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+
+Ext4 Filesystem
+===============
+
+This is a development version of the ext4 filesystem, an advanced level
+of the ext3 filesystem which incorporates scalability and reliability
+enhancements for supporting large filesystems (64 bit) in keeping with
+increasing disk capacities and state-of-the-art feature requirements.
+
+Mailing list: linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org
+
+
+1. Quick usage instructions:
+===========================
+
+  - Grab updated e2fsprogs from
+    ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs-interim/
+    This is a patchset on top of e2fsprogs-1.39, which can be found at
+    ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs/
+
+  - It's still mke2fs -j /dev/hda1
+
+  - mount /dev/hda1 /wherever -t ext4dev
+
+  - To enable extents,
+
+        mount /dev/hda1 /wherever -t ext4dev -o extents
+
+  - The filesystem is compatible with the ext3 driver until you add a file
+    which has extents (ie: `mount -o extents', then create a file).
+
+    NOTE: The "extents" mount flag is temporary.  It will soon go away and
+    extents will be enabled by the "-o extents" flag to mke2fs or tune2fs
+
+  - When comparing performance with other filesystems, remember that
+    ext3/4 by default offers higher data integrity guarantees than most.  So
+    when comparing with a metadata-only journalling filesystem, use `mount -o
+    data=writeback'.  And you might as well use `mount -o nobh' too along
+    with it.  Making the journal larger than the mke2fs default often helps
+    performance with metadata-intensive workloads.
+
+2. Features
+===========
+
+2.1 Currently available
+
+* ability to use filesystems > 16TB
+* extent format reduces metadata overhead (RAM, IO for access, transactions)
+* extent format more robust in face of on-disk corruption due to magics,
+* internal redunancy in tree
+
+2.1 Previously available, soon to be enabled by default by "mkefs.ext4":
+
+* dir_index and resize inode will be on by default
+* large inodes will be used by default for fast EAs, nsec timestamps, etc
+
+2.2 Candidate features for future inclusion
+
+There are several under discussion, whether they all make it in is
+partly a function of how much time everyone has to work on them:
+
+* improved file allocation (multi-block alloc, delayed alloc; basically done)
+* fix 32000 subdirectory limit (patch exists, needs some e2fsck work)
+* nsec timestamps for mtime, atime, ctime, create time (patch exists,
+  needs some e2fsck work)
+* inode version field on disk (NFSv4, Lustre; prototype exists)
+* reduced mke2fs/e2fsck time via uninitialized groups (prototype exists)
+* journal checksumming for robustness, performance (prototype exists)
+* persistent file preallocation (e.g for streaming media, databases)
+
+Features like metadata checksumming have been discussed and planned for
+a bit but no patches exist yet so I'm not sure they're in the near-term
+roadmap.
+
+The big performance win will come with mballoc and delalloc.  CFS has
+been using mballoc for a few years already with Lustre, and IBM + Bull
+did a lot of benchmarking on it.  The reason it isn't in the first set of
+patches is partly a manageability issue, and partly because it doesn't
+directly affect the on-disk format (outside of much better allocation)
+so it isn't critical to get into the first round of changes.  I believe
+Alex is working on a new set of patches right now.
+
+3. Options
+==========
+
+When mounting an ext4 filesystem, the following option are accepted:
+(*) == default
+
+extents                 ext4 will use extents to address file data.  The
+                        file system will no longer be mountable by ext3.
+
+journal=update          Update the ext4 file system's journal to the current
+                        format.
+
+journal=inum            When a journal already exists, this option is ignored.
+                        Otherwise, it specifies the number of the inode which
+                        will represent the ext4 file system's journal file.
+
+journal_dev=devnum      When the external journal device's major/minor numbers
+                        have changed, this option allows the user to specify
+                        the new journal location.  The journal device is
+                        identified through its new major/minor numbers encoded
+                        in devnum.
+
+noload                  Don't load the journal on mounting.
+
+data=journal            All data are committed into the journal prior to being
+                        written into the main file system.
+
+data=ordered    (*)     All data are forced directly out to the main file
+                        system prior to its metadata being committed to the
+                        journal.
+
+data=writeback          Data ordering is not preserved, data may be written
+                        into the main file system after its metadata has been
+                        committed to the journal.
+
+commit=nrsec    (*)     Ext4 can be told to sync all its data and metadata
+                        every 'nrsec' seconds. The default value is 5 seconds.
+                        This means that if you lose your power, you will lose
+                        as much as the latest 5 seconds of work (your
+                        filesystem will not be damaged though, thanks to the
+                        journaling).  This default value (or any low value)
+                        will hurt performance, but it's good for data-safety.
+                        Setting it to 0 will have the same effect as leaving
+                        it at the default (5 seconds).
+                        Setting it to very large values will improve
+                        performance.
+
+barrier=1               This enables/disables barriers.  barrier=0 disables
+                        it, barrier=1 enables it.
+
+orlov           (*)     This enables the new Orlov block allocator. It is
+                        enabled by default.
+
+oldalloc                This disables the Orlov block allocator and enables
+                        the old block allocator.  Orlov should have better
+                        performance - we'd like to get some feedback if it's
+                        the contrary for you.
+
+user_xattr              Enables Extended User Attributes.  Additionally, you
+                        need to have extended attribute support enabled in the
+                        kernel configuration (CONFIG_EXT4_FS_XATTR).  See the
+                        attr(5) manual page and http://acl.bestbits.at/ to
+                        learn more about extended attributes.
+
+nouser_xattr            Disables Extended User Attributes.
+
+acl                     Enables POSIX Access Control Lists support.
+                        Additionally, you need to have ACL support enabled in
+                        the kernel configuration (CONFIG_EXT4_FS_POSIX_ACL).
+                        See the acl(5) manual page and http://acl.bestbits.at/
+                        for more information.
+
+noacl                   This option disables POSIX Access Control List
+                        support.
+
+reservation
+
+noreservation
+
+bsddf           (*)     Make 'df' act like BSD.
+minixdf                 Make 'df' act like Minix.
+
+check=none              Don't do extra checking of bitmaps on mount.
+nocheck
+
+debug                   Extra debugging information is sent to syslog.
+
+errors=remount-ro(*)    Remount the filesystem read-only on an error.
+errors=continue         Keep going on a filesystem error.
+errors=panic            Panic and halt the machine if an error occurs.
+
+grpid                   Give objects the same group ID as their creator.
+bsdgroups
+
+nogrpid         (*)     New objects have the group ID of their creator.
+sysvgroups
+
+resgid=n                The group ID which may use the reserved blocks.
+
+resuid=n                The user ID which may use the reserved blocks.
+
+sb=n                    Use alternate superblock at this location.
+
+quota
+noquota
+grpquota
+usrquota
+
+bh              (*)     ext4 associates buffer heads to data pages to
+nobh                    (a) cache disk block mapping information
+                        (b) link pages into transaction to provide
+                            ordering guarantees.
+                        "bh" option forces use of buffer heads.
+                        "nobh" option tries to avoid associating buffer
+                        heads (supported only for "writeback" mode).
+
+
+Data Mode
+---------
+There are 3 different data modes:
+
+* writeback mode
+In data=writeback mode, ext4 does not journal data at all.  This mode provides
+a similar level of journaling as that of XFS, JFS, and ReiserFS in its default
+mode - metadata journaling.  A crash+recovery can cause incorrect data to
+appear in files which were written shortly before the crash.  This mode will
+typically provide the best ext4 performance.
+
+* ordered mode
+In data=ordered mode, ext4 only officially journals metadata, but it logically
+groups metadata and data blocks into a single unit called a transaction.  When
+it's time to write the new metadata out to disk, the associated data blocks
+are written first.  In general, this mode performs slightly slower than
+writeback but significantly faster than journal mode.
+
+* journal mode
+data=journal mode provides full data and metadata journaling.  All new data is
+written to the journal first, and then to its final location.
+In the event of a crash, the journal can be replayed, bringing both data and
+metadata into a consistent state.  This mode is the slowest except when data
+needs to be read from and written to disk at the same time where it
+outperforms all others modes.
+
+References
+==========
+
+kernel source:  <file:fs/ext4/>
+                <file:fs/jbd2/>
+
+programs:       http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net/
+                http://ext2resize.sourceforge.net
+
+useful links:   http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/ext3-devel
+                http://www.bullopensource.org/ext4/