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authorLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>2012-03-14 20:16:45 -0400
committerLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>2012-03-14 20:16:45 -0400
commitf1cbd03f5eabb75ea8ace23b47d2209f10871c16 (patch)
tree2ac398bd1a50ce135461fae5b5e91ba05831af84 /block
parentff398c45b03d9d64135d928c0146d8c38a70fd3b (diff)
parentff8c1474cc2f5e11414c71ec4d739c18e6e669c0 (diff)
Merge branch 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-block
Pull block fixes from Jens Axboe: "Been sitting on this for a while, but lets get this out the door. This fixes various important bugs for 3.3 final, along with a few more trivial ones. Please pull!" * 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-block: block: fix ioc leak in put_io_context block, sx8: fix pointer math issue getting fw version Block: use a freezable workqueue for disk-event polling drivers/block/DAC960: fix -Wuninitialized warning drivers/block/DAC960: fix DAC960_V2_IOCTL_Opcode_T -Wenum-compare warning block: fix __blkdev_get and add_disk race condition block: Fix setting bio flags in drivers (sd_dif/floppy) block: Fix NULL pointer dereference in sd_revalidate_disk block: exit_io_context() should call elevator_exit_icq_fn() block: simplify ioc_release_fn() block: replace icq->changed with icq->flags
Diffstat (limited to 'block')
-rw-r--r--block/blk-ioc.c135
-rw-r--r--block/cfq-iosched.c12
-rw-r--r--block/genhd.c42
-rw-r--r--block/partition-generic.c48
4 files changed, 158 insertions, 79 deletions
diff --git a/block/blk-ioc.c b/block/blk-ioc.c
index 8b782a63c297..fb95dd2f889a 100644
--- a/block/blk-ioc.c
+++ b/block/blk-ioc.c
@@ -36,11 +36,23 @@ static void icq_free_icq_rcu(struct rcu_head *head)
36 kmem_cache_free(icq->__rcu_icq_cache, icq); 36 kmem_cache_free(icq->__rcu_icq_cache, icq);
37} 37}
38 38
39/* 39/* Exit an icq. Called with both ioc and q locked. */
40 * Exit and free an icq. Called with both ioc and q locked.
41 */
42static void ioc_exit_icq(struct io_cq *icq) 40static void ioc_exit_icq(struct io_cq *icq)
43{ 41{
42 struct elevator_type *et = icq->q->elevator->type;
43
44 if (icq->flags & ICQ_EXITED)
45 return;
46
47 if (et->ops.elevator_exit_icq_fn)
48 et->ops.elevator_exit_icq_fn(icq);
49
50 icq->flags |= ICQ_EXITED;
51}
52
53/* Release an icq. Called with both ioc and q locked. */
54static void ioc_destroy_icq(struct io_cq *icq)
55{
44 struct io_context *ioc = icq->ioc; 56 struct io_context *ioc = icq->ioc;
45 struct request_queue *q = icq->q; 57 struct request_queue *q = icq->q;
46 struct elevator_type *et = q->elevator->type; 58 struct elevator_type *et = q->elevator->type;
@@ -60,8 +72,7 @@ static void ioc_exit_icq(struct io_cq *icq)
60 if (rcu_dereference_raw(ioc->icq_hint) == icq) 72 if (rcu_dereference_raw(ioc->icq_hint) == icq)
61 rcu_assign_pointer(ioc->icq_hint, NULL); 73 rcu_assign_pointer(ioc->icq_hint, NULL);
62 74
63 if (et->ops.elevator_exit_icq_fn) 75 ioc_exit_icq(icq);
64 et->ops.elevator_exit_icq_fn(icq);
65 76
66 /* 77 /*
67 * @icq->q might have gone away by the time RCU callback runs 78 * @icq->q might have gone away by the time RCU callback runs
@@ -79,7 +90,6 @@ static void ioc_release_fn(struct work_struct *work)
79{ 90{
80 struct io_context *ioc = container_of(work, struct io_context, 91 struct io_context *ioc = container_of(work, struct io_context,
81 release_work); 92 release_work);
82 struct request_queue *last_q = NULL;
83 unsigned long flags; 93 unsigned long flags;
84 94
85 /* 95 /*
@@ -93,44 +103,19 @@ static void ioc_release_fn(struct work_struct *work)
93 while (!hlist_empty(&ioc->icq_list)) { 103 while (!hlist_empty(&ioc->icq_list)) {
94 struct io_cq *icq = hlist_entry(ioc->icq_list.first, 104 struct io_cq *icq = hlist_entry(ioc->icq_list.first,
95 struct io_cq, ioc_node); 105 struct io_cq, ioc_node);
96 struct request_queue *this_q = icq->q; 106 struct request_queue *q = icq->q;
97 107
98 if (this_q != last_q) { 108 if (spin_trylock(q->queue_lock)) {
99 /* 109 ioc_destroy_icq(icq);
100 * Need to switch to @this_q. Once we release 110 spin_unlock(q->queue_lock);
101 * @ioc->lock, it can go away along with @cic. 111 } else {
102 * Hold on to it. 112 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ioc->lock, flags);
103 */ 113 cpu_relax();
104 __blk_get_queue(this_q); 114 spin_lock_irqsave_nested(&ioc->lock, flags, 1);
105
106 /*
107 * blk_put_queue() might sleep thanks to kobject
108 * idiocy. Always release both locks, put and
109 * restart.
110 */
111 if (last_q) {
112 spin_unlock(last_q->queue_lock);
113 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ioc->lock, flags);
114 blk_put_queue(last_q);
115 } else {
116 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ioc->lock, flags);
117 }
118
119 last_q = this_q;
120 spin_lock_irqsave(this_q->queue_lock, flags);
121 spin_lock_nested(&ioc->lock, 1);
122 continue;
123 } 115 }
124 ioc_exit_icq(icq);
125 } 116 }
126 117
127 if (last_q) { 118 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ioc->lock, flags);
128 spin_unlock(last_q->queue_lock);
129 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ioc->lock, flags);
130 blk_put_queue(last_q);
131 } else {
132 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ioc->lock, flags);
133 }
134 119
135 kmem_cache_free(iocontext_cachep, ioc); 120 kmem_cache_free(iocontext_cachep, ioc);
136} 121}
@@ -145,6 +130,7 @@ static void ioc_release_fn(struct work_struct *work)
145void put_io_context(struct io_context *ioc) 130void put_io_context(struct io_context *ioc)
146{ 131{
147 unsigned long flags; 132 unsigned long flags;
133 bool free_ioc = false;
148 134
149 if (ioc == NULL) 135 if (ioc == NULL)
150 return; 136 return;
@@ -159,8 +145,13 @@ void put_io_context(struct io_context *ioc)
159 spin_lock_irqsave(&ioc->lock, flags); 145 spin_lock_irqsave(&ioc->lock, flags);
160 if (!hlist_empty(&ioc->icq_list)) 146 if (!hlist_empty(&ioc->icq_list))
161 schedule_work(&ioc->release_work); 147 schedule_work(&ioc->release_work);
148 else
149 free_ioc = true;
162 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ioc->lock, flags); 150 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ioc->lock, flags);
163 } 151 }
152
153 if (free_ioc)
154 kmem_cache_free(iocontext_cachep, ioc);
164} 155}
165EXPORT_SYMBOL(put_io_context); 156EXPORT_SYMBOL(put_io_context);
166 157
@@ -168,13 +159,41 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(put_io_context);
168void exit_io_context(struct task_struct *task) 159void exit_io_context(struct task_struct *task)
169{ 160{
170 struct io_context *ioc; 161 struct io_context *ioc;
162 struct io_cq *icq;
163 struct hlist_node *n;
164 unsigned long flags;
171 165
172 task_lock(task); 166 task_lock(task);
173 ioc = task->io_context; 167 ioc = task->io_context;
174 task->io_context = NULL; 168 task->io_context = NULL;
175 task_unlock(task); 169 task_unlock(task);
176 170
177 atomic_dec(&ioc->nr_tasks); 171 if (!atomic_dec_and_test(&ioc->nr_tasks)) {
172 put_io_context(ioc);
173 return;
174 }
175
176 /*
177 * Need ioc lock to walk icq_list and q lock to exit icq. Perform
178 * reverse double locking. Read comment in ioc_release_fn() for
179 * explanation on the nested locking annotation.
180 */
181retry:
182 spin_lock_irqsave_nested(&ioc->lock, flags, 1);
183 hlist_for_each_entry(icq, n, &ioc->icq_list, ioc_node) {
184 if (icq->flags & ICQ_EXITED)
185 continue;
186 if (spin_trylock(icq->q->queue_lock)) {
187 ioc_exit_icq(icq);
188 spin_unlock(icq->q->queue_lock);
189 } else {
190 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ioc->lock, flags);
191 cpu_relax();
192 goto retry;
193 }
194 }
195 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ioc->lock, flags);
196
178 put_io_context(ioc); 197 put_io_context(ioc);
179} 198}
180 199
@@ -194,7 +213,7 @@ void ioc_clear_queue(struct request_queue *q)
194 struct io_context *ioc = icq->ioc; 213 struct io_context *ioc = icq->ioc;
195 214
196 spin_lock(&ioc->lock); 215 spin_lock(&ioc->lock);
197 ioc_exit_icq(icq); 216 ioc_destroy_icq(icq);
198 spin_unlock(&ioc->lock); 217 spin_unlock(&ioc->lock);
199 } 218 }
200} 219}
@@ -363,13 +382,13 @@ struct io_cq *ioc_create_icq(struct request_queue *q, gfp_t gfp_mask)
363 return icq; 382 return icq;
364} 383}
365 384
366void ioc_set_changed(struct io_context *ioc, int which) 385void ioc_set_icq_flags(struct io_context *ioc, unsigned int flags)
367{ 386{
368 struct io_cq *icq; 387 struct io_cq *icq;
369 struct hlist_node *n; 388 struct hlist_node *n;
370 389
371 hlist_for_each_entry(icq, n, &ioc->icq_list, ioc_node) 390 hlist_for_each_entry(icq, n, &ioc->icq_list, ioc_node)
372 set_bit(which, &icq->changed); 391 icq->flags |= flags;
373} 392}
374 393
375/** 394/**
@@ -387,7 +406,7 @@ void ioc_ioprio_changed(struct io_context *ioc, int ioprio)
387 406
388 spin_lock_irqsave(&ioc->lock, flags); 407 spin_lock_irqsave(&ioc->lock, flags);
389 ioc->ioprio = ioprio; 408 ioc->ioprio = ioprio;
390 ioc_set_changed(ioc, ICQ_IOPRIO_CHANGED); 409 ioc_set_icq_flags(ioc, ICQ_IOPRIO_CHANGED);
391 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ioc->lock, flags); 410 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ioc->lock, flags);
392} 411}
393 412
@@ -404,11 +423,33 @@ void ioc_cgroup_changed(struct io_context *ioc)
404 unsigned long flags; 423 unsigned long flags;
405 424
406 spin_lock_irqsave(&ioc->lock, flags); 425 spin_lock_irqsave(&ioc->lock, flags);
407 ioc_set_changed(ioc, ICQ_CGROUP_CHANGED); 426 ioc_set_icq_flags(ioc, ICQ_CGROUP_CHANGED);
408 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ioc->lock, flags); 427 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ioc->lock, flags);
409} 428}
410EXPORT_SYMBOL(ioc_cgroup_changed); 429EXPORT_SYMBOL(ioc_cgroup_changed);
411 430
431/**
432 * icq_get_changed - fetch and clear icq changed mask
433 * @icq: icq of interest
434 *
435 * Fetch and clear ICQ_*_CHANGED bits from @icq. Grabs and releases
436 * @icq->ioc->lock.
437 */
438unsigned icq_get_changed(struct io_cq *icq)
439{
440 unsigned int changed = 0;
441 unsigned long flags;
442
443 if (unlikely(icq->flags & ICQ_CHANGED_MASK)) {
444 spin_lock_irqsave(&icq->ioc->lock, flags);
445 changed = icq->flags & ICQ_CHANGED_MASK;
446 icq->flags &= ~ICQ_CHANGED_MASK;
447 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&icq->ioc->lock, flags);
448 }
449 return changed;
450}
451EXPORT_SYMBOL(icq_get_changed);
452
412static int __init blk_ioc_init(void) 453static int __init blk_ioc_init(void)
413{ 454{
414 iocontext_cachep = kmem_cache_create("blkdev_ioc", 455 iocontext_cachep = kmem_cache_create("blkdev_ioc",
diff --git a/block/cfq-iosched.c b/block/cfq-iosched.c
index d0ba50533668..457295253566 100644
--- a/block/cfq-iosched.c
+++ b/block/cfq-iosched.c
@@ -3470,20 +3470,20 @@ cfq_set_request(struct request_queue *q, struct request *rq, gfp_t gfp_mask)
3470 const int rw = rq_data_dir(rq); 3470 const int rw = rq_data_dir(rq);
3471 const bool is_sync = rq_is_sync(rq); 3471 const bool is_sync = rq_is_sync(rq);
3472 struct cfq_queue *cfqq; 3472 struct cfq_queue *cfqq;
3473 unsigned int changed;
3473 3474
3474 might_sleep_if(gfp_mask & __GFP_WAIT); 3475 might_sleep_if(gfp_mask & __GFP_WAIT);
3475 3476
3476 spin_lock_irq(q->queue_lock); 3477 spin_lock_irq(q->queue_lock);
3477 3478
3478 /* handle changed notifications */ 3479 /* handle changed notifications */
3479 if (unlikely(cic->icq.changed)) { 3480 changed = icq_get_changed(&cic->icq);
3480 if (test_and_clear_bit(ICQ_IOPRIO_CHANGED, &cic->icq.changed)) 3481 if (unlikely(changed & ICQ_IOPRIO_CHANGED))
3481 changed_ioprio(cic); 3482 changed_ioprio(cic);
3482#ifdef CONFIG_CFQ_GROUP_IOSCHED 3483#ifdef CONFIG_CFQ_GROUP_IOSCHED
3483 if (test_and_clear_bit(ICQ_CGROUP_CHANGED, &cic->icq.changed)) 3484 if (unlikely(changed & ICQ_CGROUP_CHANGED))
3484 changed_cgroup(cic); 3485 changed_cgroup(cic);
3485#endif 3486#endif
3486 }
3487 3487
3488new_queue: 3488new_queue:
3489 cfqq = cic_to_cfqq(cic, is_sync); 3489 cfqq = cic_to_cfqq(cic, is_sync);
diff --git a/block/genhd.c b/block/genhd.c
index 23b4f7063322..df9816ede75b 100644
--- a/block/genhd.c
+++ b/block/genhd.c
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ static DEFINE_IDR(ext_devt_idr);
35 35
36static struct device_type disk_type; 36static struct device_type disk_type;
37 37
38static void disk_alloc_events(struct gendisk *disk);
38static void disk_add_events(struct gendisk *disk); 39static void disk_add_events(struct gendisk *disk);
39static void disk_del_events(struct gendisk *disk); 40static void disk_del_events(struct gendisk *disk);
40static void disk_release_events(struct gendisk *disk); 41static void disk_release_events(struct gendisk *disk);
@@ -601,6 +602,8 @@ void add_disk(struct gendisk *disk)
601 disk->major = MAJOR(devt); 602 disk->major = MAJOR(devt);
602 disk->first_minor = MINOR(devt); 603 disk->first_minor = MINOR(devt);
603 604
605 disk_alloc_events(disk);
606
604 /* Register BDI before referencing it from bdev */ 607 /* Register BDI before referencing it from bdev */
605 bdi = &disk->queue->backing_dev_info; 608 bdi = &disk->queue->backing_dev_info;
606 bdi_register_dev(bdi, disk_devt(disk)); 609 bdi_register_dev(bdi, disk_devt(disk));
@@ -1475,9 +1478,9 @@ static void __disk_unblock_events(struct gendisk *disk, bool check_now)
1475 intv = disk_events_poll_jiffies(disk); 1478 intv = disk_events_poll_jiffies(disk);
1476 set_timer_slack(&ev->dwork.timer, intv / 4); 1479 set_timer_slack(&ev->dwork.timer, intv / 4);
1477 if (check_now) 1480 if (check_now)
1478 queue_delayed_work(system_nrt_wq, &ev->dwork, 0); 1481 queue_delayed_work(system_nrt_freezable_wq, &ev->dwork, 0);
1479 else if (intv) 1482 else if (intv)
1480 queue_delayed_work(system_nrt_wq, &ev->dwork, intv); 1483 queue_delayed_work(system_nrt_freezable_wq, &ev->dwork, intv);
1481out_unlock: 1484out_unlock:
1482 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ev->lock, flags); 1485 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ev->lock, flags);
1483} 1486}
@@ -1521,7 +1524,7 @@ void disk_flush_events(struct gendisk *disk, unsigned int mask)
1521 ev->clearing |= mask; 1524 ev->clearing |= mask;
1522 if (!ev->block) { 1525 if (!ev->block) {
1523 cancel_delayed_work(&ev->dwork); 1526 cancel_delayed_work(&ev->dwork);
1524 queue_delayed_work(system_nrt_wq, &ev->dwork, 0); 1527 queue_delayed_work(system_nrt_freezable_wq, &ev->dwork, 0);
1525 } 1528 }
1526 spin_unlock_irq(&ev->lock); 1529 spin_unlock_irq(&ev->lock);
1527} 1530}
@@ -1558,7 +1561,7 @@ unsigned int disk_clear_events(struct gendisk *disk, unsigned int mask)
1558 1561
1559 /* uncondtionally schedule event check and wait for it to finish */ 1562 /* uncondtionally schedule event check and wait for it to finish */
1560 disk_block_events(disk); 1563 disk_block_events(disk);
1561 queue_delayed_work(system_nrt_wq, &ev->dwork, 0); 1564 queue_delayed_work(system_nrt_freezable_wq, &ev->dwork, 0);
1562 flush_delayed_work(&ev->dwork); 1565 flush_delayed_work(&ev->dwork);
1563 __disk_unblock_events(disk, false); 1566 __disk_unblock_events(disk, false);
1564 1567
@@ -1595,7 +1598,7 @@ static void disk_events_workfn(struct work_struct *work)
1595 1598
1596 intv = disk_events_poll_jiffies(disk); 1599 intv = disk_events_poll_jiffies(disk);
1597 if (!ev->block && intv) 1600 if (!ev->block && intv)
1598 queue_delayed_work(system_nrt_wq, &ev->dwork, intv); 1601 queue_delayed_work(system_nrt_freezable_wq, &ev->dwork, intv);
1599 1602
1600 spin_unlock_irq(&ev->lock); 1603 spin_unlock_irq(&ev->lock);
1601 1604
@@ -1733,9 +1736,9 @@ module_param_cb(events_dfl_poll_msecs, &disk_events_dfl_poll_msecs_param_ops,
1733 &disk_events_dfl_poll_msecs, 0644); 1736 &disk_events_dfl_poll_msecs, 0644);
1734 1737
1735/* 1738/*
1736 * disk_{add|del|release}_events - initialize and destroy disk_events. 1739 * disk_{alloc|add|del|release}_events - initialize and destroy disk_events.
1737 */ 1740 */
1738static void disk_add_events(struct gendisk *disk) 1741static void disk_alloc_events(struct gendisk *disk)
1739{ 1742{
1740 struct disk_events *ev; 1743 struct disk_events *ev;
1741 1744
@@ -1748,16 +1751,6 @@ static void disk_add_events(struct gendisk *disk)
1748 return; 1751 return;
1749 } 1752 }
1750 1753
1751 if (sysfs_create_files(&disk_to_dev(disk)->kobj,
1752 disk_events_attrs) < 0) {
1753 pr_warn("%s: failed to create sysfs files for events\n",
1754 disk->disk_name);
1755 kfree(ev);
1756 return;
1757 }
1758
1759 disk->ev = ev;
1760
1761 INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ev->node); 1754 INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ev->node);
1762 ev->disk = disk; 1755 ev->disk = disk;
1763 spin_lock_init(&ev->lock); 1756 spin_lock_init(&ev->lock);
@@ -1766,8 +1759,21 @@ static void disk_add_events(struct gendisk *disk)
1766 ev->poll_msecs = -1; 1759 ev->poll_msecs = -1;
1767 INIT_DELAYED_WORK(&ev->dwork, disk_events_workfn); 1760 INIT_DELAYED_WORK(&ev->dwork, disk_events_workfn);
1768 1761
1762 disk->ev = ev;
1763}
1764
1765static void disk_add_events(struct gendisk *disk)
1766{
1767 if (!disk->ev)
1768 return;
1769
1770 /* FIXME: error handling */
1771 if (sysfs_create_files(&disk_to_dev(disk)->kobj, disk_events_attrs) < 0)
1772 pr_warn("%s: failed to create sysfs files for events\n",
1773 disk->disk_name);
1774
1769 mutex_lock(&disk_events_mutex); 1775 mutex_lock(&disk_events_mutex);
1770 list_add_tail(&ev->node, &disk_events); 1776 list_add_tail(&disk->ev->node, &disk_events);
1771 mutex_unlock(&disk_events_mutex); 1777 mutex_unlock(&disk_events_mutex);
1772 1778
1773 /* 1779 /*
diff --git a/block/partition-generic.c b/block/partition-generic.c
index d06ec1c829c2..6df5d6928a44 100644
--- a/block/partition-generic.c
+++ b/block/partition-generic.c
@@ -389,17 +389,11 @@ static bool disk_unlock_native_capacity(struct gendisk *disk)
389 } 389 }
390} 390}
391 391
392int rescan_partitions(struct gendisk *disk, struct block_device *bdev) 392static int drop_partitions(struct gendisk *disk, struct block_device *bdev)
393{ 393{
394 struct parsed_partitions *state = NULL;
395 struct disk_part_iter piter; 394 struct disk_part_iter piter;
396 struct hd_struct *part; 395 struct hd_struct *part;
397 int p, highest, res; 396 int res;
398rescan:
399 if (state && !IS_ERR(state)) {
400 kfree(state);
401 state = NULL;
402 }
403 397
404 if (bdev->bd_part_count) 398 if (bdev->bd_part_count)
405 return -EBUSY; 399 return -EBUSY;
@@ -412,6 +406,24 @@ rescan:
412 delete_partition(disk, part->partno); 406 delete_partition(disk, part->partno);
413 disk_part_iter_exit(&piter); 407 disk_part_iter_exit(&piter);
414 408
409 return 0;
410}
411
412int rescan_partitions(struct gendisk *disk, struct block_device *bdev)
413{
414 struct parsed_partitions *state = NULL;
415 struct hd_struct *part;
416 int p, highest, res;
417rescan:
418 if (state && !IS_ERR(state)) {
419 kfree(state);
420 state = NULL;
421 }
422
423 res = drop_partitions(disk, bdev);
424 if (res)
425 return res;
426
415 if (disk->fops->revalidate_disk) 427 if (disk->fops->revalidate_disk)
416 disk->fops->revalidate_disk(disk); 428 disk->fops->revalidate_disk(disk);
417 check_disk_size_change(disk, bdev); 429 check_disk_size_change(disk, bdev);
@@ -515,6 +527,26 @@ rescan:
515 return 0; 527 return 0;
516} 528}
517 529
530int invalidate_partitions(struct gendisk *disk, struct block_device *bdev)
531{
532 int res;
533
534 if (!bdev->bd_invalidated)
535 return 0;
536
537 res = drop_partitions(disk, bdev);
538 if (res)
539 return res;
540
541 set_capacity(disk, 0);
542 check_disk_size_change(disk, bdev);
543 bdev->bd_invalidated = 0;
544 /* tell userspace that the media / partition table may have changed */
545 kobject_uevent(&disk_to_dev(disk)->kobj, KOBJ_CHANGE);
546
547 return 0;
548}
549
518unsigned char *read_dev_sector(struct block_device *bdev, sector_t n, Sector *p) 550unsigned char *read_dev_sector(struct block_device *bdev, sector_t n, Sector *p)
519{ 551{
520 struct address_space *mapping = bdev->bd_inode->i_mapping; 552 struct address_space *mapping = bdev->bd_inode->i_mapping;