<feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom'>
<title>litmus-rt.git/drivers/firewire, branch 2012.2</title>
<subtitle>The LITMUS^RT kernel.</subtitle>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://rtsrv.cs.unc.edu/cgit/cgit.cgi/litmus-rt.git/'/>
<entry>
<title>firewire: ohci: do not bind to Pinnacle cards, avert panic</title>
<updated>2011-07-10T10:53:27+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Stefan Richter</name>
<email>stefanr@s5r6.in-berlin.de</email>
</author>
<published>2011-07-09T22:23:03+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://rtsrv.cs.unc.edu/cgit/cgit.cgi/litmus-rt.git/commit/?id=7f7e37115a8b6724f26d0637a04e1d35e3c59717'/>
<id>7f7e37115a8b6724f26d0637a04e1d35e3c59717</id>
<content type='text'>
When firewire-ohci is bound to a Pinnacle MovieBoard, eventually a
"Register access failure" is logged and an interrupt storm or a kernel
panic happens.  https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=36622

Until this is sorted out (if that is going to succeed at all), let's
just prevent firewire-ohci from touching these devices.

Signed-off-by: Stefan Richter &lt;stefanr@s5r6.in-berlin.de&gt;
Cc: &lt;stable@kernel.org&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
When firewire-ohci is bound to a Pinnacle MovieBoard, eventually a
"Register access failure" is logged and an interrupt storm or a kernel
panic happens.  https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=36622

Until this is sorted out (if that is going to succeed at all), let's
just prevent firewire-ohci from touching these devices.

Signed-off-by: Stefan Richter &lt;stefanr@s5r6.in-berlin.de&gt;
Cc: &lt;stable@kernel.org&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>firewire: sbp2: parallelize login, reconnect, logout</title>
<updated>2011-05-10T20:53:46+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Stefan Richter</name>
<email>stefanr@s5r6.in-berlin.de</email>
</author>
<published>2011-05-01T18:50:31+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://rtsrv.cs.unc.edu/cgit/cgit.cgi/litmus-rt.git/commit/?id=105e53f863c04e1d9e5bb34bf753c9fdbce6a60c'/>
<id>105e53f863c04e1d9e5bb34bf753c9fdbce6a60c</id>
<content type='text'>
The struct sbp2_logical_unit.work items can all be executed in parallel
but are not reentrant.  Furthermore, reconnect or re-login work must be
executed in a WQ_MEM_RECLAIM workqueue.

Hence replace the old single-threaded firewire-sbp2 workqueue by a
concurrency-managed but non-reentrant workqueue with rescuer.
firewire-core already maintains one, hence use this one.

In earlier versions of this change, I observed occasional failures of
parallel INQUIRY to an Initio INIC-2430 FireWire 800 to dual IDE bridge.
More testing indicates that parallel INQUIRY is not actually a problem,
but too quick successions of logout and login + INQUIRY, e.g. a quick
sequence of cable plugout and plugin, can result in failed INQUIRY.
This does not seem to be something that should or could be addressed by
serialization.

Another dual-LU device to which I currently have access to, an
OXUF924DSB FireWire 800 to dual SATA bridge with firmware from MacPower,
has been successfully tested with this too.

This change is beneficial to environments with two or more FireWire
storage devices, especially if they are located on the same bus.
Management tasks that should be performed as soon and as quickly as
possible, especially reconnect, are no longer held up by tasks on other
devices that may take a long time, especially login with INQUIRY and sd
or sr driver probe.

Signed-off-by: Stefan Richter &lt;stefanr@s5r6.in-berlin.de&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
The struct sbp2_logical_unit.work items can all be executed in parallel
but are not reentrant.  Furthermore, reconnect or re-login work must be
executed in a WQ_MEM_RECLAIM workqueue.

Hence replace the old single-threaded firewire-sbp2 workqueue by a
concurrency-managed but non-reentrant workqueue with rescuer.
firewire-core already maintains one, hence use this one.

In earlier versions of this change, I observed occasional failures of
parallel INQUIRY to an Initio INIC-2430 FireWire 800 to dual IDE bridge.
More testing indicates that parallel INQUIRY is not actually a problem,
but too quick successions of logout and login + INQUIRY, e.g. a quick
sequence of cable plugout and plugin, can result in failed INQUIRY.
This does not seem to be something that should or could be addressed by
serialization.

Another dual-LU device to which I currently have access to, an
OXUF924DSB FireWire 800 to dual SATA bridge with firmware from MacPower,
has been successfully tested with this too.

This change is beneficial to environments with two or more FireWire
storage devices, especially if they are located on the same bus.
Management tasks that should be performed as soon and as quickly as
possible, especially reconnect, are no longer held up by tasks on other
devices that may take a long time, especially login with INQUIRY and sd
or sr driver probe.

Signed-off-by: Stefan Richter &lt;stefanr@s5r6.in-berlin.de&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>firewire: sbp2: octlet AT payloads can be stack-allocated</title>
<updated>2011-05-10T20:53:46+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Stefan Richter</name>
<email>stefanr@s5r6.in-berlin.de</email>
</author>
<published>2011-05-01T19:06:42+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://rtsrv.cs.unc.edu/cgit/cgit.cgi/litmus-rt.git/commit/?id=81bf52d8622f05cfe89893fd5c1101efd85f855b'/>
<id>81bf52d8622f05cfe89893fd5c1101efd85f855b</id>
<content type='text'>
We do not need slab allocations for ORB pointer write transactions
anymore in order to satisfy streaming DMA mapping constraints, thanks to
commit da28947e7e36 "firewire: ohci: avoid separate DMA mapping for
small AT payloads".

(Besides, the slab-allocated buffers that firewire-sbp2 used to provide
for 8-byte write requests were still not fully portable since they
shared a cacheline with unrelated CPU-accessed data.)

Signed-off-by: Stefan Richter &lt;stefanr@s5r6.in-berlin.de&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
We do not need slab allocations for ORB pointer write transactions
anymore in order to satisfy streaming DMA mapping constraints, thanks to
commit da28947e7e36 "firewire: ohci: avoid separate DMA mapping for
small AT payloads".

(Besides, the slab-allocated buffers that firewire-sbp2 used to provide
for 8-byte write requests were still not fully portable since they
shared a cacheline with unrelated CPU-accessed data.)

Signed-off-by: Stefan Richter &lt;stefanr@s5r6.in-berlin.de&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>firewire: sbp2: omit Scsi_Host lock from queuecommand</title>
<updated>2011-05-10T20:53:45+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Stefan Richter</name>
<email>stefanr@s5r6.in-berlin.de</email>
</author>
<published>2011-04-22T10:21:44+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://rtsrv.cs.unc.edu/cgit/cgit.cgi/litmus-rt.git/commit/?id=b75ca5ea8e439893121ad80406a3c04c4b7612ab'/>
<id>b75ca5ea8e439893121ad80406a3c04c4b7612ab</id>
<content type='text'>
firewire-sbp2 already takes care for internal serialization where
required (ORB list accesses), and it does not use cmd-&gt;serial_number
internally.  Hence it is safe to not grab the shost lock around
queuecommand.

While we are at housekeeping, drop a redundant struct member:
sbp2_command_orb.done is set once in a hot path and dereferenced once in
a hot path.  We can as well dereference sbp2_command_orb.cmd-&gt;scsi_done
instead.

Signed-off-by: Stefan Richter &lt;stefanr@s5r6.in-berlin.de&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
firewire-sbp2 already takes care for internal serialization where
required (ORB list accesses), and it does not use cmd-&gt;serial_number
internally.  Hence it is safe to not grab the shost lock around
queuecommand.

While we are at housekeeping, drop a redundant struct member:
sbp2_command_orb.done is set once in a hot path and dereferenced once in
a hot path.  We can as well dereference sbp2_command_orb.cmd-&gt;scsi_done
instead.

Signed-off-by: Stefan Richter &lt;stefanr@s5r6.in-berlin.de&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>firewire: core: use non-reentrant workqueue with rescuer</title>
<updated>2011-05-10T20:53:45+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Stefan Richter</name>
<email>stefanr@s5r6.in-berlin.de</email>
</author>
<published>2010-10-13T11:39:46+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://rtsrv.cs.unc.edu/cgit/cgit.cgi/litmus-rt.git/commit/?id=6ea9e7bbfc389a12d52646449a201fe933ccd663'/>
<id>6ea9e7bbfc389a12d52646449a201fe933ccd663</id>
<content type='text'>
firewire-core manages the following types of work items:

fw_card.br_work:
  - resets the bus on a card and possibly sends a PHY packet before that
  - does not sleep for long or not at all
  - is scheduled via fw_schedule_bus_reset() by
      - firewire-ohci's pci_probe method
      - firewire-ohci's set_config_rom method, called by kernelspace
        protocol drivers and userspace drivers which add/remove
	Configuration ROM descriptors
      - userspace drivers which use the bus reset ioctl
      - itself if the last reset happened less than 2 seconds ago

fw_card.bm_work:
  - performs bus management duties
  - usually does not (but may in corner cases) sleep for long
  - is scheduled via fw_schedule_bm_work() by
      - firewire-ohci's self-ID-complete IRQ handler tasklet
      - firewire-core's fw_device.work instances whenever the root node
        device was (successfully or unsuccessfully) discovered,
	refreshed, or rediscovered
      - itself in case of resource allocation failures or in order to
        obey the 125ms bus manager arbitration interval

fw_device.work:
  - performs node probe, update, shutdown, revival, removal; including
    kernel driver probe, update, shutdown and bus reset notification to
    userspace drivers
  - usually sleeps moderately long, in corner cases very long
  - is scheduled by
      - firewire-ohci's self-ID-complete IRQ handler tasklet via the
        core's fw_node_event
      - firewire-ohci's pci_remove method via core's fw_destroy_nodes/
        fw_node_event
      - itself during retries, e.g. while a node is powering up

iso_resource.work:
  - accesses registers at the Isochronous Resource Manager node
  - usually does not (but may in corner cases) sleep for long
  - is scheduled via schedule_iso_resource() by
      - the owning userspace driver at addition and removal of the
        resource
      - firewire-core's fw_device.work instances after bus reset
      - itself in case of resource allocation if necessary to obey the
        1000ms reallocation period after bus reset

fw_card.br_work instances should not, and instances of the others must
not, be executed in parallel by multiple CPUs -- but were not protected
against that.  Hence allocate a non-reentrant workqueue for them.

fw_device.work may be used in the memory reclaim path in case of SBP-2
device updates.  Hence we need a workqueue with rescuer and cannot use
system_nrt_wq.

Signed-off-by: Stefan Richter &lt;stefanr@s5r6.in-berlin.de&gt;
Reviewed-by: Tejun Heo &lt;tj@kernel.org&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
firewire-core manages the following types of work items:

fw_card.br_work:
  - resets the bus on a card and possibly sends a PHY packet before that
  - does not sleep for long or not at all
  - is scheduled via fw_schedule_bus_reset() by
      - firewire-ohci's pci_probe method
      - firewire-ohci's set_config_rom method, called by kernelspace
        protocol drivers and userspace drivers which add/remove
	Configuration ROM descriptors
      - userspace drivers which use the bus reset ioctl
      - itself if the last reset happened less than 2 seconds ago

fw_card.bm_work:
  - performs bus management duties
  - usually does not (but may in corner cases) sleep for long
  - is scheduled via fw_schedule_bm_work() by
      - firewire-ohci's self-ID-complete IRQ handler tasklet
      - firewire-core's fw_device.work instances whenever the root node
        device was (successfully or unsuccessfully) discovered,
	refreshed, or rediscovered
      - itself in case of resource allocation failures or in order to
        obey the 125ms bus manager arbitration interval

fw_device.work:
  - performs node probe, update, shutdown, revival, removal; including
    kernel driver probe, update, shutdown and bus reset notification to
    userspace drivers
  - usually sleeps moderately long, in corner cases very long
  - is scheduled by
      - firewire-ohci's self-ID-complete IRQ handler tasklet via the
        core's fw_node_event
      - firewire-ohci's pci_remove method via core's fw_destroy_nodes/
        fw_node_event
      - itself during retries, e.g. while a node is powering up

iso_resource.work:
  - accesses registers at the Isochronous Resource Manager node
  - usually does not (but may in corner cases) sleep for long
  - is scheduled via schedule_iso_resource() by
      - the owning userspace driver at addition and removal of the
        resource
      - firewire-core's fw_device.work instances after bus reset
      - itself in case of resource allocation if necessary to obey the
        1000ms reallocation period after bus reset

fw_card.br_work instances should not, and instances of the others must
not, be executed in parallel by multiple CPUs -- but were not protected
against that.  Hence allocate a non-reentrant workqueue for them.

fw_device.work may be used in the memory reclaim path in case of SBP-2
device updates.  Hence we need a workqueue with rescuer and cannot use
system_nrt_wq.

Signed-off-by: Stefan Richter &lt;stefanr@s5r6.in-berlin.de&gt;
Reviewed-by: Tejun Heo &lt;tj@kernel.org&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>firewire: optimize iso queueing by setting wake only after the last packet</title>
<updated>2011-05-10T20:53:45+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Clemens Ladisch</name>
<email>clemens@ladisch.de</email>
</author>
<published>2011-05-02T07:33:56+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://rtsrv.cs.unc.edu/cgit/cgit.cgi/litmus-rt.git/commit/?id=13882a82ee1646336c3996c93b4a560a55d2a419'/>
<id>13882a82ee1646336c3996c93b4a560a55d2a419</id>
<content type='text'>
When queueing iso packets, the run time is dominated by the two
MMIO accesses that set the DMA context's wake bit.  Because most
drivers submit packets in batches, we can save much time by
removing all but the last wakeup.

The internal kernel API is changed to require a call to
fw_iso_context_queue_flush() after a batch of queued packets.
The user space API does not change, so one call to
FW_CDEV_IOC_QUEUE_ISO must specify multiple packets to take
advantage of this optimization.

In my measurements, this patch reduces the time needed to queue
fifty skip packets from userspace to one sixth on a 2.5 GHz CPU,
or to one third at 800 MHz.

Signed-off-by: Clemens Ladisch &lt;clemens@ladisch.de&gt;
Signed-off-by: Stefan Richter &lt;stefanr@s5r6.in-berlin.de&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
When queueing iso packets, the run time is dominated by the two
MMIO accesses that set the DMA context's wake bit.  Because most
drivers submit packets in batches, we can save much time by
removing all but the last wakeup.

The internal kernel API is changed to require a call to
fw_iso_context_queue_flush() after a batch of queued packets.
The user space API does not change, so one call to
FW_CDEV_IOC_QUEUE_ISO must specify multiple packets to take
advantage of this optimization.

In my measurements, this patch reduces the time needed to queue
fifty skip packets from userspace to one sixth on a 2.5 GHz CPU,
or to one third at 800 MHz.

Signed-off-by: Clemens Ladisch &lt;clemens@ladisch.de&gt;
Signed-off-by: Stefan Richter &lt;stefanr@s5r6.in-berlin.de&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>firewire: octlet AT payloads can be stack-allocated</title>
<updated>2011-05-10T20:53:44+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Stefan Richter</name>
<email>stefanr@s5r6.in-berlin.de</email>
</author>
<published>2011-04-22T13:13:54+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://rtsrv.cs.unc.edu/cgit/cgit.cgi/litmus-rt.git/commit/?id=f30e6d3e419bfb5540fa82ba7eca01d578556e6b'/>
<id>f30e6d3e419bfb5540fa82ba7eca01d578556e6b</id>
<content type='text'>
We do not need slab allocations anymore in order to satisfy
streaming DMA mapping constraints, thanks to commit da28947e7e36
"firewire: ohci: avoid separate DMA mapping for small AT payloads".

(Besides, the slab-allocated buffers that firewire-core, firewire-sbp2,
and firedtv used to provide for 8-byte write and lock requests were
still not fully portable since they crossed cacheline boundaries or
shared a cacheline with unrelated CPU-accessed data.  snd-firewire-lib
got this aspect right by using an extra kmalloc/ kfree just for the
8-byte transaction buffer.)

This change replaces kmalloc'ed lock transaction scratch buffers in
firewire-core, firedtv, and snd-firewire-lib by local stack allocations.
Perhaps the most notable result of the change is simpler locking because
there is no need to serialize usages of preallocated per-device buffers
anymore.  Also, allocations and deallocations are simpler.

Signed-off-by: Stefan Richter &lt;stefanr@s5r6.in-berlin.de&gt;
Acked-by: Clemens Ladisch &lt;clemens@ladisch.de&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
We do not need slab allocations anymore in order to satisfy
streaming DMA mapping constraints, thanks to commit da28947e7e36
"firewire: ohci: avoid separate DMA mapping for small AT payloads".

(Besides, the slab-allocated buffers that firewire-core, firewire-sbp2,
and firedtv used to provide for 8-byte write and lock requests were
still not fully portable since they crossed cacheline boundaries or
shared a cacheline with unrelated CPU-accessed data.  snd-firewire-lib
got this aspect right by using an extra kmalloc/ kfree just for the
8-byte transaction buffer.)

This change replaces kmalloc'ed lock transaction scratch buffers in
firewire-core, firedtv, and snd-firewire-lib by local stack allocations.
Perhaps the most notable result of the change is simpler locking because
there is no need to serialize usages of preallocated per-device buffers
anymore.  Also, allocations and deallocations are simpler.

Signed-off-by: Stefan Richter &lt;stefanr@s5r6.in-berlin.de&gt;
Acked-by: Clemens Ladisch &lt;clemens@ladisch.de&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>Merge tag 'v2.6.39-rc7'</title>
<updated>2011-05-10T20:50:41+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Stefan Richter</name>
<email>stefanr@s5r6.in-berlin.de</email>
</author>
<published>2011-05-10T18:52:07+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://rtsrv.cs.unc.edu/cgit/cgit.cgi/litmus-rt.git/commit/?id=020abf03cd659388f94cb328e1e1df0656e0d7ff'/>
<id>020abf03cd659388f94cb328e1e1df0656e0d7ff</id>
<content type='text'>
in order to pull in changes in drivers/media/dvb/firewire/ and
sound/firewire/.
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
in order to pull in changes in drivers/media/dvb/firewire/ and
sound/firewire/.
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>Merge branch 'fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/ieee1394/linux1394-2.6</title>
<updated>2011-05-04T21:21:39+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Linus Torvalds</name>
<email>torvalds@linux-foundation.org</email>
</author>
<published>2011-05-04T21:21:39+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://rtsrv.cs.unc.edu/cgit/cgit.cgi/litmus-rt.git/commit/?id=8db72a7d7268630e04ec285fbd3e90733b2eddf9'/>
<id>8db72a7d7268630e04ec285fbd3e90733b2eddf9</id>
<content type='text'>
* 'fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/ieee1394/linux1394-2.6:
  firewire: Fix for broken configrom updates in quick succession
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
* 'fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/ieee1394/linux1394-2.6:
  firewire: Fix for broken configrom updates in quick succession
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>firewire: Fix for broken configrom updates in quick succession</title>
<updated>2011-05-02T20:55:22+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>B.J. Buchalter</name>
<email>bj@mhlabs.com</email>
</author>
<published>2011-05-02T17:33:42+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://rtsrv.cs.unc.edu/cgit/cgit.cgi/litmus-rt.git/commit/?id=2e053a27d9d5ad5e0831e002cbf8043836fb2060'/>
<id>2e053a27d9d5ad5e0831e002cbf8043836fb2060</id>
<content type='text'>
Current implementation of ohci_set_config_rom() uses a deferred
bus reset via fw_schedule_bus_reset(). If clients add multiple
unit descriptors to the config_rom in quick succession, the
deferred bus reset may not have fired before succeeding update
requests have come in. This can lead to an incorrect partial
update of the config_rom for both addition and removal of
config_rom descriptors, as the ohci_set_config_rom() routine
will return -EBUSY if a previous pending update has not been
completed yet; the requested update just gets dropped on the floor.

This patch recognizes that the "in-flight" update can be modified
until it has been processed by the bus-reset, and the locking
in the bus_reset_tasklet ensures that the update is done atomically
with respect to modifications made by ohci_set_config_rom(). The
-EBUSY error case is simply removed.

[Stefan R:  The bug always existed at least theoretically.  But it
became easy to trigger since 2.6.36 commit 02d37bed188c "firewire: core:
integrate software-forced bus resets with bus management" which
introduced long mandatory delays between janitorial bus resets.]

Signed-off-by: Benjamin Buchalter &lt;bj@mhlabs.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: Stefan Richter &lt;stefanr@s5r6.in-berlin.de&gt; (trivial style changes)
Cc: &lt;stable@kernel.org&gt; # 2.6.36.y and newer
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
Current implementation of ohci_set_config_rom() uses a deferred
bus reset via fw_schedule_bus_reset(). If clients add multiple
unit descriptors to the config_rom in quick succession, the
deferred bus reset may not have fired before succeeding update
requests have come in. This can lead to an incorrect partial
update of the config_rom for both addition and removal of
config_rom descriptors, as the ohci_set_config_rom() routine
will return -EBUSY if a previous pending update has not been
completed yet; the requested update just gets dropped on the floor.

This patch recognizes that the "in-flight" update can be modified
until it has been processed by the bus-reset, and the locking
in the bus_reset_tasklet ensures that the update is done atomically
with respect to modifications made by ohci_set_config_rom(). The
-EBUSY error case is simply removed.

[Stefan R:  The bug always existed at least theoretically.  But it
became easy to trigger since 2.6.36 commit 02d37bed188c "firewire: core:
integrate software-forced bus resets with bus management" which
introduced long mandatory delays between janitorial bus resets.]

Signed-off-by: Benjamin Buchalter &lt;bj@mhlabs.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: Stefan Richter &lt;stefanr@s5r6.in-berlin.de&gt; (trivial style changes)
Cc: &lt;stable@kernel.org&gt; # 2.6.36.y and newer
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