CacheFiles: A cache that backs onto a mounted filesystem

Add an FS-Cache cache-backend that permits a mounted filesystem to be used as a
backing store for the cache.

CacheFiles uses a userspace daemon to do some of the cache management - such as
reaping stale nodes and culling.  This is called cachefilesd and lives in
/sbin.  The source for the daemon can be downloaded from:

	http://people.redhat.com/~dhowells/cachefs/cachefilesd.c

And an example configuration from:

	http://people.redhat.com/~dhowells/cachefs/cachefilesd.conf

The filesystem and data integrity of the cache are only as good as those of the
filesystem providing the backing services.  Note that CacheFiles does not
attempt to journal anything since the journalling interfaces of the various
filesystems are very specific in nature.

CacheFiles creates a misc character device - "/dev/cachefiles" - that is used
to communication with the daemon.  Only one thing may have this open at once,
and whilst it is open, a cache is at least partially in existence.  The daemon
opens this and sends commands down it to control the cache.

CacheFiles is currently limited to a single cache.

CacheFiles attempts to maintain at least a certain percentage of free space on
the filesystem, shrinking the cache by culling the objects it contains to make
space if necessary - see the "Cache Culling" section.  This means it can be
placed on the same medium as a live set of data, and will expand to make use of
spare space and automatically contract when the set of data requires more
space.

============
REQUIREMENTS
============

The use of CacheFiles and its daemon requires the following features to be
available in the system and in the cache filesystem:

	- dnotify.

	- extended attributes (xattrs).

	- openat() and friends.

	- bmap() support on files in the filesystem (FIBMAP ioctl).

	- The use of bmap() to detect a partial page at the end of the file.

It is strongly recommended that the "dir_index" option is enabled on Ext3
filesystems being used as a cache.

=============
CONFIGURATION
=============

The cache is configured by a script in /etc/cachefilesd.conf.  These commands
set up cache ready for use.  The following script commands are available:

 (*) brun <N>%
 (*) bcull <N>%
 (*) bstop <N>%
 (*) frun <N>%
 (*) fcull <N>%
 (*) fstop <N>%

	Configure the culling limits.  Optional.  See the section on culling
	The defaults are 7% (run), 5% (cull) and 1% (stop) respectively.

	The commands beginning with a 'b' are file space (block) limits, those
	beginning with an 'f' are file count limits.

 (*) dir <path>

	Specify the directory containing the root of the cache.  Mandatory.

 (*) tag <name>

	Specify a tag to FS-Cache to use in distinguishing multiple caches.
	Optional.  The default is "CacheFiles".

 (*) debug <mask>

	Specify a numeric bitmask to control debugging in the kernel module.
	Optional.  The default is zero (all off).  The following values can be
	OR'd into the mask to collect various information:

		1	Turn on trace of function entry (_enter() macros)
		2	Turn on trace of function exit (_leave() macros)
		4	Turn on trace of internal debug points (_debug())

	This mask can also be set through sysfs, eg:

		echo 5 >/sys/modules/cachefiles/parameters/debug

==================
STARTING THE CACHE
==================

The cache is started by running the daemon.  The daemon opens the cache device,
configures the cache and tells it to begin caching.  At that point the cache
binds to fscache and the cache becomes live.

The daemon is run as follows:

	/sbin/cachefilesd [-d]* [-s] [-n] [-f <configfile>]

The flags are:

 (*) -d

	Increase the debugging level.  This can be specified multiple times and
	is cumulative with itself.

 (*) -s

	Send messages to stderr instead of syslog.

 (*) -n

	Don't daemonise and go into background.

 (*) -f <configfile>

	Use an alternative configuration file rather than the default one.

===============
THINGS TO AVOID
===============

Do not mount other things within the cache as this will cause problems.  The
kernel module contains its own very cut-down path walking facility that ignores
mountpoints, but the daemon can't avoid them.

Do not create, rename or unlink files and directories in the cache whilst the
cache is active, as this may cause the state to become uncertain.

Renaming files in the cache might make objects appear to be other objects (the
filename is part of the lookup key).

Do not change or remove the extended attributes attached to cache files by the
cache as this will cause the cache state management to get confused.

Do not create files or directories in the cache, lest the cache get confused or
serve incorrect data.

Do not chmod files in the cache.  The module creates things with minimal
permissions to prevent random users being able to access them directly.

=============
CACHE CULLING
=============

The cache may need culling occasionally to make space.  This involves
discarding objects from the cache that have been used less recently than
anything else.  Culling is based on the access time of data objects.  Empty
directories are culled if not in use.

Cache culling is done on the basis of the percentage of blocks and the
percentage of files available in the underlying filesystem.  There are six
"limits":

 (*) brun
 (*) frun

     If the amount of free space and the number of available files in the cache
     rises above both these limits, then culling is turned off.

 (*) bcull
 (*) fcull

     If the amount of available space or the number of available files in the
     cache falls below either of these limits, then culling is started.

 (*) bstop
 (*) fstop

     If the amount of available space or the number of available files in the
     cache falls below either of these limits, then no further allocation of
     disk space or files is permitted until culling has raised things above
     these limits again.

These must be configured thusly:

	0 <= bstop < bcull < brun < 100
	0 <= fstop < fcull < frun < 100

Note that these are percentages of available space and available files, and do
_not_ appear as 100 minus the percentage displayed by the "df" program.

The userspace daemon scans the cache to build up a table of cullable objects.
These are then culled in least recently used order.  A new scan of the cache is
started as soon as space is made in the table.  Objects will be skipped if
their atimes have changed or if the kernel module says it is still using them.

===============
CACHE STRUCTURE
===============

The CacheFiles module will create two directories in the directory it was
given:

 (*) cache/

 (*) graveyard/

The active cache objects all reside in the first directory.  The CacheFiles
kernel module moves any retired or culled objects that it can't simply unlink
to the graveyard from which the daemon will actually delete them.

The daemon uses dnotify to monitor the graveyard directory, and will delete
anything that appears therein.

The module represents index objects as directories with the filename "I..." or
"J...".  Note that the "cache/" directory is itself a special index.

Data objects are represented as files if they have no children, or directories
if they do.  Their filenames all begin "D..." or "E...".  If represented as a
directory, data objects will have a file in the directory called "data" that
actually holds the data.

Special objects are similar to data objects, except their filenames begin
"S..." or "T...".

If an object has children, then it will be represented as a directory.
Immediately in the representative directory are a collection of directories
named for hash values of the child object keys with an '@' prepended.  Into
this directory, if possible, will be placed the representations of the child
objects:

	INDEX     INDEX      INDEX                             DATA FILES
	========= ========== ================================= ================
	cache/@4a/I03nfs/@30/Ji000000000000000--fHg8hi8400
	cache/@4a/I03nfs/@30/Ji000000000000000--fHg8hi8400/@75/Es0g000w...DB1ry
	cache/@4a/I03nfs/@30/Ji000000000000000--fHg8hi8400/@75/Es0g000w...N22ry
	cache/@4a/I03nfs/@30/Ji000000000000000--fHg8hi8400/@75/Es0g000w...FP1ry

If the key is so long that it exceeds NAME_MAX with the decorations added on to
it, then it will be cut into pieces, the first few of which will be used to
make a nest of directories, and the last one of which will be the objects
inside the last directory.  The names of the intermediate directories will have
'+' prepended:

	J1223/@23/+xy...z/+kl...m/Epqr

Note that keys are raw data, and not only may they exceed NAME_MAX in size,
they may also contain things like '/' and NUL characters, and so they may not
be suitable for turning directly into a filename.

To handle this, CacheFiles will use a suitably printable filename directly and
"base-64" encode ones that aren't directly suitable.  The two versions of
object filenames indicate the encoding:

	OBJECT TYPE	PRINTABLE	ENCODED
	===============	===============	===============
	Index		"I..."		"J..."
	Data		"D..."		"E..."
	Special		"S..."		"T..."

Intermediate directories are always "@" or "+" as appropriate.

Each object in the cache has an extended attribute label that holds the object
type ID (required to distinguish special objects) and the auxiliary data from
the netfs.  The latter is used to detect stale objects in the cache and update
or retire them.

Note that CacheFiles will erase from the cache any file it doesn't recognise or
any file of an incorrect type (such as a FIFO file or a device file).

==========================
SECURITY MODEL AND SELINUX
==========================

CacheFiles is implemented to deal properly with the LSM security features of
the Linux kernel and the SELinux facility.

One of the problems that CacheFiles faces is that it is generally acting on
behalf of a process, and running in that process's context, and that includes a
security context that is not appropriate for accessing the cache - either
because the files in the cache are inaccessible to that process, or because if
the process creates a file in the cache, that file may be inaccessible to other
processes.

The way CacheFiles works is to temporarily change the security context (fsuid,
fsgid and actor security label) that the process acts as - without changing the
security context of the process when it the target of an operation performed by
some other process (so signalling and suchlike still work correctly).

When the CacheFiles module is asked to bind to its cache, it:

 (1) Finds the security label attached to the root cache directory and uses
     that as the security label with which it will create files.  By default,
     this is:

	cachefiles_var_t

 (2) Finds the security label of the process which issued the bind request
     (presumed to be the cachefilesd daemon), which by default will be:

	cachefilesd_t

     and asks LSM to supply a security ID as which it should act given the
     daemon's label.  By default, this will be:

	cachefiles_kernel_t

     SELinux transitions the daemon's security ID to the module's security ID
     based on a rule of this form in the policy.

	type_transition <daemon's-ID> kernel_t : process <module's-ID>;

     For instance:

	type_transition cachefilesd_t kernel_t : process cachefiles_kernel_t;

The module's security ID gives it permission to create, move and remove files
and directories in the cache, to find and access directories and files in the
cache, to set and access extended attributes on cache objects, and to read and
write files in the cache.

The daemon's security ID gives it only a very restricted set of permissions: it
may scan directories, stat files and erase files and directories.  It may
not read or write files in the cache, and so it is precluded from accessing the
data cached therein; nor is it permitted to create new files in the cache.

There are policy source files available in:

	http://people.redhat.com/~dhowells/fscache/cachefilesd-0.8.tar.bz2

and later versions.  In that tarball, see the files:

	cachefilesd.te
	cachefilesd.fc
	cachefilesd.if

They are built and installed directly by the RPM.

If a non-RPM based system is being used, then copy the above files to their own
directory and run:

	make -f /usr/share/selinux/devel/Makefile
	semodule -i cachefilesd.pp

You will need checkpolicy and selinux-policy-devel installed prior to the
build.

By default, the cache is located in /var/fscache, but if it is desirable that
it should be elsewhere, than either the above policy files must be altered, or
an auxiliary policy must be installed to label the alternate location of the
cache.

For instructions on how to add an auxiliary policy to enable the cache to be
located elsewhere when SELinux is in enforcing mode, please see:

	/usr/share/doc/cachefilesd-*/move-cache.txt

When the cachefilesd rpm is installed; alternatively, the document can be found
in the sources.

==================
A NOTE ON SECURITY
==================

CacheFiles makes use of the split security in the task_struct.  It allocates
its own task_security structure, and redirects current->act_as to point to it
when it acts on behalf of another process, in that process's context.

The reason it does this is that it calls vfs_mkdir() and suchlike rather than
bypassing security and calling inode ops directly.  Therefore the VFS and LSM
may deny the CacheFiles access to the cache data because under some
circumstances the caching code is running in the security context of whatever
process issued the original syscall on the netfs.

Furthermore, should CacheFiles create a file or directory, the security
parameters with that object is created (UID, GID, security label) would be
derived from that process that issued the system call, thus potentially
preventing other processes from accessing the cache - including CacheFiles's
cache management daemon (cachefilesd).

What is required is to temporarily override the security of the process that
issued the system call.  We can't, however, just do an in-place change of the
security data as that affects the process as an object, not just as a subject.
This means it may lose signals or ptrace events for example, and affects what
the process looks like in /proc.

So CacheFiles makes use of a logical split in the security between the
objective security (task->sec) and the subjective security (task->act_as).  The
objective security holds the intrinsic security properties of a process and is
never overridden.  This is what appears in /proc, and is what is used when a
process is the target of an operation by some other process (SIGKILL for
example).

The subjective security holds the active security properties of a process, and
may be overridden.  This is not seen externally, and is used whan a process
acts upon another object, for example SIGKILLing another process or opening a
file.

LSM hooks exist that allow SELinux (or Smack or whatever) to reject a request
for CacheFiles to run in a context of a specific security label, or to create
files and directories with another security label.

This documentation is added by the patch to:

	Documentation/filesystems/caching/cachefiles.txt

Signed-Off-By: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Steve Dickson <steved@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Tested-by: Daire Byrne <Daire.Byrne@framestore.com>

1 files changed, 771 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/fs/cachefiles/namei.c b/fs/cachefiles/namei.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4ce818ae39ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs/cachefiles/namei.c
@@ -0,0 +1,771 @@
+/* CacheFiles path walking and related routines
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 Red Hat, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Written by David Howells (dhowells@redhat.com)
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public Licence
+ * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version
+ * 2 of the Licence, or (at your option) any later version.
+ */
+
+#include <linux/module.h>
+#include <linux/sched.h>
+#include <linux/file.h>
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/fsnotify.h>
+#include <linux/quotaops.h>
+#include <linux/xattr.h>
+#include <linux/mount.h>
+#include <linux/namei.h>
+#include <linux/security.h>
+#include "internal.h"
+
+static int cachefiles_wait_bit(void *flags)
+{
+        schedule();
+        return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * record the fact that an object is now active
+ */
+static void cachefiles_mark_object_active(struct cachefiles_cache *cache,
+                                          struct cachefiles_object *object)
+{
+        struct cachefiles_object *xobject;
+        struct rb_node **_p, *_parent = NULL;
+        struct dentry *dentry;
+
+        _enter(",%p", object);
+
+try_again:
+        write_lock(&cache->active_lock);
+
+        if (test_and_set_bit(CACHEFILES_OBJECT_ACTIVE, &object->flags))
+                BUG();
+
+        dentry = object->dentry;
+        _p = &cache->active_nodes.rb_node;
+        while (*_p) {
+                _parent = *_p;
+                xobject = rb_entry(_parent,
+                                   struct cachefiles_object, active_node);
+
+                ASSERT(xobject != object);
+
+                if (xobject->dentry > dentry)
+                        _p = &(*_p)->rb_left;
+                else if (xobject->dentry < dentry)
+                        _p = &(*_p)->rb_right;
+                else
+                        goto wait_for_old_object;
+        }
+
+        rb_link_node(&object->active_node, _parent, _p);
+        rb_insert_color(&object->active_node, &cache->active_nodes);
+
+        write_unlock(&cache->active_lock);
+        _leave("");
+        return;
+
+        /* an old object from a previous incarnation is hogging the slot - we
+         * need to wait for it to be destroyed */
+wait_for_old_object:
+        if (xobject->fscache.state < FSCACHE_OBJECT_DYING) {
+                printk(KERN_ERR "\n");
+                printk(KERN_ERR "CacheFiles: Error:"
+                       " Unexpected object collision\n");
+                printk(KERN_ERR "xobject: OBJ%x\n",
+                       xobject->fscache.debug_id);
+                printk(KERN_ERR "xobjstate=%s\n",
+                       fscache_object_states[xobject->fscache.state]);
+                printk(KERN_ERR "xobjflags=%lx\n", xobject->fscache.flags);
+                printk(KERN_ERR "xobjevent=%lx [%lx]\n",
+                       xobject->fscache.events, xobject->fscache.event_mask);
+                printk(KERN_ERR "xops=%u inp=%u exc=%u\n",
+                       xobject->fscache.n_ops, xobject->fscache.n_in_progress,
+                       xobject->fscache.n_exclusive);
+                printk(KERN_ERR "xcookie=%p [pr=%p nd=%p fl=%lx]\n",
+                       xobject->fscache.cookie,
+                       xobject->fscache.cookie->parent,
+                       xobject->fscache.cookie->netfs_data,
+                       xobject->fscache.cookie->flags);
+                printk(KERN_ERR "xparent=%p\n",
+                       xobject->fscache.parent);
+                printk(KERN_ERR "object: OBJ%x\n",
+                       object->fscache.debug_id);
+                printk(KERN_ERR "cookie=%p [pr=%p nd=%p fl=%lx]\n",
+                       object->fscache.cookie,
+                       object->fscache.cookie->parent,
+                       object->fscache.cookie->netfs_data,
+                       object->fscache.cookie->flags);
+                printk(KERN_ERR "parent=%p\n",
+                       object->fscache.parent);
+                BUG();
+        }
+        atomic_inc(&xobject->usage);
+        write_unlock(&cache->active_lock);
+
+        _debug(">>> wait");
+        wait_on_bit(&xobject->flags, CACHEFILES_OBJECT_ACTIVE,
+                    cachefiles_wait_bit, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE);
+        _debug("<<< waited");
+
+        cache->cache.ops->put_object(&xobject->fscache);
+        goto try_again;
+}
+
+/*
+ * delete an object representation from the cache
+ * - file backed objects are unlinked
+ * - directory backed objects are stuffed into the graveyard for userspace to
+ *   delete
+ * - unlocks the directory mutex
+ */
+static int cachefiles_bury_object(struct cachefiles_cache *cache,
+                                  struct dentry *dir,
+                                  struct dentry *rep)
+{
+        struct dentry *grave, *trap;
+        char nbuffer[8 + 8 + 1];
+        int ret;
+
+        _enter(",'%*.*s','%*.*s'",
+               dir->d_name.len, dir->d_name.len, dir->d_name.name,
+               rep->d_name.len, rep->d_name.len, rep->d_name.name);
+
+        /* non-directories can just be unlinked */
+        if (!S_ISDIR(rep->d_inode->i_mode)) {
+                _debug("unlink stale object");
+                ret = vfs_unlink(dir->d_inode, rep);
+
+                mutex_unlock(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex);
+
+                if (ret == -EIO)
+                        cachefiles_io_error(cache, "Unlink failed");
+
+                _leave(" = %d", ret);
+                return ret;
+        }
+
+        /* directories have to be moved to the graveyard */
+        _debug("move stale object to graveyard");
+        mutex_unlock(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex);
+
+try_again:
+        /* first step is to make up a grave dentry in the graveyard */
+        sprintf(nbuffer, "%08x%08x",
+                (uint32_t) get_seconds(),
+                (uint32_t) atomic_inc_return(&cache->gravecounter));
+
+        /* do the multiway lock magic */
+        trap = lock_rename(cache->graveyard, dir);
+
+        /* do some checks before getting the grave dentry */
+        if (rep->d_parent != dir) {
+                /* the entry was probably culled when we dropped the parent dir
+                 * lock */
+                unlock_rename(cache->graveyard, dir);
+                _leave(" = 0 [culled?]");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!S_ISDIR(cache->graveyard->d_inode->i_mode)) {
+                unlock_rename(cache->graveyard, dir);
+                cachefiles_io_error(cache, "Graveyard no longer a directory");
+                return -EIO;
+        }
+
+        if (trap == rep) {
+                unlock_rename(cache->graveyard, dir);
+                cachefiles_io_error(cache, "May not make directory loop");
+                return -EIO;
+        }
+
+        if (d_mountpoint(rep)) {
+                unlock_rename(cache->graveyard, dir);
+                cachefiles_io_error(cache, "Mountpoint in cache");
+                return -EIO;
+        }
+
+        grave = lookup_one_len(nbuffer, cache->graveyard, strlen(nbuffer));
+        if (IS_ERR(grave)) {
+                unlock_rename(cache->graveyard, dir);
+
+                if (PTR_ERR(grave) == -ENOMEM) {
+                        _leave(" = -ENOMEM");
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+
+                cachefiles_io_error(cache, "Lookup error %ld",
+                                    PTR_ERR(grave));
+                return -EIO;
+        }
+
+        if (grave->d_inode) {
+                unlock_rename(cache->graveyard, dir);
+                dput(grave);
+                grave = NULL;
+                cond_resched();
+                goto try_again;
+        }
+
+        if (d_mountpoint(grave)) {
+                unlock_rename(cache->graveyard, dir);
+                dput(grave);
+                cachefiles_io_error(cache, "Mountpoint in graveyard");
+                return -EIO;
+        }
+
+        /* target should not be an ancestor of source */
+        if (trap == grave) {
+                unlock_rename(cache->graveyard, dir);
+                dput(grave);
+                cachefiles_io_error(cache, "May not make directory loop");
+                return -EIO;
+        }
+
+        /* attempt the rename */
+        ret = vfs_rename(dir->d_inode, rep, cache->graveyard->d_inode, grave);
+        if (ret != 0 && ret != -ENOMEM)
+                cachefiles_io_error(cache, "Rename failed with error %d", ret);
+
+        unlock_rename(cache->graveyard, dir);
+        dput(grave);
+        _leave(" = 0");
+        return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * delete an object representation from the cache
+ */
+int cachefiles_delete_object(struct cachefiles_cache *cache,
+                             struct cachefiles_object *object)
+{
+        struct dentry *dir;
+        int ret;
+
+        _enter(",{%p}", object->dentry);
+
+        ASSERT(object->dentry);
+        ASSERT(object->dentry->d_inode);
+        ASSERT(object->dentry->d_parent);
+
+        dir = dget_parent(object->dentry);
+
+        mutex_lock(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex);
+        ret = cachefiles_bury_object(cache, dir, object->dentry);
+
+        dput(dir);
+        _leave(" = %d", ret);
+        return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * walk from the parent object to the child object through the backing
+ * filesystem, creating directories as we go
+ */
+int cachefiles_walk_to_object(struct cachefiles_object *parent,
+                              struct cachefiles_object *object,
+                              const char *key,
+                              struct cachefiles_xattr *auxdata)
+{
+        struct cachefiles_cache *cache;
+        struct dentry *dir, *next = NULL;
+        unsigned long start;
+        const char *name;
+        int ret, nlen;
+
+        _enter("{%p},,%s,", parent->dentry, key);
+
+        cache = container_of(parent->fscache.cache,
+                             struct cachefiles_cache, cache);
+
+        ASSERT(parent->dentry);
+        ASSERT(parent->dentry->d_inode);
+
+        if (!(S_ISDIR(parent->dentry->d_inode->i_mode))) {
+                // TODO: convert file to dir
+                _leave("looking up in none directory");
+                return -ENOBUFS;
+        }
+
+        dir = dget(parent->dentry);
+
+advance:
+        /* attempt to transit the first directory component */
+        name = key;
+        nlen = strlen(key);
+
+        /* key ends in a double NUL */
+        key = key + nlen + 1;
+        if (!*key)
+                key = NULL;
+
+lookup_again:
+        /* search the current directory for the element name */
+        _debug("lookup '%s'", name);
+
+        mutex_lock(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex);
+
+        start = jiffies;
+        next = lookup_one_len(name, dir, nlen);
+        cachefiles_hist(cachefiles_lookup_histogram, start);
+        if (IS_ERR(next))
+                goto lookup_error;
+
+        _debug("next -> %p %s", next, next->d_inode ? "positive" : "negative");
+
+        if (!key)
+                object->new = !next->d_inode;
+
+        /* if this element of the path doesn't exist, then the lookup phase
+         * failed, and we can release any readers in the certain knowledge that
+         * there's nothing for them to actually read */
+        if (!next->d_inode)
+                fscache_object_lookup_negative(&object->fscache);
+
+        /* we need to create the object if it's negative */
+        if (key || object->type == FSCACHE_COOKIE_TYPE_INDEX) {
+                /* index objects and intervening tree levels must be subdirs */
+                if (!next->d_inode) {
+                        ret = cachefiles_has_space(cache, 1, 0);
+                        if (ret < 0)
+                                goto create_error;
+
+                        start = jiffies;
+                        ret = vfs_mkdir(dir->d_inode, next, 0);
+                        cachefiles_hist(cachefiles_mkdir_histogram, start);
+                        if (ret < 0)
+                                goto create_error;
+
+                        ASSERT(next->d_inode);
+
+                        _debug("mkdir -> %p{%p{ino=%lu}}",
+                               next, next->d_inode, next->d_inode->i_ino);
+
+                } else if (!S_ISDIR(next->d_inode->i_mode)) {
+                        kerror("inode %lu is not a directory",
+                               next->d_inode->i_ino);
+                        ret = -ENOBUFS;
+                        goto error;
+                }
+
+        } else {
+                /* non-index objects start out life as files */
+                if (!next->d_inode) {
+                        ret = cachefiles_has_space(cache, 1, 0);
+                        if (ret < 0)
+                                goto create_error;
+
+                        start = jiffies;
+                        ret = vfs_create(dir->d_inode, next, S_IFREG, NULL);
+                        cachefiles_hist(cachefiles_create_histogram, start);
+                        if (ret < 0)
+                                goto create_error;
+
+                        ASSERT(next->d_inode);
+
+                        _debug("create -> %p{%p{ino=%lu}}",
+                               next, next->d_inode, next->d_inode->i_ino);
+
+                } else if (!S_ISDIR(next->d_inode->i_mode) &&
+                           !S_ISREG(next->d_inode->i_mode)
+                           ) {
+                        kerror("inode %lu is not a file or directory",
+                               next->d_inode->i_ino);
+                        ret = -ENOBUFS;
+                        goto error;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* process the next component */
+        if (key) {
+                _debug("advance");
+                mutex_unlock(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex);
+                dput(dir);
+                dir = next;
+                next = NULL;
+                goto advance;
+        }
+
+        /* we've found the object we were looking for */
+        object->dentry = next;
+
+        /* if we've found that the terminal object exists, then we need to
+         * check its attributes and delete it if it's out of date */
+        if (!object->new) {
+                _debug("validate '%*.*s'",
+                       next->d_name.len, next->d_name.len, next->d_name.name);
+
+                ret = cachefiles_check_object_xattr(object, auxdata);
+                if (ret == -ESTALE) {
+                        /* delete the object (the deleter drops the directory
+                         * mutex) */
+                        object->dentry = NULL;
+
+                        ret = cachefiles_bury_object(cache, dir, next);
+                        dput(next);
+                        next = NULL;
+
+                        if (ret < 0)
+                                goto delete_error;
+
+                        _debug("redo lookup");
+                        goto lookup_again;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* note that we're now using this object */
+        cachefiles_mark_object_active(cache, object);
+
+        mutex_unlock(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex);
+        dput(dir);
+        dir = NULL;
+
+        _debug("=== OBTAINED_OBJECT ===");
+
+        if (object->new) {
+                /* attach data to a newly constructed terminal object */
+                ret = cachefiles_set_object_xattr(object, auxdata);
+                if (ret < 0)
+                        goto check_error;
+        } else {
+                /* always update the atime on an object we've just looked up
+                 * (this is used to keep track of culling, and atimes are only
+                 * updated by read, write and readdir but not lookup or
+                 * open) */
+                touch_atime(cache->mnt, next);
+        }
+
+        /* open a file interface onto a data file */
+        if (object->type != FSCACHE_COOKIE_TYPE_INDEX) {
+                if (S_ISREG(object->dentry->d_inode->i_mode)) {
+                        const struct address_space_operations *aops;
+
+                        ret = -EPERM;
+                        aops = object->dentry->d_inode->i_mapping->a_ops;
+                        if (!aops->bmap)
+                                goto check_error;
+
+                        object->backer = object->dentry;
+                } else {
+                        BUG(); // TODO: open file in data-class subdir
+                }
+        }
+
+        object->new = 0;
+        fscache_obtained_object(&object->fscache);
+
+        _leave(" = 0 [%lu]", object->dentry->d_inode->i_ino);
+        return 0;
+
+create_error:
+        _debug("create error %d", ret);
+        if (ret == -EIO)
+                cachefiles_io_error(cache, "Create/mkdir failed");
+        goto error;
+
+check_error:
+        _debug("check error %d", ret);
+        write_lock(&cache->active_lock);
+        rb_erase(&object->active_node, &cache->active_nodes);
+        clear_bit(CACHEFILES_OBJECT_ACTIVE, &object->flags);
+        wake_up_bit(&object->flags, CACHEFILES_OBJECT_ACTIVE);
+        write_unlock(&cache->active_lock);
+
+        dput(object->dentry);
+        object->dentry = NULL;
+        goto error_out;
+
+delete_error:
+        _debug("delete error %d", ret);
+        goto error_out2;
+
+lookup_error:
+        _debug("lookup error %ld", PTR_ERR(next));
+        ret = PTR_ERR(next);
+        if (ret == -EIO)
+                cachefiles_io_error(cache, "Lookup failed");
+        next = NULL;
+error:
+        mutex_unlock(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex);
+        dput(next);
+error_out2:
+        dput(dir);
+error_out:
+        if (ret == -ENOSPC)
+                ret = -ENOBUFS;
+
+        _leave(" = error %d", -ret);
+        return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * get a subdirectory
+ */
+struct dentry *cachefiles_get_directory(struct cachefiles_cache *cache,
+                                        struct dentry *dir,
+                                        const char *dirname)
+{
+        struct dentry *subdir;
+        unsigned long start;
+        int ret;
+
+        _enter(",,%s", dirname);
+
+        /* search the current directory for the element name */
+        mutex_lock(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex);
+
+        start = jiffies;
+        subdir = lookup_one_len(dirname, dir, strlen(dirname));
+        cachefiles_hist(cachefiles_lookup_histogram, start);
+        if (IS_ERR(subdir)) {
+                if (PTR_ERR(subdir) == -ENOMEM)
+                        goto nomem_d_alloc;
+                goto lookup_error;
+        }
+
+        _debug("subdir -> %p %s",
+               subdir, subdir->d_inode ? "positive" : "negative");
+
+        /* we need to create the subdir if it doesn't exist yet */
+        if (!subdir->d_inode) {
+                ret = cachefiles_has_space(cache, 1, 0);
+                if (ret < 0)
+                        goto mkdir_error;
+
+                _debug("attempt mkdir");
+
+                ret = vfs_mkdir(dir->d_inode, subdir, 0700);
+                if (ret < 0)
+                        goto mkdir_error;
+
+                ASSERT(subdir->d_inode);
+
+                _debug("mkdir -> %p{%p{ino=%lu}}",
+                       subdir,
+                       subdir->d_inode,
+                       subdir->d_inode->i_ino);
+        }
+
+        mutex_unlock(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex);
+
+        /* we need to make sure the subdir is a directory */
+        ASSERT(subdir->d_inode);
+
+        if (!S_ISDIR(subdir->d_inode->i_mode)) {
+                kerror("%s is not a directory", dirname);
+                ret = -EIO;
+                goto check_error;
+        }
+
+        ret = -EPERM;
+        if (!subdir->d_inode->i_op ||
+            !subdir->d_inode->i_op->setxattr ||
+            !subdir->d_inode->i_op->getxattr ||
+            !subdir->d_inode->i_op->lookup ||
+            !subdir->d_inode->i_op->mkdir ||
+            !subdir->d_inode->i_op->create ||
+            !subdir->d_inode->i_op->rename ||
+            !subdir->d_inode->i_op->rmdir ||
+            !subdir->d_inode->i_op->unlink)
+                goto check_error;
+
+        _leave(" = [%lu]", subdir->d_inode->i_ino);
+        return subdir;
+
+check_error:
+        dput(subdir);
+        _leave(" = %d [check]", ret);
+        return ERR_PTR(ret);
+
+mkdir_error:
+        mutex_unlock(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex);
+        dput(subdir);
+        kerror("mkdir %s failed with error %d", dirname, ret);
+        return ERR_PTR(ret);
+
+lookup_error:
+        mutex_unlock(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex);
+        ret = PTR_ERR(subdir);
+        kerror("Lookup %s failed with error %d", dirname, ret);
+        return ERR_PTR(ret);
+
+nomem_d_alloc:
+        mutex_unlock(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex);
+        _leave(" = -ENOMEM");
+        return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
+}
+
+/*
+ * find out if an object is in use or not
+ * - if finds object and it's not in use:
+ *   - returns a pointer to the object and a reference on it
+ *   - returns with the directory locked
+ */
+static struct dentry *cachefiles_check_active(struct cachefiles_cache *cache,
+                                              struct dentry *dir,
+                                              char *filename)
+{
+        struct cachefiles_object *object;
+        struct rb_node *_n;
+        struct dentry *victim;
+        unsigned long start;
+        int ret;
+
+        //_enter(",%*.*s/,%s",
+        //       dir->d_name.len, dir->d_name.len, dir->d_name.name, filename);
+
+        /* look up the victim */
+        mutex_lock_nested(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex, 1);
+
+        start = jiffies;
+        victim = lookup_one_len(filename, dir, strlen(filename));
+        cachefiles_hist(cachefiles_lookup_histogram, start);
+        if (IS_ERR(victim))
+                goto lookup_error;
+
+        //_debug("victim -> %p %s",
+        //       victim, victim->d_inode ? "positive" : "negative");
+
+        /* if the object is no longer there then we probably retired the object
+         * at the netfs's request whilst the cull was in progress
+         */
+        if (!victim->d_inode) {
+                mutex_unlock(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex);
+                dput(victim);
+                _leave(" = -ENOENT [absent]");
+                return ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
+        }
+
+        /* check to see if we're using this object */
+        read_lock(&cache->active_lock);
+
+        _n = cache->active_nodes.rb_node;
+
+        while (_n) {
+                object = rb_entry(_n, struct cachefiles_object, active_node);
+
+                if (object->dentry > victim)
+                        _n = _n->rb_left;
+                else if (object->dentry < victim)
+                        _n = _n->rb_right;
+                else
+                        goto object_in_use;
+        }
+
+        read_unlock(&cache->active_lock);
+
+        //_leave(" = %p", victim);
+        return victim;
+
+object_in_use:
+        read_unlock(&cache->active_lock);
+        mutex_unlock(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex);
+        dput(victim);
+        //_leave(" = -EBUSY [in use]");
+        return ERR_PTR(-EBUSY);
+
+lookup_error:
+        mutex_unlock(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex);
+        ret = PTR_ERR(victim);
+        if (ret == -ENOENT) {
+                /* file or dir now absent - probably retired by netfs */
+                _leave(" = -ESTALE [absent]");
+                return ERR_PTR(-ESTALE);
+        }
+
+        if (ret == -EIO) {
+                cachefiles_io_error(cache, "Lookup failed");
+        } else if (ret != -ENOMEM) {
+                kerror("Internal error: %d", ret);
+                ret = -EIO;
+        }
+
+        _leave(" = %d", ret);
+        return ERR_PTR(ret);
+}
+
+/*
+ * cull an object if it's not in use
+ * - called only by cache manager daemon
+ */
+int cachefiles_cull(struct cachefiles_cache *cache, struct dentry *dir,
+                    char *filename)
+{
+        struct dentry *victim;
+        int ret;
+
+        _enter(",%*.*s/,%s",
+               dir->d_name.len, dir->d_name.len, dir->d_name.name, filename);
+
+        victim = cachefiles_check_active(cache, dir, filename);
+        if (IS_ERR(victim))
+                return PTR_ERR(victim);
+
+        _debug("victim -> %p %s",
+               victim, victim->d_inode ? "positive" : "negative");
+
+        /* okay... the victim is not being used so we can cull it
+         * - start by marking it as stale
+         */
+        _debug("victim is cullable");
+
+        ret = cachefiles_remove_object_xattr(cache, victim);
+        if (ret < 0)
+                goto error_unlock;
+
+        /*  actually remove the victim (drops the dir mutex) */
+        _debug("bury");
+
+        ret = cachefiles_bury_object(cache, dir, victim);
+        if (ret < 0)
+                goto error;
+
+        dput(victim);
+        _leave(" = 0");
+        return 0;
+
+error_unlock:
+        mutex_unlock(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex);
+error:
+        dput(victim);
+        if (ret == -ENOENT) {
+                /* file or dir now absent - probably retired by netfs */
+                _leave(" = -ESTALE [absent]");
+                return -ESTALE;
+        }
+
+        if (ret != -ENOMEM) {
+                kerror("Internal error: %d", ret);
+                ret = -EIO;
+        }
+
+        _leave(" = %d", ret);
+        return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * find out if an object is in use or not
+ * - called only by cache manager daemon
+ * - returns -EBUSY or 0 to indicate whether an object is in use or not
+ */
+int cachefiles_check_in_use(struct cachefiles_cache *cache, struct dentry *dir,
+                            char *filename)
+{
+        struct dentry *victim;
+
+        //_enter(",%*.*s/,%s",
+        //       dir->d_name.len, dir->d_name.len, dir->d_name.name, filename);
+
+        victim = cachefiles_check_active(cache, dir, filename);
+        if (IS_ERR(victim))
+                return PTR_ERR(victim);
+
+        mutex_unlock(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex);
+        dput(victim);
+        //_leave(" = 0");
+        return 0;
+}