QBUF_PLAY
+
+Queue a buffer for capture or playback. The first call also starts
+streaming capture. When streaming capture is going on, you may
+only queue further buffers or issue syncs until streaming
+capture is switched off again with a argument of -1 to
+a BUZIOC_QBUF_CAPT/BUZIOC_QBUF_PLAY ioctl.
+
+BUZIOC_SYNC
+
+Issue this ioctl when all buffers are queued. This ioctl will
+block until the first buffer becomes free for saving its
+data to disk (after BUZIOC_QBUF_CAPT) or for reuse (after BUZIOC_QBUF_PLAY).
+
+BUZIOC_G_STATUS
+
+Get the status of the input lines (video source connected/norm).
+
+For programming example, please, look at lavrec.c and lavplay.c code in
+lavtools-1.2p2 package (URL: http://www.cicese.mx/~mirsev/DC10plus/)
+and the 'examples' directory in the original Buz driver distribution.
+
+Additional notes for software developers:
+
+   The driver returns maxwidth and maxheight parameters according to
+   the current TV standard (norm). Therefore, the software which
+   communicates with the driver and "asks" for these parameters should
+   first set the correct norm. Well, it seems logically correct: TV
+   standard is "more constant" for current country than geometry
+   settings of a variety of TV capture cards which may work in ITU or
+   square pixel format. Remember that users now can lock the norm to
+   avoid any ambiguity.
+--
+Please note that lavplay/lavrec are also included in the MJPEG-tools
+(http://mjpeg.sf.net/).
+
+===========================
+
+5. Applications
+
+Applications known to work with this driver:
+
+TV viewing:
+* xawtv
+* kwintv
+* probably any TV application that supports video4linux or video4linux2.
+
+MJPEG capture/playback:
+* mjpegtools/lavtools (or Linux Video Studio)
+* gstreamer
+* mplayer
+
+General raw capture:
+* xawtv
+* gstreamer
+* probably any application that supports video4linux or video4linux2
+
+Video editing:
+* Cinelerra
+* MainActor
+* mjpegtools (or Linux Video Studio)
+
+===========================
+
+6. Concerning buffer sizes, quality, output size etc.
+
+The zr36060 can do 1:2 JPEG compression. This is really the theoretical
+maximum that the chipset can reach. The driver can, however, limit compression
+to a maximum (size) of 1:4. The reason for this is that some cards (e.g. Buz)
+can't handle 1:2 compression without stopping capture after only a few minutes.
+With 1:4, it'll mostly work. If you have a Buz, use 'low_bitrate=1' to go into
+1:4 max. compression mode.
+
+100% JPEG quality is thus 1:2 compression in practice. So for a full PAL frame
+(size 720x576). The JPEG fields are stored in YUY2 format, so the size of the
+fields are 720x288x16/2 bits/field (2 fields/frame) = 207360 bytes/field x 2 =
+414720 bytes/frame (add some more bytes for headers and DHT (huffman)/DQT
+(quantization) tables, and you'll get to something like 512kB per frame for
+1:2 compression. For 1:4 compression, you'd have frames of half this size.
+
+Some additional explanation by Martin Samuelsson, which also explains the
+importance of buffer sizes:
+--
+> Hmm, I do not think it is really that way. With the current (downloaded
+> at 18:00 Monday) driver I get that output sizes for 10 sec:
+> -q 50 -b 128 : 24.283.332 Bytes
+> -q 50 -b 256 : 48.442.368
+> -q 25 -b 128 : 24.655.992
+> -q 25 -b 256 : 25.859.820
+
+I woke up, and can't go to sleep again. I'll kill some time explaining why 
+this doesn't look strange to me.
+
+Let's do some math using a width of 704 pixels. I'm not sure whether the Buz 
+actually use that number or not, but that's not too important right now.
+
+704x288 pixels, one field, is 202752 pixels. Divided by 64 pixels per block; 
+3168 blocks per field. Each pixel consist of two bytes; 128 bytes per block; 
+1024 bits per block. 100% in the new driver mean 1:2 compression; the maximum 
+output becomes 512 bits per block. Actually 510, but 512 is simpler to use 
+for calculations.
+
+Let's say that we specify d1q50. We thus want 256 bits per block; times 3168 
+becomes 811008 bits; 101376 bytes per field. We're talking raw bits and bytes 
+here, so we don't need to do any fancy corrections for bits-per-pixel or such 
+things. 101376 bytes per field.
+
+d1 video contains two fields per frame. Those sum up to 202752 bytes per 
+frame, and one of those frames goes into each buffer.
+
+But wait a second! -b128 gives 128kB buffers! It's not possible to cram 
+202752 bytes of JPEG data into 128kB!
+
+This is what the driver notice and automatically compensate for in your 
+examples. Let's do some math using this information:
+
+128kB is 131072 bytes. In this buffer, we want to store two fields, which 
+leaves 65536 bytes for each field. Using 3168 blocks per field, we get 
+20.68686868... available bytes per block; 165 bits. We can't allow the 
+request for 256 bits per block when there's only 165 bits available! The -q50 
+option is silently overridden, and the -b128 option takes precedence, leaving 
+us with the equivalence of -q32.
+
+This gives us a data rate of 165 bits per block, which, times 3168, sums up 
+to 65340 bytes per field, out of the allowed 65536. The current driver has 
+another level of rate limiting; it won't accept -q values that fill more than 
+6/8 of the specified buffers. (I'm not sure why. "Playing it safe" seem to be 
+a safe bet. Personally, I think I would have lowered requested-bits-per-block 
+by one, or something like that.) We can't use 165 bits per block, but have to 
+lower it again, to 6/8 of the available buffer space: We end up with 124 bits 
+per block, the equivalence of -q24. With 128kB buffers, you can't use greater 
+than -q24 at -d1. (And PAL, and 704 pixels width...)
+
+The third example is limited to -q24 through the same process. The second 
+example, using very similar calculations, is limited to -q48. The only 
+example that actually grab at the specified -q value is the last one, which 
+is clearly visible, looking at the file size.
+--
+
+Conclusion: the quality of the resulting movie depends on buffer size, quality,
+whether or not you use 'low_bitrate=1' as insmod option for the zr36060.c
+module to do 1:4 instead of 1:2 compression, etc.
+
+If you experience timeouts, lowering the quality/buffersize or using
+'low_bitrate=1 as insmod option for zr36060.o might actually help, as is
+proven by the Buz.
+
+===========================
+
+7. It hangs/crashes/fails/whatevers! Help!
+
+Make sure that the card has its own interrupts (see /proc/interrupts), check
+the output of dmesg at high verbosity (load zr36067.o with debug=2,
+load all other modules with debug=1). Check that your mainboard is favorable
+(see question 2) and if not, test the card in another computer. Also see the
+notes given in question 3 and try lowering quality/buffersize/capturesize
+if recording fails after a period of time.
+
+If all this doesn't help, give a clear description of the problem including
+detailed hardware information (memory+brand, mainboard+chipset+brand, which
+MJPEG card, processor, other PCI cards that might be of interest), give the
+system PnP information (/proc/interrupts, /proc/dma, /proc/devices), and give
+the kernel version, driver version, glibc version, gcc version and any other
+information that might possibly be of interest. Also provide the dmesg output
+at high verbosity. See 'Contacting' on how to contact the developers.
+
+===========================
+
+8. Maintainers/Contacting
+
+The driver is currently maintained by Laurent Pinchart and Ronald Bultje
+(<laurent.pinchart@skynet.be> and <rbultje@ronald.bitfreak.net>). For bug
+reports or questions, please contact the mailinglist instead of the developers
+individually. For user questions (i.e. bug reports or how-to questions), send
+an email to <mjpeg-users@lists.sf.net>, for developers (i.e. if you want to
+help programming), send an email to <mjpeg-developer@lists.sf.net>. See
+http://www.sf.net/projects/mjpeg/ for subscription information.
+
+For bug reports, be sure to include all the information as described in
+the section 'It hangs/crashes/fails/whatevers! Help!'. Please make sure
+you're using the latest version (http://mjpeg.sf.net/driver-zoran/).
+
+Previous maintainers/developers of this driver include Serguei Miridonov
+<mirsev@cicese.mx>, Wolfgang Scherr <scherr@net4you.net>, Dave Perks
+<dperks@ibm.net> and Rainer Johanni <Rainer@Johanni.de>.
+
+===========================
+
+9. License
+
+This driver is distributed under the terms of the General Public License.
+
+    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+    Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+
+See http://www.gnu.org/ for more information.