[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation

Per zone counter infrastructure

The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor.  The
processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to.  We
cannot tell f.e.  how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty.

So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various
zones.  F.e.  in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a
particular node.  If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance
the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA
system.  For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so
that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge
amounts of pages.

Another example is zone reclaim.  We do not know how many unmapped pages exist
per zone.  So we just have to try to reclaim.  If it is not working then we
pause and try again later.  It would be better if we knew when it makes sense
to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone.  This patchset allows the determination
of the number of unmapped pages per zone.  We can remove the zone reclaim
interval with the counters introduced here.

Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow
the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve
the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node
and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space
program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance
memory use in order to increase performance.

The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor
in struct zone.  The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold
is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when
slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called.

Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the
zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array.  VM functions can
access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array.

The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output
has to be generated for /proc/*.

Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or
_inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state.  The second group of
functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled.

Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided.  These can
avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an
architecture may provide.

We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can
do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated.  This is
only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects
node_page_state().  In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to
retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node.

[akpm@osdl.org: cleanups]
[akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

2 files changed, 137 insertions, 1 deletions

diff --git a/include/linux/mmzone.h b/include/linux/mmzone.h
index d6120fa69116..543f9e411563 100644
--- a/include/linux/mmzone.h
+++ b/include/linux/mmzone.h
@@ -46,6 +46,9 @@ struct zone_padding {
 #define ZONE_PADDING(name)
 #endif
 
+enum zone_stat_item {
+        NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS };
+
 struct per_cpu_pages {
         int count;              /* number of pages in the list */
         int high;               /* high watermark, emptying needed */
@@ -55,6 +58,10 @@ struct per_cpu_pages {
 
 struct per_cpu_pageset {
         struct per_cpu_pages pcp[2];    /* 0: hot.  1: cold */
+#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
+        s8 vm_stat_diff[NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS];
+#endif
+
 #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
         unsigned long numa_hit;         /* allocated in intended node */
         unsigned long numa_miss;        /* allocated in non intended node */
@@ -165,6 +172,8 @@ struct zone {
         /* A count of how many reclaimers are scanning this zone */
         atomic_t                reclaim_in_progress;
 
+        /* Zone statistics */
+        atomic_long_t           vm_stat[NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS];
         /*
          * timestamp (in jiffies) of the last zone reclaim that did not
          * result in freeing of pages. This is used to avoid repeated scans
diff --git a/include/linux/vmstat.h b/include/linux/vmstat.h
index 3ca0c1989fc2..3fd5c11e544a 100644
--- a/include/linux/vmstat.h
+++ b/include/linux/vmstat.h
@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@
 
 #include <linux/types.h>
 #include <linux/percpu.h>
+#include <linux/config.h>
+#include <linux/mmzone.h>
+#include <asm/atomic.h>
 
 /*
  * Global page accounting.  One instance per CPU.  Only unsigned longs are
@@ -134,5 +137,129 @@ extern void __mod_page_state_offset(unsigned long offset, unsigned long delta);
 
 DECLARE_PER_CPU(struct page_state, page_states);
 
-#endif /* _LINUX_VMSTAT_H */
+/*
+ * Zone based page accounting with per cpu differentials.
+ */
+extern atomic_long_t vm_stat[NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS];
+
+static inline void zone_page_state_add(long x, struct zone *zone,
+                                 enum zone_stat_item item)
+{
+        atomic_long_add(x, &zone->vm_stat[item]);
+        atomic_long_add(x, &vm_stat[item]);
+}
+
+static inline unsigned long global_page_state(enum zone_stat_item item)
+{
+        long x = atomic_long_read(&vm_stat[item]);
+#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
+        if (x < 0)
+                x = 0;
+#endif
+        return x;
+}
+
+static inline unsigned long zone_page_state(struct zone *zone,
+                                        enum zone_stat_item item)
+{
+        long x = atomic_long_read(&zone->vm_stat[item]);
+#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
+        if (x < 0)
+                x = 0;
+#endif
+        return x;
+}
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
+/*
+ * Determine the per node value of a stat item. This function
+ * is called frequently in a NUMA machine, so try to be as
+ * frugal as possible.
+ */
+static inline unsigned long node_page_state(int node,
+                                 enum zone_stat_item item)
+{
+        struct zone *zones = NODE_DATA(node)->node_zones;
+
+        return
+#ifndef CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL
+#if !defined(CONFIG_DMA_IS_DMA32) && BITS_PER_LONG >= 64
+                zone_page_state(&zones[ZONE_DMA32], item) +
+#endif
+                zone_page_state(&zones[ZONE_NORMAL], item) +
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM
+                zone_page_state(&zones[ZONE_HIGHMEM], item) +
+#endif
+                zone_page_state(&zones[ZONE_DMA], item);
+}
+#else
+#define node_page_state(node, item) global_page_state(item)
+#endif
+
+#define __add_zone_page_state(__z, __i, __d)    \
+                __mod_zone_page_state(__z, __i, __d)
+#define __sub_zone_page_state(__z, __i, __d)    \
+                __mod_zone_page_state(__z, __i,-(__d))
+
+#define add_zone_page_state(__z, __i, __d) mod_zone_page_state(__z, __i, __d)
+#define sub_zone_page_state(__z, __i, __d) mod_zone_page_state(__z, __i, -(__d))
+
+static inline void zap_zone_vm_stats(struct zone *zone)
+{
+        memset(zone->vm_stat, 0, sizeof(zone->vm_stat));
+}
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
+void __mod_zone_page_state(struct zone *, enum zone_stat_item item, int);
+void __inc_zone_page_state(struct page *, enum zone_stat_item);
+void __dec_zone_page_state(struct page *, enum zone_stat_item);
 
+void mod_zone_page_state(struct zone *, enum zone_stat_item, int);
+void inc_zone_page_state(struct page *, enum zone_stat_item);
+void dec_zone_page_state(struct page *, enum zone_stat_item);
+
+extern void inc_zone_state(struct zone *, enum zone_stat_item);
+
+void refresh_cpu_vm_stats(int);
+void refresh_vm_stats(void);
+
+#else /* CONFIG_SMP */
+
+/*
+ * We do not maintain differentials in a single processor configuration.
+ * The functions directly modify the zone and global counters.
+ */
+static inline void __mod_zone_page_state(struct zone *zone,
+                        enum zone_stat_item item, int delta)
+{
+        zone_page_state_add(delta, zone, item);
+}
+
+static inline void __inc_zone_page_state(struct page *page,
+                        enum zone_stat_item item)
+{
+        atomic_long_inc(&page_zone(page)->vm_stat[item]);
+        atomic_long_inc(&vm_stat[item]);
+}
+
+static inline void __dec_zone_page_state(struct page *page,
+                        enum zone_stat_item item)
+{
+        atomic_long_dec(&page_zone(page)->vm_stat[item]);
+        atomic_long_dec(&vm_stat[item]);
+}
+
+/*
+ * We only use atomic operations to update counters. So there is no need to
+ * disable interrupts.
+ */
+#define inc_zone_page_state __inc_zone_page_state
+#define dec_zone_page_state __dec_zone_page_state
+#define mod_zone_page_state __mod_zone_page_state
+
+static inline void refresh_cpu_vm_stats(int cpu) { }
+static inline void refresh_vm_stats(void) { }
+#endif
+
+#endif /* _LINUX_VMSTAT_H */