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+IDE-CD driver documentation
+Originally by scott snyder  <snyder@fnald0.fnal.gov> (19 May 1996)
+Carrying on the torch is: Erik Andersen <andersee@debian.org>
+New maintainers (19 Oct 1998): Jens Axboe <axboe@image.dk>
+
+1. Introduction
+---------------
+
+The ide-cd driver should work with all ATAPI ver 1.2 to ATAPI 2.6 compliant 
+CDROM drives which attach to an IDE interface.  Note that some CDROM vendors
+(including Mitsumi, Sony, Creative, Aztech, and Goldstar) have made
+both ATAPI-compliant drives and drives which use a proprietary
+interface.  If your drive uses one of those proprietary interfaces,
+this driver will not work with it (but one of the other CDROM drivers
+probably will).  This driver will not work with `ATAPI' drives which
+attach to the parallel port.  In addition, there is at least one drive
+(CyCDROM CR520ie) which attaches to the IDE port but is not ATAPI;
+this driver will not work with drives like that either (but see the
+aztcd driver).
+
+This driver provides the following features:
+
+ - Reading from data tracks, and mounting ISO 9660 filesystems.
+
+ - Playing audio tracks.  Most of the CDROM player programs floating
+   around should work; I usually use Workman.
+
+ - Multisession support.
+
+ - On drives which support it, reading digital audio data directly
+   from audio tracks.  The program cdda2wav can be used for this.
+   Note, however, that only some drives actually support this.
+
+ - There is now support for CDROM changers which comply with the 
+   ATAPI 2.6 draft standard (such as the NEC CDR-251).  This additional
+   functionality includes a function call to query which slot is the
+   currently selected slot, a function call to query which slots contain
+   CDs, etc. A sample program which demonstrates this functionality is
+   appended to the end of this file.  The Sanyo 3-disc changer
+   (which does not conform to the standard) is also now supported.
+   Please note the driver refers to the first CD as slot # 0.
+
+
+2. Installation
+---------------
+
+0. The ide-cd relies on the ide disk driver.  See
+   Documentation/ide.txt for up-to-date information on the ide
+   driver.
+
+1. Make sure that the ide and ide-cd drivers are compiled into the
+   kernel you're using.  When configuring the kernel, in the section 
+   entitled "Floppy, IDE, and other block devices", say either `Y' 
+   (which will compile the support directly into the kernel) or `M'
+   (to compile support as a module which can be loaded and unloaded)
+   to the options: 
+
+      Enhanced IDE/MFM/RLL disk/cdrom/tape/floppy support
+      Include IDE/ATAPI CDROM support
+
+   and `no' to
+
+      Use old disk-only driver on primary interface
+
+   Depending on what type of IDE interface you have, you may need to
+   specify additional configuration options.  See
+   Documentation/ide.txt.
+
+2. You should also ensure that the iso9660 filesystem is either
+   compiled into the kernel or available as a loadable module.  You
+   can see if a filesystem is known to the kernel by catting
+   /proc/filesystems.
+
+3. The CDROM drive should be connected to the host on an IDE
+   interface.  Each interface on a system is defined by an I/O port
+   address and an IRQ number, the standard assignments being
+   0x1f0 and 14 for the primary interface and 0x170 and 15 for the
+   secondary interface.  Each interface can control up to two devices,
+   where each device can be a hard drive, a CDROM drive, a floppy drive, 
+   or a tape drive.  The two devices on an interface are called `master'
+   and `slave'; this is usually selectable via a jumper on the drive.
+
+   Linux names these devices as follows.  The master and slave devices
+   on the primary IDE interface are called `hda' and `hdb',
+   respectively.  The drives on the secondary interface are called
+   `hdc' and `hdd'.  (Interfaces at other locations get other letters
+   in the third position; see Documentation/ide.txt.)
+
+   If you want your CDROM drive to be found automatically by the
+   driver, you should make sure your IDE interface uses either the
+   primary or secondary addresses mentioned above.  In addition, if
+   the CDROM drive is the only device on the IDE interface, it should
+   be jumpered as `master'.  (If for some reason you cannot configure
+   your system in this manner, you can probably still use the driver.
+   You may have to pass extra configuration information to the kernel
+   when you boot, however.  See Documentation/ide.txt for more
+   information.)
+
+4. Boot the system.  If the drive is recognized, you should see a
+   message which looks like
+
+     hdb: NEC CD-ROM DRIVE:260, ATAPI CDROM drive
+
+   If you do not see this, see section 5 below.
+
+5. You may want to create a symbolic link /dev/cdrom pointing to the
+   actual device.  You can do this with the command
+
+     ln -s  /dev/hdX  /dev/cdrom
+
+   where X should be replaced by the letter indicating where your
+   drive is installed.
+
+6. You should be able to see any error messages from the driver with
+   the `dmesg' command.
+
+
+3. Basic usage
+--------------
+
+An ISO 9660 CDROM can be mounted by putting the disc in the drive and 
+typing (as root)
+
+  mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
+
+where it is assumed that /dev/cdrom is a link pointing to the actual
+device (as described in step 5 of the last section) and /mnt/cdrom is
+an empty directory.  You should now be able to see the contents of the
+CDROM under the /mnt/cdrom directory.  If you want to eject the CDROM,
+you must first dismount it with a command like
+
+  umount /mnt/cdrom
+
+Note that audio CDs cannot be mounted.
+
+Some distributions set up /etc/fstab to always try to mount a CDROM
+filesystem on bootup.  It is not required to mount the CDROM in this
+manner, though, and it may be a nuisance if you change CDROMs often.
+You should feel free to remove the cdrom line from /etc/fstab and
+mount CDROMs manually if that suits you better.
+
+Multisession and photocd discs should work with no special handling.
+The hpcdtoppm package (ftp.gwdg.de:/pub/linux/hpcdtoppm/) may be
+useful for reading photocds.
+
+To play an audio CD, you should first unmount and remove any data
+CDROM.  Any of the CDROM player programs should then work (workman,
+workbone, cdplayer, etc.).  Lacking anything else, you could use the
+cdtester program in Documentation/cdrom/sbpcd.
+
+On a few drives, you can read digital audio directly using a program
+such as cdda2wav.  The only types of drive which I've heard support
+this are Sony and Toshiba drives.  You will get errors if you try to
+use this function on a drive which does not support it.
+
+For supported changers, you can use the `cdchange' program (appended to
+the end of this file) to switch between changer slots.  Note that the
+drive should be unmounted before attempting this.  The program takes
+two arguments:  the CDROM device, and the slot number to which you wish
+to change.  If the slot number is -1, the drive is unloaded.
+
+
+4. Compilation options
+----------------------
+
+There are a few additional options which can be set when compiling the
+driver.  Most people should not need to mess with any of these; they
+are listed here simply for completeness.  A compilation option can be
+enabled by adding a line of the form `#define <option> 1' to the top
+of ide-cd.c.  All these options are disabled by default.
+
+VERBOSE_IDE_CD_ERRORS
+  If this is set, ATAPI error codes will be translated into textual
+  descriptions.  In addition, a dump is made of the command which
+  provoked the error.  This is off by default to save the memory used
+  by the (somewhat long) table of error descriptions.  
+
+STANDARD_ATAPI
+  If this is set, the code needed to deal with certain drives which do
+  not properly implement the ATAPI spec will be disabled.  If you know
+  your drive implements ATAPI properly, you can turn this on to get a
+  slightly smaller kernel.
+
+NO_DOOR_LOCKING
+  If this is set, the driver will never attempt to lock the door of
+  the drive.
+
+CDROM_NBLOCKS_BUFFER
+  This sets the size of the buffer to be used for a CDROMREADAUDIO
+  ioctl.  The default is 8.
+
+TEST
+  This currently enables an additional ioctl which enables a user-mode
+  program to execute an arbitrary packet command.  See the source for
+  details.  This should be left off unless you know what you're doing.
+
+
+5. Common problems
+------------------
+
+This section discusses some common problems encountered when trying to
+use the driver, and some possible solutions.  Note that if you are
+experiencing problems, you should probably also review
+Documentation/ide.txt for current information about the underlying
+IDE support code.  Some of these items apply only to earlier versions
+of the driver, but are mentioned here for completeness.
+
+In most cases, you should probably check with `dmesg' for any errors
+from the driver.
+
+a. Drive is not detected during booting.
+
+   - Review the configuration instructions above and in
+     Documentation/ide.txt, and check how your hardware is
+     configured.
+
+   - If your drive is the only device on an IDE interface, it should
+     be jumpered as master, if at all possible.
+
+   - If your IDE interface is not at the standard addresses of 0x170
+     or 0x1f0, you'll need to explicitly inform the driver using a
+     lilo option.  See Documentation/ide.txt.  (This feature was
+     added around kernel version 1.3.30.)
+
+   - If the autoprobing is not finding your drive, you can tell the
+     driver to assume that one exists by using a lilo option of the
+     form `hdX=cdrom', where X is the drive letter corresponding to
+     where your drive is installed.  Note that if you do this and you 
+     see a boot message like
+
+       hdX: ATAPI cdrom (?)
+
+     this does _not_ mean that the driver has successfully detected
+     the drive; rather, it means that the driver has not detected a
+     drive, but is assuming there's one there anyway because you told
+     it so.  If you actually try to do I/O to a drive defined at a
+     nonexistent or nonresponding I/O address, you'll probably get
+     errors with a status value of 0xff.
+
+   - Some IDE adapters require a nonstandard initialization sequence
+     before they'll function properly.  (If this is the case, there
+     will often be a separate MS-DOS driver just for the controller.)
+     IDE interfaces on sound cards often fall into this category.
+
+     Support for some interfaces needing extra initialization is
+     provided in later 1.3.x kernels.  You may need to turn on
+     additional kernel configuration options to get them to work;
+     see Documentation/ide.txt.
+
+     Even if support is not available for your interface, you may be
+     able to get it to work with the following procedure.  First boot
+     MS-DOS and load the appropriate drivers.  Then warm-boot linux
+     (i.e., without powering off).  If this works, it can be automated
+     by running loadlin from the MS-DOS autoexec.
+
+
+b. Timeout/IRQ errors.
+
+  - If you always get timeout errors, interrupts from the drive are
+    probably not making it to the host.
+
+  - IRQ problems may also be indicated by the message
+    `IRQ probe failed (<n>)' while booting.  If <n> is zero, that
+    means that the system did not see an interrupt from the drive when
+    it was expecting one (on any feasible IRQ).  If <n> is negative,
+    that means the system saw interrupts on multiple IRQ lines, when
+    it was expecting to receive just one from the CDROM drive.
+
+  - Double-check your hardware configuration to make sure that the IRQ
+    number of your IDE interface matches what the driver expects.
+    (The usual assignments are 14 for the primary (0x1f0) interface
+    and 15 for the secondary (0x170) interface.)  Also be sure that
+    you don't have some other hardware which might be conflicting with
+    the IRQ you're using.  Also check the BIOS setup for your system;
+    some have the ability to disable individual IRQ levels, and I've
+    had one report of a system which was shipped with IRQ 15 disabled
+    by default.
+
+  - Note that many MS-DOS CDROM drivers will still function even if
+    there are hardware problems with the interrupt setup; they
+    apparently don't use interrupts.
+
+  - If you own a Pioneer DR-A24X, you _will_ get nasty error messages 
+    on boot such as "irq timeout: status=0x50 { DriveReady SeekComplete }"
+    The Pioneer DR-A24X CDROM drives are fairly popular these days.
+    Unfortunately, these drives seem to become very confused when we perform
+    the standard Linux ATA disk drive probe. If you own one of these drives,
+    you can bypass the ATA probing which confuses these CDROM drives, by 
+    adding `append="hdX=noprobe hdX=cdrom"' to your lilo.conf file and running 
+    lilo (again where X is the drive letter corresponding to where your drive 
+    is installed.)
+    
+c. System hangups.
+
+  - If the system locks up when you try to access the CDROM, the most
+    likely cause is that you have a buggy IDE adapter which doesn't
+    properly handle simultaneous transactions on multiple interfaces.
+    The most notorious of these is the CMD640B chip.  This problem can
+    be worked around by specifying the `serialize' option when
+    booting.  Recent kernels should be able to detect the need for
+    this automatically in most cases, but the detection is not
+    foolproof.  See Documentation/ide.txt for more information
+    about the `serialize' option and the CMD640B.
+
+  - Note that many MS-DOS CDROM drivers will work with such buggy
+    hardware, apparently because they never attempt to overlap CDROM
+    operations with other disk activity.
+
+
+d. Can't mount a CDROM.
+
+  - If you get errors from mount, it may help to check `dmesg' to see
+    if there are any more specific errors from the driver or from the
+    filesystem.
+
+  - Make sure there's a CDROM loaded in the drive, and that's it's an
+    ISO 9660 disc.  You can't mount an audio CD.
+
+  - With the CDROM in the drive and unmounted, try something like
+
+      cat /dev/cdrom | od | more
+
+    If you see a dump, then the drive and driver are probably working
+    OK, and the problem is at the filesystem level (i.e., the CDROM is
+    not ISO 9660 or has errors in the filesystem structure).
+
+  - If you see `not a block device' errors, check that the definitions
+    of the device special files are correct.  They should be as
+    follows:
+
+      brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,   0 Nov 11 18:48 /dev/hda
+      brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,  64 Nov 11 18:48 /dev/hdb
+      brw-rw----   1 root     disk      22,   0 Nov 11 18:48 /dev/hdc
+      brw-rw----   1 root     disk      22,  64 Nov 11 18:48 /dev/hdd
+
+    Some early Slackware releases had these defined incorrectly.  If
+    these are wrong, you can remake them by running the script
+    scripts/MAKEDEV.ide.  (You may have to make it executable
+    with chmod first.)
+
+    If you have a /dev/cdrom symbolic link, check that it is pointing
+    to the correct device file.
+
+    If you hear people talking of the devices `hd1a' and `hd1b', these
+    were old names for what are now called hdc and hdd.  Those names
+    should be considered obsolete.
+
+  - If mount is complaining that the iso9660 filesystem is not
+    available, but you know it is (check /proc/filesystems), you
+    probably need a newer version of mount.  Early versions would not
+    always give meaningful error messages.
+
+
+e. Directory listings are unpredictably truncated, and `dmesg' shows
+   `buffer botch' error messages from the driver.
+
+  - There was a bug in the version of the driver in 1.2.x kernels
+    which could cause this.  It was fixed in 1.3.0.  If you can't
+    upgrade, you can probably work around the problem by specifying a
+    blocksize of 2048 when mounting.  (Note that you won't be able to
+    directly execute binaries off the CDROM in that case.)
+
+    If you see this in kernels later than 1.3.0, please report it as a
+    bug.
+
+
+f. Data corruption.
+
+  - Random data corruption was occasionally observed with the Hitachi
+    CDR-7730 CDROM. If you experience data corruption, using "hdx=slow"
+    as a command line parameter may work around the problem, at the
+    expense of low system performance.
+
+
+6. cdchange.c
+-------------
+
+/*
+ * cdchange.c  [-v]  <device>  [<slot>]
+ *
+ * This loads a CDROM from a specified slot in a changer, and displays 
+ * information about the changer status.  The drive should be unmounted before 
+ * using this program.
+ *
+ * Changer information is displayed if either the -v flag is specified
+ * or no slot was specified.
+ *
+ * Based on code originally from Gerhard Zuber <zuber@berlin.snafu.de>.
+ * Changer status information, and rewrite for the new Uniform CDROM driver
+ * interface by Erik Andersen <andersee@debian.org>.
+ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <linux/cdrom.h>
+
+
+int
+main (int argc, char **argv)
+{
+        char *program;
+        char *device;
+        int fd;           /* file descriptor for CD-ROM device */
+        int status;       /* return status for system calls */
+        int verbose = 0;
+        int slot=-1, x_slot;
+        int total_slots_available;
+
+        program = argv[0];
+
+        ++argv;
+        --argc;
+
+        if (argc < 1 || argc > 3) {
+                fprintf (stderr, "usage: %s [-v] <device> [<slot>]\n",
+                         program);
+                fprintf (stderr, "       Slots are numbered 1 -- n.\n");
+                exit (1);
+        }
+ 
+       if (strcmp (argv[0], "-v") == 0) {
+                verbose = 1;
+                ++argv;
+                --argc;
+        }
+ 
+        device = argv[0];
+ 
+        if (argc == 2)
+                slot = atoi (argv[1]) - 1;
+
+        /* open device */ 
+        fd = open(device, O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK);
+        if (fd < 0) {
+                fprintf (stderr, "%s: open failed for `%s': %s\n",
+                         program, device, strerror (errno));
+                exit (1);
+        }
+
+        /* Check CD player status */ 
+        total_slots_available = ioctl (fd, CDROM_CHANGER_NSLOTS);
+        if (total_slots_available <= 1 ) {
+                fprintf (stderr, "%s: Device `%s' is not an ATAPI "
+                        "compliant CD changer.\n", program, device);
+                exit (1);
+        }
+
+        if (slot >= 0) {
+                if (slot >= total_slots_available) {
+                        fprintf (stderr, "Bad slot number.  "
+                                 "Should be 1 -- %d.\n",
+                                 total_slots_available);
+                        exit (1);
+                }
+
+                /* load */ 
+                slot=ioctl (fd, CDROM_SELECT_DISC, slot);
+                if (slot<0) {
+                        fflush(stdout);
+                                perror ("CDROM_SELECT_DISC ");
+                        exit(1);
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (slot < 0 || verbose) {
+
+                status=ioctl (fd, CDROM_SELECT_DISC, CDSL_CURRENT);
+                if (status<0) {
+                        fflush(stdout);
+                        perror (" CDROM_SELECT_DISC");
+                        exit(1);
+                }
+                slot=status;
+
+                printf ("Current slot: %d\n", slot+1);
+                printf ("Total slots available: %d\n",
+                        total_slots_available);
+
+                printf ("Drive status: ");
+                status = ioctl (fd, CDROM_DRIVE_STATUS, CDSL_CURRENT);
+                if (status<0) {
+                  perror(" CDROM_DRIVE_STATUS");
+                } else switch(status) {
+                case CDS_DISC_OK:
+                        printf ("Ready.\n");
+                        break;
+                case CDS_TRAY_OPEN:
+                        printf ("Tray Open.\n");
+                        break;
+                case CDS_DRIVE_NOT_READY:
+                        printf ("Drive Not Ready.\n");
+                        break;
+                default:
+                        printf ("This Should not happen!\n");
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                for (x_slot=0; x_slot<total_slots_available; x_slot++) {
+                        printf ("Slot %2d: ", x_slot+1);
+                        status = ioctl (fd, CDROM_DRIVE_STATUS, x_slot);
+                        if (status<0) {
+                             perror(" CDROM_DRIVE_STATUS");
+                        } else switch(status) {
+                        case CDS_DISC_OK:
+                                printf ("Disc present.");
+                                break;
+                        case CDS_NO_DISC: 
+                                printf ("Empty slot.");
+                                break;
+                        case CDS_TRAY_OPEN:
+                                printf ("CD-ROM tray open.\n");
+                                break;
+                        case CDS_DRIVE_NOT_READY:
+                                printf ("CD-ROM drive not ready.\n");
+                                break;
+                        case CDS_NO_INFO:
+                                printf ("No Information available.");
+                                break;
+                        default:
+                                printf ("This Should not happen!\n");
+                                break;
+                        }
+                  if (slot == x_slot) {
+                  status = ioctl (fd, CDROM_DISC_STATUS);
+                  if (status<0) {
+                        perror(" CDROM_DISC_STATUS");
+                  }
+                  switch (status) {
+                        case CDS_AUDIO:
+                                printf ("\tAudio disc.\t");
+                                break;
+                        case CDS_DATA_1:
+                        case CDS_DATA_2:
+                                printf ("\tData disc type %d.\t", status-CDS_DATA_1+1);
+                                break;
+                        case CDS_XA_2_1:
+                        case CDS_XA_2_2:
+                                printf ("\tXA data disc type %d.\t", status-CDS_XA_2_1+1);
+                                break;
+                        default:
+                                printf ("\tUnknown disc type 0x%x!\t", status);
+                                break;
+                        }
+                        }
+                        status = ioctl (fd, CDROM_MEDIA_CHANGED, x_slot);
+                        if (status<0) {
+                                perror(" CDROM_MEDIA_CHANGED");
+                        }
+                        switch (status) {
+                        case 1:
+                                printf ("Changed.\n");
+                                break;
+                        default:
+                                printf ("\n");
+                                break;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* close device */
+        status = close (fd);
+        if (status != 0) {
+                fprintf (stderr, "%s: close failed for `%s': %s\n",
+                         program, device, strerror (errno));
+                exit (1);
+        }
+ 
+        exit (0);
+}