1 files changed, 361 insertions, 372 deletions

diff --git a/Documentation/kbuild/modules.txt b/Documentation/kbuild/modules.txt
index 0767cf69c69e..3fb39e0116b4 100644
--- a/Documentation/kbuild/modules.txt
+++ b/Documentation/kbuild/modules.txt
@@ -1,215 +1,185 @@
+Building External Modules
 
-In this document you will find information about:
-- how to build external modules
-- how to make your module use the kbuild infrastructure
-- how kbuild will install a kernel
-- how to install modules in a non-standard location
+This document describes how to build an out-of-tree kernel module.
 
 === Table of Contents
 
         === 1 Introduction
-        === 2 How to build external modules
-           --- 2.1 Building external modules
-           --- 2.2 Available targets
-           --- 2.3 Available options
-           --- 2.4 Preparing the kernel tree for module build
-           --- 2.5 Building separate files for a module
-        === 3. Example commands
-        === 4. Creating a kbuild file for an external module
-        === 5. Include files
-           --- 5.1 How to include files from the kernel include dir
-           --- 5.2 External modules using an include/ dir
-           --- 5.3 External modules using several directories
-        === 6. Module installation
-           --- 6.1 INSTALL_MOD_PATH
-           --- 6.2 INSTALL_MOD_DIR
-        === 7. Module versioning & Module.symvers
-           --- 7.1 Symbols from the kernel (vmlinux + modules)
-           --- 7.2 Symbols and external modules
-           --- 7.3 Symbols from another external module
-        === 8. Tips & Tricks
-           --- 8.1 Testing for CONFIG_FOO_BAR
+        === 2 How to Build External Modules
+           --- 2.1 Command Syntax
+           --- 2.2 Options
+           --- 2.3 Targets
+           --- 2.4 Building Separate Files
+        === 3. Creating a Kbuild File for an External Module
+           --- 3.1 Shared Makefile
+           --- 3.2 Separate Kbuild file and Makefile
+           --- 3.3 Binary Blobs
+           --- 3.4 Building Multiple Modules
+        === 4. Include Files
+           --- 4.1 Kernel Includes
+           --- 4.2 Single Subdirectory
+           --- 4.3 Several Subdirectories
+        === 5. Module Installation
+           --- 5.1 INSTALL_MOD_PATH
+           --- 5.2 INSTALL_MOD_DIR
+        === 6. Module Versioning
+           --- 6.1 Symbols From the Kernel (vmlinux + modules)
+           --- 6.2 Symbols and External Modules
+           --- 6.3 Symbols From Another External Module
+        === 7. Tips & Tricks
+           --- 7.1 Testing for CONFIG_FOO_BAR
 
 
 
 === 1. Introduction
 
-kbuild includes functionality for building modules both
-within the kernel source tree and outside the kernel source tree.
-The latter is usually referred to as external or "out-of-tree"
-modules and is used both during development and for modules that
-are not planned to be included in the kernel tree.
+"kbuild" is the build system used by the Linux kernel. Modules must use
+kbuild to stay compatible with changes in the build infrastructure and
+to pick up the right flags to "gcc." Functionality for building modules
+both in-tree and out-of-tree is provided. The method for building
+either is similar, and all modules are initially developed and built
+out-of-tree.
 
-What is covered within this file is mainly information to authors
-of modules. The author of an external module should supply
-a makefile that hides most of the complexity, so one only has to type
-'make' to build the module. A complete example will be presented in
-chapter 4, "Creating a kbuild file for an external module".
+Covered in this document is information aimed at developers interested
+in building out-of-tree (or "external") modules. The author of an
+external module should supply a makefile that hides most of the
+complexity, so one only has to type "make" to build the module. This is
+easily accomplished, and a complete example will be presented in
+section 3.
 
 
-=== 2. How to build external modules
+=== 2. How to Build External Modules
 
-kbuild offers functionality to build external modules, with the
-prerequisite that there is a pre-built kernel available with full source.
-A subset of the targets available when building the kernel is available
-when building an external module.
+To build external modules, you must have a prebuilt kernel available
+that contains the configuration and header files used in the build.
+Also, the kernel must have been built with modules enabled. If you are
+using a distribution kernel, there will be a package for the kernel you
+are running provided by your distribution.
 
---- 2.1 Building external modules
+An alternative is to use the "make" target "modules_prepare." This will
+make sure the kernel contains the information required. The target
+exists solely as a simple way to prepare a kernel source tree for
+building external modules.
 
-        Use the following command to build an external module:
+NOTE: "modules_prepare" will not build Module.symvers even if
+CONFIG_MODVERSIONS is set; therefore, a full kernel build needs to be
+executed to make module versioning work.
 
-                make -C <path-to-kernel> M=`pwd`
+--- 2.1 Command Syntax
 
-        For the running kernel use:
+        The command to build an external module is:
 
-                make -C /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build M=`pwd`
+                $ make -C <path_to_kernel_src> M=$PWD
 
-        For the above command to succeed, the kernel must have been
-        built with modules enabled.
+        The kbuild system knows that an external module is being built
+        due to the "M=<dir>" option given in the command.
 
-        To install the modules that were just built:
+        To build against the running kernel use:
 
-                make -C <path-to-kernel> M=`pwd` modules_install
+                $ make -C /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build M=$PWD
 
-        More complex examples will be shown later, the above should
-        be enough to get you started.
+        Then to install the module(s) just built, add the target
+        "modules_install" to the command:
 
---- 2.2 Available targets
+                $ make -C /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build M=$PWD modules_install
 
-        $KDIR refers to the path to the kernel source top-level directory
+--- 2.2 Options
 
-        make -C $KDIR M=`pwd`
-                Will build the module(s) located in current directory.
-                All output files will be located in the same directory
-                as the module source.
-                No attempts are made to update the kernel source, and it is
-                a precondition that a successful make has been executed
-                for the kernel.
+        ($KDIR refers to the path of the kernel source directory.)
 
-        make -C $KDIR M=`pwd` modules
-                The modules target is implied when no target is given.
-                Same functionality as if no target was specified.
-                See description above.
+        make -C $KDIR M=$PWD
 
-        make -C $KDIR M=`pwd` modules_install
-                Install the external module(s).
-                Installation default is in /lib/modules/<kernel-version>/extra,
-                but may be prefixed with INSTALL_MOD_PATH - see separate
-                chapter.
+        -C $KDIR
+                The directory where the kernel source is located.
+                "make" will actually change to the specified directory
+                when executing and will change back when finished.
 
-        make -C $KDIR M=`pwd` clean
-                Remove all generated files for the module - the kernel
-                source directory is not modified.
+        M=$PWD
+                Informs kbuild that an external module is being built.
+                The value given to "M" is the absolute path of the
+                directory where the external module (kbuild file) is
+                located.
 
-        make -C $KDIR M=`pwd` help
-                help will list the available target when building external
-                modules.
+--- 2.3 Targets
 
---- 2.3 Available options:
+        When building an external module, only a subset of the "make"
+        targets are available.
 
-        $KDIR refers to the path to the kernel source top-level directory
+        make -C $KDIR M=$PWD [target]
 
-        make -C $KDIR
-                Used to specify where to find the kernel source.
-                '$KDIR' represent the directory where the kernel source is.
-                Make will actually change directory to the specified directory
-                when executed but change back when finished.
+        The default will build the module(s) located in the current
+        directory, so a target does not need to be specified. All
+        output files will also be generated in this directory. No
+        attempts are made to update the kernel source, and it is a
+        precondition that a successful "make" has been executed for the
+        kernel.
 
-        make -C $KDIR M=`pwd`
-                M= is used to tell kbuild that an external module is
-                being built.
-                The option given to M= is the directory where the external
-                module (kbuild file) is located.
-                When an external module is being built only a subset of the
-                usual targets are available.
+        modules
+                The default target for external modules. It has the
+                same functionality as if no target was specified. See
+                description above.
 
-        make -C $KDIR SUBDIRS=`pwd`
-                Same as M=. The SUBDIRS= syntax is kept for backwards
-                compatibility.
+        modules_install
+                Install the external module(s). The default location is
+                /lib/modules/<kernel_release>/extra/, but a prefix may
+                be added with INSTALL_MOD_PATH (discussed in section 5).
 
---- 2.4 Preparing the kernel tree for module build
+        clean
+                Remove all generated files in the module directory only.
 
-        To make sure the kernel contains the information required to
-        build external modules the target 'modules_prepare' must be used.
-        'modules_prepare' exists solely as a simple way to prepare
-        a kernel source tree for building external modules.
-        Note: modules_prepare will not build Module.symvers even if
-        CONFIG_MODVERSIONS is set. Therefore a full kernel build
-        needs to be executed to make module versioning work.
+        help
+                List the available targets for external modules.
 
---- 2.5 Building separate files for a module
-        It is possible to build single files which are part of a module.
-        This works equally well for the kernel, a module and even for
-        external modules.
-        Examples (module foo.ko, consist of bar.o, baz.o):
-                make -C $KDIR M=`pwd` bar.lst
-                make -C $KDIR M=`pwd` bar.o
-                make -C $KDIR M=`pwd` foo.ko
-                make -C $KDIR M=`pwd` /
-
-
-=== 3. Example commands
-
-This example shows the actual commands to be executed when building
-an external module for the currently running kernel.
-In the example below, the distribution is supposed to use the
-facility to locate output files for a kernel compile in a different
-directory than the kernel source - but the examples will also work
-when the source and the output files are mixed in the same directory.
+--- 2.4 Building Separate Files
 
-# Kernel source
-/lib/modules/<kernel-version>/source -> /usr/src/linux-<version>
-
-# Output from kernel compile
-/lib/modules/<kernel-version>/build -> /usr/src/linux-<version>-up
-
-Change to the directory where the kbuild file is located and execute
-the following commands to build the module:
+        It is possible to build single files that are part of a module.
+        This works equally well for the kernel, a module, and even for
+        external modules.
 
-        cd /home/user/src/module
-        make -C /usr/src/`uname -r`/source            \
-                O=/lib/modules/`uname-r`/build        \
-                M=`pwd`
+        Example (The module foo.ko, consist of bar.o and baz.o):
+                make -C $KDIR M=$PWD bar.lst
+                make -C $KDIR M=$PWD baz.o
+                make -C $KDIR M=$PWD foo.ko
+                make -C $KDIR M=$PWD /
 
-Then, to install the module use the following command:
 
-        make -C /usr/src/`uname -r`/source            \
-                O=/lib/modules/`uname-r`/build        \
-                M=`pwd`                               \
-                modules_install
+=== 3. Creating a Kbuild File for an External Module
 
-If you look closely you will see that this is the same command as
-listed before - with the directories spelled out.
+In the last section we saw the command to build a module for the
+running kernel. The module is not actually built, however, because a
+build file is required. Contained in this file will be the name of
+the module(s) being built, along with the list of requisite source
+files. The file may be as simple as a single line:
 
-The above are rather long commands, and the following chapter
-lists a few tricks to make it all easier.
+        obj-m := <module_name>.o
 
+The kbuild system will build <module_name>.o from <module_name>.c,
+and, after linking, will result in the kernel module <module_name>.ko.
+The above line can be put in either a "Kbuild" file or a "Makefile."
+When the module is built from multiple sources, an additional line is
+needed listing the files:
 
-=== 4. Creating a kbuild file for an external module
+        <module_name>-y := <src1>.o <src2>.o ...
 
-kbuild is the build system for the kernel, and external modules
-must use kbuild to stay compatible with changes in the build system
-and to pick up the right flags to gcc etc.
+NOTE: Further documentation describing the syntax used by kbuild is
+located in Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt.
 
-The kbuild file used as input shall follow the syntax described
-in Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt. This chapter will introduce a few
-more tricks to be used when dealing with external modules.
+The examples below demonstrate how to create a build file for the
+module 8123.ko, which is built from the following files:
 
-In the following a Makefile will be created for a module with the
-following files:
         8123_if.c
         8123_if.h
         8123_pci.c
         8123_bin.o_shipped      <= Binary blob
 
---- 4.1 Shared Makefile for module and kernel
+--- 3.1 Shared Makefile
 
-        An external module always includes a wrapper Makefile supporting
-        building the module using 'make' with no arguments.
-        The Makefile provided will most likely include additional
-        functionality such as test targets etc. and this part shall
-        be filtered away from kbuild since it may impact kbuild if
-        name clashes occurs.
+        An external module always includes a wrapper makefile that
+        supports building the module using "make" with no arguments.
+        This target is not used by kbuild; it is only for convenience.
+        Additional functionality, such as test targets, can be included
+        but should be filtered out from kbuild due to possible name
+        clashes.
 
         Example 1:
                 --> filename: Makefile
@@ -219,11 +189,11 @@ following files:
                 8123-y := 8123_if.o 8123_pci.o 8123_bin.o
 
                 else
-                # Normal Makefile
+                # normal makefile
+                KDIR ?= /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build
 
-                KERNELDIR := /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build
-                all::
-                        $(MAKE) -C $(KERNELDIR) M=`pwd` $@
+                default:
+                        $(MAKE) -C $(KDIR) M=$$PWD
 
                 # Module specific targets
                 genbin:
@@ -231,15 +201,20 @@ following files:
 
                 endif
 
-        In example 1, the check for KERNELRELEASE is used to separate
-        the two parts of the Makefile. kbuild will only see the two
-        assignments whereas make will see everything except the two
-        kbuild assignments.
+        The check for KERNELRELEASE is used to separate the two parts
+        of the makefile. In the example, kbuild will only see the two
+        assignments, whereas "make" will see everything except these
+        two assignments. This is due to two passes made on the file:
+        the first pass is by the "make" instance run on the command
+        line; the second pass is by the kbuild system, which is
+        initiated by the parameterized "make" in the default target.
+
+--- 3.2 Separate Kbuild File and Makefile
 
-        In recent versions of the kernel, kbuild will look for a file named
-        Kbuild and as second option look for a file named Makefile.
-        Utilising the Kbuild file makes us split up the Makefile in example 1
-        into two files as shown in example 2:
+        In newer versions of the kernel, kbuild will first look for a
+        file named "Kbuild," and only if that is not found, will it
+        then look for a makefile. Utilizing a "Kbuild" file allows us
+        to split up the makefile from example 1 into two files:
 
         Example 2:
                 --> filename: Kbuild
@@ -247,20 +222,21 @@ following files:
                 8123-y := 8123_if.o 8123_pci.o 8123_bin.o
 
                 --> filename: Makefile
-                KERNELDIR := /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build
-                all::
-                        $(MAKE) -C $(KERNELDIR) M=`pwd` $@
+                KDIR ?= /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build
+
+                default:
+                        $(MAKE) -C $(KDIR) M=$$PWD
 
                 # Module specific targets
                 genbin:
                         echo "X" > 8123_bin.o_shipped
 
+        The split in example 2 is questionable due to the simplicity of
+        each file; however, some external modules use makefiles
+        consisting of several hundred lines, and here it really pays
+        off to separate the kbuild part from the rest.
 
-        In example 2, we are down to two fairly simple files and for simple
-        files as used in this example the split is questionable. But some
-        external modules use Makefiles of several hundred lines and here it
-        really pays off to separate the kbuild part from the rest.
-        Example 3 shows a backward compatible version.
+        The next example shows a backward compatible version.
 
         Example 3:
                 --> filename: Kbuild
@@ -269,13 +245,15 @@ following files:
 
                 --> filename: Makefile
                 ifneq ($(KERNELRELEASE),)
+                # kbuild part of makefile
                 include Kbuild
+
                 else
-                # Normal Makefile
+                # normal makefile
+                KDIR ?= /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build
 
-                KERNELDIR := /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build
-                all::
-                        $(MAKE) -C $(KERNELDIR) M=`pwd` $@
+                default:
+                        $(MAKE) -C $(KDIR) M=$$PWD
 
                 # Module specific targets
                 genbin:
@@ -283,260 +261,271 @@ following files:
 
                 endif
 
-        The trick here is to include the Kbuild file from Makefile, so
-        if an older version of kbuild picks up the Makefile, the Kbuild
-        file will be included.
+        Here the "Kbuild" file is included from the makefile. This
+        allows an older version of kbuild, which only knows of
+        makefiles, to be used when the "make" and kbuild parts are
+        split into separate files.
 
---- 4.2 Binary blobs included in a module
+--- 3.3 Binary Blobs
 
-        Some external modules needs to include a .o as a blob. kbuild
-        has support for this, but requires the blob file to be named
-        <filename>_shipped. In our example the blob is named
-        8123_bin.o_shipped and when the kbuild rules kick in the file
-        8123_bin.o is created as a simple copy off the 8213_bin.o_shipped file
-        with the _shipped part stripped of the filename.
-        This allows the 8123_bin.o filename to be used in the assignment to
-        the module.
+        Some external modules need to include an object file as a blob.
+        kbuild has support for this, but requires the blob file to be
+        named <filename>_shipped. When the kbuild rules kick in, a copy
+        of <filename>_shipped is created with _shipped stripped off,
+        giving us <filename>. This shortened filename can be used in
+        the assignment to the module.
+
+        Throughout this section, 8123_bin.o_shipped has been used to
+        build the kernel module 8123.ko; it has been included as
+        8123_bin.o.
 
-        Example 4:
-                obj-m  := 8123.o
                 8123-y := 8123_if.o 8123_pci.o 8123_bin.o
 
-        In example 4, there is no distinction between the ordinary .c/.h files
-        and the binary file. But kbuild will pick up different rules to create
-        the .o file.
+        Although there is no distinction between the ordinary source
+        files and the binary file, kbuild will pick up different rules
+        when creating the object file for the module.
+
+--- 3.4 Building Multiple Modules
 
+        kbuild supports building multiple modules with a single build
+        file. For example, if you wanted to build two modules, foo.ko
+        and bar.ko, the kbuild lines would be:
 
-=== 5. Include files
+                obj-m := foo.o bar.o
+                foo-y := <foo_srcs>
+                bar-y := <bar_srcs>
 
-Include files are a necessity when a .c file uses something from other .c
-files (not strictly in the sense of C, but if good programming practice is
-used). Any module that consists of more than one .c file will have a .h file
-for one of the .c files.
+        It is that simple!
 
-- If the .h file only describes a module internal interface, then the .h file
-  shall be placed in the same directory as the .c files.
-- If the .h files describe an interface used by other parts of the kernel
-  located in different directories, the .h files shall be located in
-  include/linux/ or other include/ directories as appropriate.
 
-One exception for this rule is larger subsystems that have their own directory
-under include/ such as include/scsi. Another exception is arch-specific
-.h files which are located under include/asm-$(ARCH)/*.
+=== 4. Include Files
 
-External modules have a tendency to locate include files in a separate include/
-directory and therefore need to deal with this in their kbuild file.
+Within the kernel, header files are kept in standard locations
+according to the following rule:
 
---- 5.1 How to include files from the kernel include dir
+        * If the header file only describes the internal interface of a
+          module, then the file is placed in the same directory as the
+          source files.
+        * If the header file describes an interface used by other parts
+          of the kernel that are located in different directories, then
+          the file is placed in include/linux/.
 
-        When a module needs to include a file from include/linux/, then one
-        just uses:
+          NOTE: There are two notable exceptions to this rule: larger
+          subsystems have their own directory under include/, such as
+          include/scsi; and architecture specific headers are located
+          under arch/$(ARCH)/include/.
 
-                #include <linux/modules.h>
+--- 4.1 Kernel Includes
 
-        kbuild will make sure to add options to gcc so the relevant
-        directories are searched.
-        Likewise for .h files placed in the same directory as the .c file.
+        To include a header file located under include/linux/, simply
+        use:
 
-                #include "8123_if.h"
+                #include <linux/module.h>
 
-        will do the job.
+        kbuild will add options to "gcc" so the relevant directories
+        are searched.
 
---- 5.2 External modules using an include/ dir
+--- 4.2 Single Subdirectory
 
-        External modules often locate their .h files in a separate include/
-        directory although this is not usual kernel style. When an external
-        module uses an include/ dir then kbuild needs to be told so.
-        The trick here is to use either EXTRA_CFLAGS (take effect for all .c
-        files) or CFLAGS_$F.o (take effect only for a single file).
+        External modules tend to place header files in a separate
+        include/ directory where their source is located, although this
+        is not the usual kernel style. To inform kbuild of the
+        directory, use either ccflags-y or CFLAGS_<filename>.o.
 
-        In our example, if we move 8123_if.h to a subdirectory named include/
-        the resulting Kbuild file would look like:
+        Using the example from section 3, if we moved 8123_if.h to a
+        subdirectory named include, the resulting kbuild file would
+        look like:
 
                 --> filename: Kbuild
-                obj-m  := 8123.o
+                obj-m := 8123.o
 
-                EXTRA_CFLAGS := -Iinclude
+                ccflags-y := -Iinclude
                 8123-y := 8123_if.o 8123_pci.o 8123_bin.o
 
-        Note that in the assignment there is no space between -I and the path.
-        This is a kbuild limitation:  there must be no space present.
+        Note that in the assignment there is no space between -I and
+        the path. This is a limitation of kbuild: there must be no
+        space present.
 
---- 5.3 External modules using several directories
-
-        If an external module does not follow the usual kernel style, but
-        decides to spread files over several directories, then kbuild can
-        handle this too.
+--- 4.3 Several Subdirectories
 
+        kbuild can handle files that are spread over several directories.
         Consider the following example:
 
-        |
-        +- src/complex_main.c
-        |   +- hal/hardwareif.c
-        |   +- hal/include/hardwareif.h
-        +- include/complex.h
-
-        To build a single module named complex.ko, we then need the following
+        .
+        |__ src
+        |   |__ complex_main.c
+        |   |__ hal
+        |       |__ hardwareif.c
+        |       |__ include
+        |           |__ hardwareif.h
+        |__ include
+            |__ complex.h
+
+        To build the module complex.ko, we then need the following
         kbuild file:
 
-        Kbuild:
+                --> filename: Kbuild
                 obj-m := complex.o
                 complex-y := src/complex_main.o
                 complex-y += src/hal/hardwareif.o
 
-                EXTRA_CFLAGS := -I$(src)/include
-                EXTRA_CFLAGS += -I$(src)src/hal/include
+                ccflags-y := -I$(src)/include
+                ccflags-y += -I$(src)/src/hal/include
 
+        As you can see, kbuild knows how to handle object files located
+        in other directories. The trick is to specify the directory
+        relative to the kbuild file's location. That being said, this
+        is NOT recommended practice.
 
-        kbuild knows how to handle .o files located in another directory -
-        although this is NOT recommended practice. The syntax is to specify
-        the directory relative to the directory where the Kbuild file is
-        located.
+        For the header files, kbuild must be explicitly told where to
+        look. When kbuild executes, the current directory is always the
+        root of the kernel tree (the argument to "-C") and therefore an
+        absolute path is needed. $(src) provides the absolute path by
+        pointing to the directory where the currently executing kbuild
+        file is located.
 
-        To find the .h files, we have to explicitly tell kbuild where to look
-        for the .h files. When kbuild executes, the current directory is always
-        the root of the kernel tree (argument to -C) and therefore we have to
-        tell kbuild how to find the .h files using absolute paths.
-        $(src) will specify the absolute path to the directory where the
-        Kbuild file are located when being build as an external module.
-        Therefore -I$(src)/ is used to point out the directory of the Kbuild
-        file and any additional path are just appended.
 
-=== 6. Module installation
+=== 5. Module Installation
 
-Modules which are included in the kernel are installed in the directory:
+Modules which are included in the kernel are installed in the
+directory:
 
-        /lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)/kernel
+        /lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)/kernel/
 
-External modules are installed in the directory:
+And external modules are installed in:
 
-        /lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)/extra
+        /lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)/extra/
 
---- 6.1 INSTALL_MOD_PATH
+--- 5.1 INSTALL_MOD_PATH
 
-        Above are the default directories, but as always, some level of
-        customization is possible. One can prefix the path using the variable
-        INSTALL_MOD_PATH:
+        Above are the default directories but as always some level of
+        customization is possible. A prefix can be added to the
+        installation path using the variable INSTALL_MOD_PATH:
 
                 $ make INSTALL_MOD_PATH=/frodo modules_install
-                => Install dir: /frodo/lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)/kernel
-
-        INSTALL_MOD_PATH may be set as an ordinary shell variable or as in the
-        example above, can be specified on the command line when calling make.
-        INSTALL_MOD_PATH has effect both when installing modules included in
-        the kernel as well as when installing external modules.
+                => Install dir: /frodo/lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)/kernel/
 
---- 6.2 INSTALL_MOD_DIR
+        INSTALL_MOD_PATH may be set as an ordinary shell variable or,
+        as shown above, can be specified on the command line when
+        calling "make." This has effect when installing both in-tree
+        and out-of-tree modules.
 
-        When installing external modules they are by default installed to a
-        directory under /lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)/extra, but one may wish
-        to locate modules for a specific functionality in a separate
-        directory. For this purpose, one can use INSTALL_MOD_DIR to specify an
-        alternative name to 'extra'.
+--- 5.2 INSTALL_MOD_DIR
 
-                $ make INSTALL_MOD_DIR=gandalf -C KERNELDIR \
-                        M=`pwd` modules_install
-                => Install dir: /lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)/gandalf
+        External modules are by default installed to a directory under
+        /lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)/extra/, but you may wish to
+        locate modules for a specific functionality in a separate
+        directory. For this purpose, use INSTALL_MOD_DIR to specify an
+        alternative name to "extra."
 
+                $ make INSTALL_MOD_DIR=gandalf -C $KDIR \
+                       M=$PWD modules_install
+                => Install dir: /lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)/gandalf/
 
-=== 7. Module versioning & Module.symvers
 
-Module versioning is enabled by the CONFIG_MODVERSIONS tag.
+=== 6. Module Versioning
 
-Module versioning is used as a simple ABI consistency check. The Module
-versioning creates a CRC value of the full prototype for an exported symbol and
-when a module is loaded/used then the CRC values contained in the kernel are
-compared with similar values in the module. If they are not equal, then the
-kernel refuses to load the module.
+Module versioning is enabled by the CONFIG_MODVERSIONS tag, and is used
+as a simple ABI consistency check. A CRC value of the full prototype
+for an exported symbol is created. When a module is loaded/used, the
+CRC values contained in the kernel are compared with similar values in
+the module; if they are not equal, the kernel refuses to load the
+module.
 
-Module.symvers contains a list of all exported symbols from a kernel build.
+Module.symvers contains a list of all exported symbols from a kernel
+build.
 
---- 7.1 Symbols from the kernel (vmlinux + modules)
+--- 6.1 Symbols From the Kernel (vmlinux + modules)
 
-        During a kernel build, a file named Module.symvers will be generated.
-        Module.symvers contains all exported symbols from the kernel and
-        compiled modules. For each symbols, the corresponding CRC value
-        is stored too.
+        During a kernel build, a file named Module.symvers will be
+        generated. Module.symvers contains all exported symbols from
+        the kernel and compiled modules. For each symbol, the
+        corresponding CRC value is also stored.
 
         The syntax of the Module.symvers file is:
-                <CRC>       <Symbol>           <module>
-        Sample:
+                <CRC>       <Symbol>           <module>
+
                 0x2d036834  scsi_remove_host   drivers/scsi/scsi_mod
 
-        For a kernel build without CONFIG_MODVERSIONS enabled, the crc
-        would read: 0x00000000
+        For a kernel build without CONFIG_MODVERSIONS enabled, the CRC
+        would read 0x00000000.
 
         Module.symvers serves two purposes:
-        1) It lists all exported symbols both from vmlinux and all modules
-        2) It lists the CRC if CONFIG_MODVERSIONS is enabled
-
---- 7.2 Symbols and external modules
-
-        When building an external module, the build system needs access to
-        the symbols from the kernel to check if all external symbols are
-        defined. This is done in the MODPOST step and to obtain all
-        symbols, modpost reads Module.symvers from the kernel.
-        If a Module.symvers file is present in the directory where
-        the external module is being built, this file will be read too.
-        During the MODPOST step, a new Module.symvers file will be written
-        containing all exported symbols that were not defined in the kernel.
-
---- 7.3 Symbols from another external module
-
-        Sometimes, an external module uses exported symbols from another
-        external module. Kbuild needs to have full knowledge on all symbols
-        to avoid spitting out warnings about undefined symbols.
-        Three solutions exist to let kbuild know all symbols of more than
-        one external module.
-        The method with a top-level kbuild file is recommended but may be
-        impractical in certain situations.
-
-        Use a top-level Kbuild file
-                If you have two modules: 'foo' and 'bar', and 'foo' needs
-                symbols from 'bar', then one can use a common top-level kbuild
-                file so both modules are compiled in same build.
-
-                Consider following directory layout:
-                ./foo/ <= contains the foo module
-                ./bar/ <= contains the bar module
-                The top-level Kbuild file would then look like:
-
-                #./Kbuild: (this file may also be named Makefile)
+        1) It lists all exported symbols from vmlinux and all modules.
+        2) It lists the CRC if CONFIG_MODVERSIONS is enabled.
+
+--- 6.2 Symbols and External Modules
+
+        When building an external module, the build system needs access
+        to the symbols from the kernel to check if all external symbols
+        are defined. This is done in the MODPOST step. modpost obtains
+        the symbols by reading Module.symvers from the kernel source
+        tree. If a Module.symvers file is present in the directory
+        where the external module is being built, this file will be
+        read too. During the MODPOST step, a new Module.symvers file
+        will be written containing all exported symbols that were not
+        defined in the kernel.
+
+--- 6.3 Symbols From Another External Module
+
+        Sometimes, an external module uses exported symbols from
+        another external module. kbuild needs to have full knowledge of
+        all symbols to avoid spitting out warnings about undefined
+        symbols. Three solutions exist for this situation.
+
+        NOTE: The method with a top-level kbuild file is recommended
+        but may be impractical in certain situations.
+
+        Use a top-level kbuild file
+                If you have two modules, foo.ko and bar.ko, where
+                foo.ko needs symbols from bar.ko, you can use a
+                common top-level kbuild file so both modules are
+                compiled in the same build. Consider the following
+                directory layout:
+
+                ./foo/ <= contains foo.ko
+                ./bar/ <= contains bar.ko
+
+                The top-level kbuild file would then look like:
+
+                #./Kbuild (or ./Makefile):
                         obj-y := foo/ bar/
 
-                Executing:
-                        make -C $KDIR M=`pwd`
+                And executing
+
+                        $ make -C $KDIR M=$PWD
 
-                will then do the expected and compile both modules with full
-                knowledge on symbols from both modules.
+                will then do the expected and compile both modules with
+                full knowledge of symbols from either module.
 
         Use an extra Module.symvers file
-                When an external module is built, a Module.symvers file is
-                generated containing all exported symbols which are not
-                defined in the kernel.
-                To get access to symbols from module 'bar', one can copy the
-                Module.symvers file from the compilation of the 'bar' module
-                to the directory where the 'foo' module is built.
-                During the module build, kbuild will read the Module.symvers
-                file in the directory of the external module and when the
-                build is finished, a new Module.symvers file is created
-                containing the sum of all symbols defined and not part of the
-                kernel.
-
-        Use make variable KBUILD_EXTRA_SYMBOLS in the Makefile
-                If it is impractical to copy Module.symvers from another
-                module, you can assign a space separated list of files to
-                KBUILD_EXTRA_SYMBOLS in your Makfile. These files will be
-                loaded by modpost during the initialisation of its symbol
-                tables.
-
-=== 8. Tips & Tricks
-
---- 8.1 Testing for CONFIG_FOO_BAR
-
-        Modules often need to check for certain CONFIG_ options to decide if
-        a specific feature shall be included in the module. When kbuild is used
-        this is done by referencing the CONFIG_ variable directly.
+                When an external module is built, a Module.symvers file
+                is generated containing all exported symbols which are
+                not defined in the kernel. To get access to symbols
+                from bar.ko, copy the Module.symvers file from the
+                compilation of bar.ko to the directory where foo.ko is
+                built. During the module build, kbuild will read the
+                Module.symvers file in the directory of the external
+                module, and when the build is finished, a new
+                Module.symvers file is created containing the sum of
+                all symbols defined and not part of the kernel.
+
+        Use "make" variable KBUILD_EXTRA_SYMBOLS
+                If it is impractical to copy Module.symvers from
+                another module, you can assign a space separated list
+                of files to KBUILD_EXTRA_SYMBOLS in your build file.
+                These files will be loaded by modpost during the
+                initialization of its symbol tables.
+
+
+=== 7. Tips & Tricks
+
+--- 7.1 Testing for CONFIG_FOO_BAR
+
+        Modules often need to check for certain CONFIG_ options to
+        decide if a specific feature is included in the module. In
+        kbuild this is done by referencing the CONFIG_ variable
+        directly.
 
                 #fs/ext2/Makefile
                 obj-$(CONFIG_EXT2_FS) += ext2.o
@@ -544,9 +533,9 @@ Module.symvers contains a list of all exported symbols from a kernel build.
                 ext2-y := balloc.o bitmap.o dir.o
                 ext2-$(CONFIG_EXT2_FS_XATTR) += xattr.o
 
-        External modules have traditionally used grep to check for specific
-        CONFIG_ settings directly in .config. This usage is broken.
-        As introduced before, external modules shall use kbuild when building
-        and therefore can use the same methods as in-kernel modules when
-        testing for CONFIG_ definitions.
+        External modules have traditionally used "grep" to check for
+        specific CONFIG_ settings directly in .config. This usage is
+        broken. As introduced before, external modules should use
+        kbuild for building and can therefore use the same methods as
+        in-tree modules when testing for CONFIG_ definitions.