perf_counter: Dynamically allocate tasks' perf_counter_context struct

This replaces the struct perf_counter_context in the task_struct with
a pointer to a dynamically allocated perf_counter_context struct.  The
main reason for doing is this is to allow us to transfer a
perf_counter_context from one task to another when we do lazy PMU
switching in a later patch.

This has a few side-benefits: the task_struct becomes a little smaller,
we save some memory because only tasks that have perf_counters attached
get a perf_counter_context allocated for them, and we can remove the
inclusion of <linux/perf_counter.h> in sched.h, meaning that we don't
end up recompiling nearly everything whenever perf_counter.h changes.

The perf_counter_context structures are reference-counted and freed
when the last reference is dropped.  A context can have references
from its task and the counters on its task.  Counters can outlive the
task so it is possible that a context will be freed well after its
task has exited.

Contexts are allocated on fork if the parent had a context, or
otherwise the first time that a per-task counter is created on a task.
In the latter case, we set the context pointer in the task struct
locklessly using an atomic compare-and-exchange operation in case we
raced with some other task in creating a context for the subject task.

This also removes the task pointer from the perf_counter struct.  The
task pointer was not used anywhere and would make it harder to move a
context from one task to another.  Anything that needed to know which
task a counter was attached to was already using counter->ctx->task.

The __perf_counter_init_context function moves up in perf_counter.c
so that it can be called from find_get_context, and now initializes
the refcount, but is otherwise unchanged.

We were potentially calling list_del_counter twice: once from
__perf_counter_exit_task when the task exits and once from
__perf_counter_remove_from_context when the counter's fd gets closed.
This adds a check in list_del_counter so it doesn't do anything if
the counter has already been removed from the lists.

Since perf_counter_task_sched_in doesn't do anything if the task doesn't
have a context, and leaves cpuctx->task_ctx = NULL, this adds code to
__perf_install_in_context to set cpuctx->task_ctx if necessary, i.e. in
the case where the current task adds the first counter to itself and
thus creates a context for itself.

This also adds similar code to __perf_counter_enable to handle a
similar situation which can arise when the counters have been disabled
using prctl; that also leaves cpuctx->task_ctx = NULL.

[ Impact: refactor counter context management to prepare for new feature ]

Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Corey Ashford <cjashfor@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@redhat.com>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
LKML-Reference: <18966.10075.781053.231153@cargo.ozlabs.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

7 files changed, 145 insertions, 101 deletions

diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/apic/apic.c b/arch/x86/kernel/apic/apic.c
index e9021a908020..b4f64402a82a 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/apic/apic.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/apic/apic.c
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
  *      Mikael Pettersson       :       PM converted to driver model.
  */
 
+#include <linux/perf_counter.h>
 #include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
 #include <linux/mc146818rtc.h>
 #include <linux/acpi_pmtmr.h>
diff --git a/include/linux/init_task.h b/include/linux/init_task.h
index 503afaa0afa7..d87247d2641f 100644
--- a/include/linux/init_task.h
+++ b/include/linux/init_task.h
@@ -108,18 +108,6 @@ extern struct group_info init_groups;
 
 extern struct cred init_cred;
 
-#ifdef CONFIG_PERF_COUNTERS
-# define INIT_PERF_COUNTERS(tsk)                                        \
-        .perf_counter_ctx.counter_list =                                \
-                LIST_HEAD_INIT(tsk.perf_counter_ctx.counter_list),      \
-        .perf_counter_ctx.event_list =                                  \
-                LIST_HEAD_INIT(tsk.perf_counter_ctx.event_list),        \
-        .perf_counter_ctx.lock =                                        \
-                __SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED(tsk.perf_counter_ctx.lock),
-#else
-# define INIT_PERF_COUNTERS(tsk)
-#endif
-
 /*
  *  INIT_TASK is used to set up the first task table, touch at
  * your own risk!. Base=0, limit=0x1fffff (=2MB)
@@ -183,7 +171,6 @@ extern struct cred init_cred;
         },                                                              \
         .dirties = INIT_PROP_LOCAL_SINGLE(dirties),                     \
         INIT_IDS                                                        \
-        INIT_PERF_COUNTERS(tsk)                                         \
         INIT_TRACE_IRQFLAGS                                             \
         INIT_LOCKDEP                                                    \
         INIT_FTRACE_GRAPH                                               \
diff --git a/include/linux/perf_counter.h b/include/linux/perf_counter.h
index f612941ef46e..071309005468 100644
--- a/include/linux/perf_counter.h
+++ b/include/linux/perf_counter.h
@@ -449,7 +449,6 @@ struct perf_counter {
         struct hw_perf_counter          hw;
 
         struct perf_counter_context     *ctx;
-        struct task_struct              *task;
         struct file                     *filp;
 
         struct perf_counter             *parent;
@@ -498,7 +497,6 @@ struct perf_counter {
  * Used as a container for task counters and CPU counters as well:
  */
 struct perf_counter_context {
-#ifdef CONFIG_PERF_COUNTERS
         /*
          * Protect the states of the counters in the list,
          * nr_active, and the list:
@@ -516,6 +514,7 @@ struct perf_counter_context {
         int                     nr_counters;
         int                     nr_active;
         int                     is_active;
+        atomic_t                refcount;
         struct task_struct      *task;
 
         /*
@@ -523,7 +522,6 @@ struct perf_counter_context {
          */
         u64                     time;
         u64                     timestamp;
-#endif
 };
 
 /**
diff --git a/include/linux/sched.h b/include/linux/sched.h
index ff59d1231519..9714d450f417 100644
--- a/include/linux/sched.h
+++ b/include/linux/sched.h
@@ -71,7 +71,6 @@ struct sched_param {
 #include <linux/path.h>
 #include <linux/compiler.h>
 #include <linux/completion.h>
-#include <linux/perf_counter.h>
 #include <linux/pid.h>
 #include <linux/percpu.h>
 #include <linux/topology.h>
@@ -99,6 +98,7 @@ struct robust_list_head;
 struct bio;
 struct bts_tracer;
 struct fs_struct;
+struct perf_counter_context;
 
 /*
  * List of flags we want to share for kernel threads,
@@ -1387,7 +1387,9 @@ struct task_struct {
         struct list_head pi_state_list;
         struct futex_pi_state *pi_state_cache;
 #endif
-        struct perf_counter_context perf_counter_ctx;
+#ifdef CONFIG_PERF_COUNTERS
+        struct perf_counter_context *perf_counter_ctxp;
+#endif
 #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
         struct mempolicy *mempolicy;
         short il_next;
diff --git a/kernel/exit.c b/kernel/exit.c
index f9dfedd94af0..99ad4063ee4a 100644
--- a/kernel/exit.c
+++ b/kernel/exit.c
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@
 #include <linux/tracehook.h>
 #include <linux/fs_struct.h>
 #include <linux/init_task.h>
+#include <linux/perf_counter.h>
 #include <trace/sched.h>
 
 #include <asm/uaccess.h>
@@ -159,7 +160,7 @@ static void delayed_put_task_struct(struct rcu_head *rhp)
         struct task_struct *tsk = container_of(rhp, struct task_struct, rcu);
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_PERF_COUNTERS
-        WARN_ON_ONCE(!list_empty(&tsk->perf_counter_ctx.counter_list));
+        WARN_ON_ONCE(tsk->perf_counter_ctxp);
 #endif
         trace_sched_process_free(tsk);
         put_task_struct(tsk);
diff --git a/kernel/fork.c b/kernel/fork.c
index d32fef4d38e5..e72a09f5355b 100644
--- a/kernel/fork.c
+++ b/kernel/fork.c
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@
 #include <linux/fs_struct.h>
 #include <trace/sched.h>
 #include <linux/magic.h>
+#include <linux/perf_counter.h>
 
 #include <asm/pgtable.h>
 #include <asm/pgalloc.h>
diff --git a/kernel/perf_counter.c b/kernel/perf_counter.c
index 08584c16049f..06ea3eae886e 100644
--- a/kernel/perf_counter.c
+++ b/kernel/perf_counter.c
@@ -97,6 +97,17 @@ void perf_enable(void)
                 hw_perf_enable();
 }
 
+static void get_ctx(struct perf_counter_context *ctx)
+{
+        atomic_inc(&ctx->refcount);
+}
+
+static void put_ctx(struct perf_counter_context *ctx)
+{
+        if (atomic_dec_and_test(&ctx->refcount))
+                kfree(ctx);
+}
+
 static void
 list_add_counter(struct perf_counter *counter, struct perf_counter_context *ctx)
 {
@@ -118,11 +129,17 @@ list_add_counter(struct perf_counter *counter, struct perf_counter_context *ctx)
         ctx->nr_counters++;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Remove a counter from the lists for its context.
+ * Must be called with counter->mutex and ctx->mutex held.
+ */
 static void
 list_del_counter(struct perf_counter *counter, struct perf_counter_context *ctx)
 {
         struct perf_counter *sibling, *tmp;
 
+        if (list_empty(&counter->list_entry))
+                return;
         ctx->nr_counters--;
 
         list_del_init(&counter->list_entry);
@@ -216,8 +233,6 @@ static void __perf_counter_remove_from_context(void *info)
 
         counter_sched_out(counter, cpuctx, ctx);
 
-        counter->task = NULL;
-
         list_del_counter(counter, ctx);
 
         if (!ctx->task) {
@@ -279,7 +294,6 @@ retry:
          */
         if (!list_empty(&counter->list_entry)) {
                 list_del_counter(counter, ctx);
-                counter->task = NULL;
         }
         spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);
 }
@@ -568,11 +582,17 @@ static void __perf_install_in_context(void *info)
          * If this is a task context, we need to check whether it is
          * the current task context of this cpu. If not it has been
          * scheduled out before the smp call arrived.
+         * Or possibly this is the right context but it isn't
+         * on this cpu because it had no counters.
          */
-        if (ctx->task && cpuctx->task_ctx != ctx)
-                return;
+        if (ctx->task && cpuctx->task_ctx != ctx) {
+                if (cpuctx->task_ctx || ctx->task != current)
+                        return;
+                cpuctx->task_ctx = ctx;
+        }
 
         spin_lock_irqsave(&ctx->lock, flags);
+        ctx->is_active = 1;
         update_context_time(ctx);
 
         /*
@@ -653,7 +673,6 @@ perf_install_in_context(struct perf_counter_context *ctx,
                 return;
         }
 
-        counter->task = task;
 retry:
         task_oncpu_function_call(task, __perf_install_in_context,
                                  counter);
@@ -693,10 +712,14 @@ static void __perf_counter_enable(void *info)
          * If this is a per-task counter, need to check whether this
          * counter's task is the current task on this cpu.
          */
-        if (ctx->task && cpuctx->task_ctx != ctx)
-                return;
+        if (ctx->task && cpuctx->task_ctx != ctx) {
+                if (cpuctx->task_ctx || ctx->task != current)
+                        return;
+                cpuctx->task_ctx = ctx;
+        }
 
         spin_lock_irqsave(&ctx->lock, flags);
+        ctx->is_active = 1;
         update_context_time(ctx);
 
         counter->prev_state = counter->state;
@@ -852,10 +875,10 @@ void __perf_counter_sched_out(struct perf_counter_context *ctx,
 void perf_counter_task_sched_out(struct task_struct *task, int cpu)
 {
         struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx = &per_cpu(perf_cpu_context, cpu);
-        struct perf_counter_context *ctx = &task->perf_counter_ctx;
+        struct perf_counter_context *ctx = task->perf_counter_ctxp;
         struct pt_regs *regs;
 
-        if (likely(!cpuctx->task_ctx))
+        if (likely(!ctx || !cpuctx->task_ctx))
                 return;
 
         update_context_time(ctx);
@@ -871,6 +894,8 @@ static void __perf_counter_task_sched_out(struct perf_counter_context *ctx)
 {
         struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx = &__get_cpu_var(perf_cpu_context);
 
+        if (!cpuctx->task_ctx)
+                return;
         __perf_counter_sched_out(ctx, cpuctx);
         cpuctx->task_ctx = NULL;
 }
@@ -969,8 +994,10 @@ __perf_counter_sched_in(struct perf_counter_context *ctx,
 void perf_counter_task_sched_in(struct task_struct *task, int cpu)
 {
         struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx = &per_cpu(perf_cpu_context, cpu);
-        struct perf_counter_context *ctx = &task->perf_counter_ctx;
+        struct perf_counter_context *ctx = task->perf_counter_ctxp;
 
+        if (likely(!ctx))
+                return;
         __perf_counter_sched_in(ctx, cpuctx, cpu);
         cpuctx->task_ctx = ctx;
 }
@@ -985,11 +1012,11 @@ static void perf_counter_cpu_sched_in(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx, int cpu)
 int perf_counter_task_disable(void)
 {
         struct task_struct *curr = current;
-        struct perf_counter_context *ctx = &curr->perf_counter_ctx;
+        struct perf_counter_context *ctx = curr->perf_counter_ctxp;
         struct perf_counter *counter;
         unsigned long flags;
 
-        if (likely(!ctx->nr_counters))
+        if (!ctx || !ctx->nr_counters)
                 return 0;
 
         local_irq_save(flags);
@@ -1020,12 +1047,12 @@ int perf_counter_task_disable(void)
 int perf_counter_task_enable(void)
 {
         struct task_struct *curr = current;
-        struct perf_counter_context *ctx = &curr->perf_counter_ctx;
+        struct perf_counter_context *ctx = curr->perf_counter_ctxp;
         struct perf_counter *counter;
         unsigned long flags;
         int cpu;
 
-        if (likely(!ctx->nr_counters))
+        if (!ctx || !ctx->nr_counters)
                 return 0;
 
         local_irq_save(flags);
@@ -1128,19 +1155,23 @@ void perf_counter_task_tick(struct task_struct *curr, int cpu)
                 return;
 
         cpuctx = &per_cpu(perf_cpu_context, cpu);
-        ctx = &curr->perf_counter_ctx;
+        ctx = curr->perf_counter_ctxp;
 
         perf_adjust_freq(&cpuctx->ctx);
-        perf_adjust_freq(ctx);
+        if (ctx)
+                perf_adjust_freq(ctx);
 
         perf_counter_cpu_sched_out(cpuctx);
-        __perf_counter_task_sched_out(ctx);
+        if (ctx)
+                __perf_counter_task_sched_out(ctx);
 
         rotate_ctx(&cpuctx->ctx);
-        rotate_ctx(ctx);
+        if (ctx)
+                rotate_ctx(ctx);
 
         perf_counter_cpu_sched_in(cpuctx, cpu);
-        perf_counter_task_sched_in(curr, cpu);
+        if (ctx)
+                perf_counter_task_sched_in(curr, cpu);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1176,6 +1207,22 @@ static u64 perf_counter_read(struct perf_counter *counter)
         return atomic64_read(&counter->count);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Initialize the perf_counter context in a task_struct:
+ */
+static void
+__perf_counter_init_context(struct perf_counter_context *ctx,
+                            struct task_struct *task)
+{
+        memset(ctx, 0, sizeof(*ctx));
+        spin_lock_init(&ctx->lock);
+        mutex_init(&ctx->mutex);
+        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ctx->counter_list);
+        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ctx->event_list);
+        atomic_set(&ctx->refcount, 1);
+        ctx->task = task;
+}
+
 static void put_context(struct perf_counter_context *ctx)
 {
         if (ctx->task)
@@ -1186,6 +1233,7 @@ static struct perf_counter_context *find_get_context(pid_t pid, int cpu)
 {
         struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;
         struct perf_counter_context *ctx;
+        struct perf_counter_context *tctx;
         struct task_struct *task;
 
         /*
@@ -1225,15 +1273,36 @@ static struct perf_counter_context *find_get_context(pid_t pid, int cpu)
         if (!task)
                 return ERR_PTR(-ESRCH);
 
-        ctx = &task->perf_counter_ctx;
-        ctx->task = task;
-
         /* Reuse ptrace permission checks for now. */
         if (!ptrace_may_access(task, PTRACE_MODE_READ)) {
-                put_context(ctx);
+                put_task_struct(task);
                 return ERR_PTR(-EACCES);
         }
 
+        ctx = task->perf_counter_ctxp;
+        if (!ctx) {
+                ctx = kmalloc(sizeof(struct perf_counter_context), GFP_KERNEL);
+                if (!ctx) {
+                        put_task_struct(task);
+                        return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
+                }
+                __perf_counter_init_context(ctx, task);
+                /*
+                 * Make sure other cpus see correct values for *ctx
+                 * once task->perf_counter_ctxp is visible to them.
+                 */
+                smp_wmb();
+                tctx = cmpxchg(&task->perf_counter_ctxp, NULL, ctx);
+                if (tctx) {
+                        /*
+                         * We raced with some other task; use
+                         * the context they set.
+                         */
+                        kfree(ctx);
+                        ctx = tctx;
+                }
+        }
+
         return ctx;
 }
 
@@ -1242,6 +1311,7 @@ static void free_counter_rcu(struct rcu_head *head)
         struct perf_counter *counter;
 
         counter = container_of(head, struct perf_counter, rcu_head);
+        put_ctx(counter->ctx);
         kfree(counter);
 }
 
@@ -2247,7 +2317,7 @@ static void perf_counter_comm_event(struct perf_comm_event *comm_event)
         perf_counter_comm_ctx(&cpuctx->ctx, comm_event);
         put_cpu_var(perf_cpu_context);
 
-        perf_counter_comm_ctx(&current->perf_counter_ctx, comm_event);
+        perf_counter_comm_ctx(current->perf_counter_ctxp, comm_event);
 }
 
 void perf_counter_comm(struct task_struct *task)
@@ -2256,7 +2326,9 @@ void perf_counter_comm(struct task_struct *task)
 
         if (!atomic_read(&nr_comm_tracking))
                 return;
-       
+        if (!current->perf_counter_ctxp)
+                return;
+
         comm_event = (struct perf_comm_event){
                 .task   = task,
                 .event  = {
@@ -2372,7 +2444,7 @@ got_name:
         perf_counter_mmap_ctx(&cpuctx->ctx, mmap_event);
         put_cpu_var(perf_cpu_context);
 
-        perf_counter_mmap_ctx(&current->perf_counter_ctx, mmap_event);
+        perf_counter_mmap_ctx(current->perf_counter_ctxp, mmap_event);
 
         kfree(buf);
 }
@@ -2384,6 +2456,8 @@ void perf_counter_mmap(unsigned long addr, unsigned long len,
 
         if (!atomic_read(&nr_mmap_tracking))
                 return;
+        if (!current->perf_counter_ctxp)
+                return;
 
         mmap_event = (struct perf_mmap_event){
                 .file   = file,
@@ -2985,6 +3059,7 @@ perf_counter_alloc(struct perf_counter_hw_event *hw_event,
         counter->group_leader           = group_leader;
         counter->pmu                    = NULL;
         counter->ctx                    = ctx;
+        get_ctx(ctx);
 
         counter->state = PERF_COUNTER_STATE_INACTIVE;
         if (hw_event->disabled)
@@ -3150,21 +3225,6 @@ err_put_context:
 }
 
 /*
- * Initialize the perf_counter context in a task_struct:
- */
-static void
-__perf_counter_init_context(struct perf_counter_context *ctx,
-                            struct task_struct *task)
-{
-        memset(ctx, 0, sizeof(*ctx));
-        spin_lock_init(&ctx->lock);
-        mutex_init(&ctx->mutex);
-        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ctx->counter_list);
-        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ctx->event_list);
-        ctx->task = task;
-}
-
-/*
  * inherit a counter from parent task to child task:
  */
 static struct perf_counter *
@@ -3195,7 +3255,6 @@ inherit_counter(struct perf_counter *parent_counter,
         /*
          * Link it up in the child's context:
          */
-        child_counter->task = child;
         add_counter_to_ctx(child_counter, child_ctx);
 
         child_counter->parent = parent_counter;
@@ -3294,40 +3353,15 @@ __perf_counter_exit_task(struct task_struct *child,
         struct perf_counter *parent_counter;
 
         /*
-         * If we do not self-reap then we have to wait for the
-         * child task to unschedule (it will happen for sure),
-         * so that its counter is at its final count. (This
-         * condition triggers rarely - child tasks usually get
-         * off their CPU before the parent has a chance to
-         * get this far into the reaping action)
+         * Protect against concurrent operations on child_counter
+         * due its fd getting closed, etc.
          */
-        if (child != current) {
-                wait_task_inactive(child, 0);
-                update_counter_times(child_counter);
-                list_del_counter(child_counter, child_ctx);
-        } else {
-                struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;
-                unsigned long flags;
-
-                /*
-                 * Disable and unlink this counter.
-                 *
-                 * Be careful about zapping the list - IRQ/NMI context
-                 * could still be processing it:
-                 */
-                local_irq_save(flags);
-                perf_disable();
-
-                cpuctx = &__get_cpu_var(perf_cpu_context);
+        mutex_lock(&child_counter->mutex);
 
-                group_sched_out(child_counter, cpuctx, child_ctx);
-                update_counter_times(child_counter);
+        update_counter_times(child_counter);
+        list_del_counter(child_counter, child_ctx);
 
-                list_del_counter(child_counter, child_ctx);
-
-                perf_enable();
-                local_irq_restore(flags);
-        }
+        mutex_unlock(&child_counter->mutex);
 
         parent_counter = child_counter->parent;
         /*
@@ -3346,19 +3380,29 @@ __perf_counter_exit_task(struct task_struct *child,
  *
  * Note: we may be running in child context, but the PID is not hashed
  * anymore so new counters will not be added.
+ * (XXX not sure that is true when we get called from flush_old_exec.
+ *  -- paulus)
  */
 void perf_counter_exit_task(struct task_struct *child)
 {
         struct perf_counter *child_counter, *tmp;
         struct perf_counter_context *child_ctx;
+        unsigned long flags;
 
         WARN_ON_ONCE(child != current);
 
-        child_ctx = &child->perf_counter_ctx;
+        child_ctx = child->perf_counter_ctxp;
 
-        if (likely(!child_ctx->nr_counters))
+        if (likely(!child_ctx))
                 return;
 
+        local_irq_save(flags);
+        __perf_counter_task_sched_out(child_ctx);
+        child->perf_counter_ctxp = NULL;
+        local_irq_restore(flags);
+
+        mutex_lock(&child_ctx->mutex);
+
 again:
         list_for_each_entry_safe(child_counter, tmp, &child_ctx->counter_list,
                                  list_entry)
@@ -3371,6 +3415,10 @@ again:
          */
         if (!list_empty(&child_ctx->counter_list))
                 goto again;
+
+        mutex_unlock(&child_ctx->mutex);
+
+        put_ctx(child_ctx);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -3382,19 +3430,25 @@ void perf_counter_init_task(struct task_struct *child)
         struct perf_counter *counter;
         struct task_struct *parent = current;
 
-        child_ctx  =  &child->perf_counter_ctx;
-        parent_ctx = &parent->perf_counter_ctx;
-
-        __perf_counter_init_context(child_ctx, child);
+        child->perf_counter_ctxp = NULL;
 
         /*
          * This is executed from the parent task context, so inherit
-         * counters that have been marked for cloning:
+         * counters that have been marked for cloning.
+         * First allocate and initialize a context for the child.
          */
 
-        if (likely(!parent_ctx->nr_counters))
+        child_ctx = kmalloc(sizeof(struct perf_counter_context), GFP_KERNEL);
+        if (!child_ctx)
+                return;
+
+        parent_ctx = parent->perf_counter_ctxp;
+        if (likely(!parent_ctx || !parent_ctx->nr_counters))
                 return;
 
+        __perf_counter_init_context(child_ctx, child);
+        child->perf_counter_ctxp = child_ctx;
+
         /*
          * Lock the parent list. No need to lock the child - not PID
          * hashed yet and not running, so nobody can access it.