fs/namei.c



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/*
 *  linux/fs/namei.c
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 1991, 1992  Linus Torvalds
 */

/*
 * Some corrections by tytso.
 */

/* [Feb 1997 T. Schoebel-Theuer] Complete rewrite of the pathname
 * lookup logic.
 */
/* [Feb-Apr 2000, AV] Rewrite to the new namespace architecture.
 */

#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/namei.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/fsnotify.h>
#include <linux/personality.h>
#include <linux/security.h>
#include <linux/ima.h>
#include <linux/syscalls.h>
#include <linux/mount.h>
#include <linux/audit.h>
#include <linux/capability.h>
#include <linux/file.h>
#include <linux/fcntl.h>
#include <linux/device_cgroup.h>
#include <linux/fs_struct.h>
#include <linux/posix_acl.h>
#include <asm/uaccess.h>

#include "internal.h"

/* [Feb-1997 T. Schoebel-Theuer]
 * Fundamental changes in the pathname lookup mechanisms (namei)
 * were necessary because of omirr.  The reason is that omirr needs
 * to know the _real_ pathname, not the user-supplied one, in case
 * of symlinks (and also when transname replacements occur).
 *
 * The new code replaces the old recursive symlink resolution with
 * an iterative one (in case of non-nested symlink chains).  It does
 * this with calls to <fs>_follow_link().
 * As a side effect, dir_namei(), _namei() and follow_link() are now 
 * replaced with a single function lookup_dentry() that can handle all 
 * the special cases of the former code.
 *
 * With the new dcache, the pathname is stored at each inode, at least as
 * long as the refcount of the inode is positive.  As a side effect, the
 * size of the dcache depends on the inode cache and thus is dynamic.
 *
 * [29-Apr-1998 C. Scott Ananian] Updated above description of symlink
 * resolution to correspond with current state of the code.
 *
 * Note that the symlink resolution is not *completely* iterative.
 * There is still a significant amount of tail- and mid- recursion in
 * the algorithm.  Also, note that <fs>_readlink() is not used in
 * lookup_dentry(): lookup_dentry() on the result of <fs>_readlink()
 * may return different results than <fs>_follow_link().  Many virtual
 * filesystems (including /proc) exhibit this behavior.
 */

/* [24-Feb-97 T. Schoebel-Theuer] Side effects caused by new implementation:
 * New symlink semantics: when open() is called with flags O_CREAT | O_EXCL
 * and the name already exists in form of a symlink, try to create the new
 * name indicated by the symlink. The old code always complained that the
 * name already exists, due to not following the symlink even if its target
 * is nonexistent.  The new semantics affects also mknod() and link() when
 * the name is a symlink pointing to a non-existent name.
 *
 * I don't know which semantics is the right one, since I have no access
 * to standards. But I found by trial that HP-UX 9.0 has the full "new"
 * semantics implemented, while SunOS 4.1.1 and Solaris (SunOS 5.4) have the
 * "old" one. Personally, I think the new semantics is much more logical.
 * Note that "ln old new" where "new" is a symlink pointing to a non-existing
 * file does succeed in both HP-UX and SunOs, but not in Solaris
 * and in the old Linux semantics.
 */

/* [16-Dec-97 Kevin Buhr] For security reasons, we change some symlink
 * semantics.  See the comments in "open_namei" and "do_link" below.
 *
 * [10-Sep-98 Alan Modra] Another symlink change.
 */

/* [Feb-Apr 2000 AV] Complete rewrite. Rules for symlinks:
 *	inside the path - always follow.
 *	in the last component in creation/removal/renaming - never follow.
 *	if LOOKUP_FOLLOW passed - follow.
 *	if the pathname has trailing slashes - follow.
 *	otherwise - don't follow.
 * (applied in that order).
 *
 * [Jun 2000 AV] Inconsistent behaviour of open() in case if flags==O_CREAT
 * restored for 2.4. This is the last surviving part of old 4.2BSD bug.
 * During the 2.4 we need to fix the userland stuff depending on it -
 * hopefully we will be able to get rid of that wart in 2.5. So far only
 * XEmacs seems to be relying on it...
 */
/*
 * [Sep 2001 AV] Single-semaphore locking scheme (kudos to David Holland)
 * implemented.  Let's see if raised priority of ->s_vfs_rename_mutex gives
 * any extra contention...
 */

/* In order to reduce some races, while at the same time doing additional
 * checking and hopefully speeding things up, we copy filenames to the
 * kernel data space before using them..
 *
 * POSIX.1 2.4: an empty pathname is invalid (ENOENT).
 * PATH_MAX includes the nul terminator --RR.
 */
static int do_getname(const char __user *filename, char *page)
{
	int retval;
	unsigned long len = PATH_MAX;

	if (!segment_eq(get_fs(), KERNEL_DS)) {
		if ((unsigned long) filename >= TASK_SIZE)
			return -EFAULT;
		if (TASK_SIZE - (unsigned long) filename < PATH_MAX)
			len = TASK_SIZE - (unsigned long) filename;
	}

	retval = strncpy_from_user(page, filename, len);
	if (retval > 0) {
		if (retval < len)
			return 0;
		return -ENAMETOOLONG;
	} else if (!retval)
		retval = -ENOENT;
	return retval;
}

static char *getname_flags(const char __user * filename, int flags)
{
	char *tmp, *result;

	result = ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
	tmp = __getname();
	if (tmp)  {
		int retval = do_getname(filename, tmp);

		result = tmp;
		if (retval < 0) {
			if (retval != -ENOENT || !(flags & LOOKUP_EMPTY)) {
				__putname(tmp);
				result = ERR_PTR(retval);
			}
		}
	}
	audit_getname(result);
	return result;
}

char *getname(const char __user * filename)
{
	return getname_flags(filename, 0);
}

#ifdef CONFIG_AUDITSYSCALL
void putname(const char *name)
{
	if (unlikely(!audit_dummy_context()))
		audit_putname(name);
	else
		__putname(name);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(putname);
#endif

static int check_acl(struct inode *inode, int mask)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_FS_POSIX_ACL
	struct posix_acl *acl;

	/*
	 * Under RCU walk, we cannot even do a "get_cached_acl()",
	 * because that involves locking and getting a refcount on
	 * a cached ACL.
	 *
	 * So the only case we handle during RCU walking is the
	 * case of a cached "no ACL at all", which needs no locks
	 * or refcounts.
	 */
	if (mask & MAY_NOT_BLOCK) {
	        if (negative_cached_acl(inode, ACL_TYPE_ACCESS))
	                return -EAGAIN;
	        return -ECHILD;
	}

	acl = get_cached_acl(inode, ACL_TYPE_ACCESS);

	/*
	 * A filesystem can force a ACL callback by just never filling the
	 * ACL cache. But normally you'd fill the cache either at inode
	 * instantiation time, or on the first ->get_acl call.
	 *
	 * If the filesystem doesn't have a get_acl() function at all, we'll
	 * just create the negative cache entry.
	 */
	if (acl == ACL_NOT_CACHED) {
	        if (inode->i_op->get_acl) {
			acl = inode->i_op->get_acl(inode, ACL_TYPE_ACCESS);
			if (IS_ERR(acl))
				return PTR_ERR(acl);
		} else {
		        set_cached_acl(inode, ACL_TYPE_ACCESS, NULL);
		        return -EAGAIN;
		}
	}

	if (acl) {
	        int error = posix_acl_permission(inode, acl, mask);
	        posix_acl_release(acl);
	        return error;
	}
#endif

	return -EAGAIN;
}

/*
 * This does basic POSIX ACL permission checking
 */
static int acl_permission_check(struct inode *inode, int mask)
{
	unsigned int mode = inode->i_mode;

	mask &= MAY_READ | MAY_WRITE | MAY_EXEC | MAY_NOT_BLOCK;

	if (current_user_ns() != inode_userns(inode))
		goto other_perms;

	if (likely(current_fsuid() == inode->i_uid))
		mode >>= 6;
	else {
		if (IS_POSIXACL(inode) && (mode & S_IRWXG)) {
			int error = check_acl(inode, mask);
			if (error != -EAGAIN)
				return error;
		}

		if (in_group_p(inode->i_gid))
			mode >>= 3;
	}

other_perms:
	/*
	 * If the DACs are ok we don't need any capability check.
	 */
	if ((mask & ~mode & (MAY_READ | MAY_WRITE | MAY_EXEC)) == 0)
		return 0;
	return -EACCES;
}

/**
 * generic_permission -  check for access rights on a Posix-like filesystem
 * @inode:	inode to check access rights for
 * @mask:	right to check for (%MAY_READ, %MAY_WRITE, %MAY_EXEC)
 *
 * Used to check for read/write/execute permissions on a file.
 * We use "fsuid" for this, letting us set arbitrary permissions
 * for filesystem access without changing the "normal" uids which
 * are used for other things.
 *
 * generic_permission is rcu-walk aware. It returns -ECHILD in case an rcu-walk
 * request cannot be satisfied (eg. requires blocking or too much complexity).
 * It would then be called again in ref-walk mode.
 */
int generic_permission(struct inode *inode, int mask)
{
	int ret;

	/*
	 * Do the basic POSIX ACL permission checks.
	 */
	ret = acl_permission_check(inode, mask);
	if (ret != -EACCES)
		return ret;

	if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode)) {
		/* DACs are overridable for directories */
		if (ns_capable(inode_userns(inode), CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE))
			return 0;
		if (!(mask & MAY_WRITE))
			if (ns_capable(inode_userns(inode), CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH))
				return 0;
		return -EACCES;
	}
	/*
	 * Read/write DACs are always overridable.
	 * Executable DACs are overridable when there is
	 * at least one exec bit set.
	 */
	if (!(mask & MAY_EXEC) || (inode->i_mode & S_IXUGO))
		if (ns_capable(inode_userns(inode), CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE))
			return 0;

	/*
	 * Searching includes executable on directories, else just read.
	 */
	mask &= MAY_READ | MAY_WRITE | MAY_EXEC;
	if (mask == MAY_READ)
		if (ns_capable(inode_userns(inode), CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH))
			return 0;

	return -EACCES;
}

/**
 * inode_permission  -  check for access rights to a given inode
 * @inode:	inode to check permission on
 * @mask:	right to check for (%MAY_READ, %MAY_WRITE, %MAY_EXEC)
 *
 * Used to check for read/write/execute permissions on an inode.
 * We use "fsuid" for this, letting us set arbitrary permissions
 * for filesystem access without changing the "normal" uids which
 * are used for other things.
 */
int inode_permission(struct inode *inode, int mask)
{
	int retval;

	if (mask & MAY_WRITE) {
		umode_t mode = inode->i_mode;

		/*
		 * Nobody gets write access to a read-only fs.
		 */
		if (IS_RDONLY(inode) &&
		    (S_ISREG(mode) || S_ISDIR(mode) || S_ISLNK(mode)))
			return -EROFS;

		/*
		 * Nobody gets write access to an immutable file.
		 */
		if (IS_IMMUTABLE(inode))
			return -EACCES;
	}

	if (inode->i_op->permission)
		retval = inode->i_op->permission(inode, mask);
	else
		retval = generic_permission(inode, mask);

	if (retval)
		return retval;

	retval = devcgroup_inode_permission(inode, mask);
	if (retval)
		return retval;

	return security_inode_permission(inode, mask);
}

/**
 * path_get - get a reference to a path
 * @path: path to get the reference to
 *
 * Given a path increment the reference count to the dentry and the vfsmount.
 */
void path_get(struct path *path)
{
	mntget(path->mnt);
	dget(path->dentry);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(path_get);

/**
 * path_put - put a reference to a path
 * @path: path to put the reference to
 *
 * Given a path decrement the reference count to the dentry and the vfsmount.
 */
void path_put(struct path *path)
{
	dput(path->dentry);
	mntput(path->mnt);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(path_put);

/*
 * Path walking has 2 modes, rcu-walk and ref-walk (see
 * Documentation/filesystems/path-lookup.txt).  In situations when we can't
 * continue in RCU mode, we attempt to drop out of rcu-walk mode and grab
 * normal reference counts on dentries and vfsmounts to transition to rcu-walk
 * mode.  Refcounts are grabbed at the last known good point before rcu-walk
 * got stuck, so ref-walk may continue from there. If this is not successful
 * (eg. a seqcount has changed), then failure is returned and it's up to caller
 * to restart the path walk from the beginning in ref-walk mode.
 */

/**
 * unlazy_walk - try to switch to ref-walk mode.
 * @nd: nameidata pathwalk data
 * @dentry: child of nd->path.dentry or NULL
 * Returns: 0 on success, -ECHILD on failure
 *
 * unlazy_walk attempts to legitimize the current nd->path, nd->root and dentry
 * for ref-walk mode.  @dentry must be a path found by a do_lookup call on
 * @nd or NULL.  Must be called from rcu-walk context.
 */
static int unlazy_walk(struct nameidata *nd, struct dentry *dentry)
{
	struct fs_struct *fs = current->fs;
	struct dentry *parent = nd->path.dentry;
	int want_root = 0;

	BUG_ON(!(nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU));
	if (nd->root.mnt && !(nd->flags & LOOKUP_ROOT)) {
		want_root = 1;
		spin_lock(&fs->lock);
		if (nd->root.mnt != fs->root.mnt ||
				nd->root.dentry != fs->root.dentry)
			goto err_root;
	}
	spin_lock(&parent->d_lock);
	if (!dentry) {
		if (!__d_rcu_to_refcount(parent, nd->seq))
			goto err_parent;
		BUG_ON(nd->inode != parent->d_inode);
	} else {
		if (dentry->d_parent != parent)
			goto err_parent;
		spin_lock_nested(&dentry->d_lock, DENTRY_D_LOCK_NESTED);
		if (!__d_rcu_to_refcount(dentry, nd->seq))
			goto err_child;
		/*
		 * If the sequence check on the child dentry passed, then
		 * the child has not been removed from its parent. This
		 * means the parent dentry must be valid and able to take
		 * a reference at this point.
		 */
		BUG_ON(!IS_ROOT(dentry) && dentry->d_parent != parent);
		BUG_ON(!parent->d_count);
		parent->d_count++;
		spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
	}
	spin_unlock(&parent->d_lock);
	if (want_root) {
		path_get(&nd->root);
		spin_unlock(&fs->lock);
	}
	mntget(nd->path.mnt);

	rcu_read_unlock();
	br_read_unlock(vfsmount_lock);
	nd->flags &= ~LOOKUP_RCU;
	return 0;

err_child:
	spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
err_parent:
	spin_unlock(&parent->d_lock);
err_root:
	if (want_root)
		spin_unlock(&fs->lock);
	return -ECHILD;
}

/**
 * release_open_intent - free up open intent resources
 * @nd: pointer to nameidata
 */
void release_open_intent(struct nameidata *nd)
{
	struct file *file = nd->intent.open.file;

	if (file && !IS_ERR(file)) {
		if (file->f_path.dentry == NULL)
			put_filp(file);
		else
			fput(file);
	}
}

static inline int d_revalidate(struct dentry *dentry, struct nameidata *nd)
{
	return dentry->d_op->d_revalidate(dentry, nd);
}

/**
 * complete_walk - successful completion of path walk
 * @nd:  pointer nameidata
 *
 * If we had been in RCU mode, drop out of it and legitimize nd->path.
 * Revalidate the final result, unless we'd already done that during
 * the path walk or the filesystem doesn't ask for it.  Return 0 on
 * success, -error on failure.  In case of failure caller does not
 * need to drop nd->path.
 */
static int complete_walk(struct nameidata *nd)
{
	struct dentry *dentry = nd->path.dentry;
	int status;

	if (nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU) {
		nd->flags &= ~LOOKUP_RCU;
		if (!(nd->flags & LOOKUP_ROOT))
			nd->root.mnt = NULL;
		spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
		if (unlikely(!__d_rcu_to_refcount(dentry, nd->seq))) {
			spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
			rcu_read_unlock();
			br_read_unlock(vfsmount_lock);
			return -ECHILD;
		}
		BUG_ON(nd->inode != dentry->d_inode);
		spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
		mntget(nd->path.mnt);
		rcu_read_unlock();
		br_read_unlock(vfsmount_lock);
	}

	if (likely(!(nd->flags & LOOKUP_JUMPED)))
		return 0;

	if (likely(!(dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_OP_REVALIDATE)))
		return 0;

	if (likely(!(dentry->d_sb->s_type->fs_flags & FS_REVAL_DOT)))
		return 0;

	/* Note: we do not d_invalidate() */
	status = d_revalidate(dentry, nd);
	if (status > 0)
		return 0;

	if (!status)
		status = -ESTALE;

	path_put(&nd->path);
	return status;
}

static __always_inline void set_root(struct nameidata *nd)
{
	if (!nd->root.mnt)
		get_fs_root(current->fs, &nd->root);
}

static int link_path_walk(const char *, struct nameidata *);

static __always_inline void set_root_rcu(struct nameidata *nd)
{
	if (!nd->root.mnt) {
		struct fs_struct *fs = current->fs;
		unsigned seq;

		do {
			seq = read_seqcount_begin(&fs->seq);
			nd->root = fs->root;
			nd->seq = __read_seqcount_begin(&nd->root.dentry->d_seq);
		} while (read_seqcount_retry(&fs->seq, seq));
	}
}

static __always_inline int __vfs_follow_link(struct nameidata *nd, const char *link)
{
	int ret;

	if (IS_ERR(link))
		goto fail;

	if (*link == '/') {
		set_root(nd);
		path_put(&nd->path);
		nd->path = nd->root;
		path_get(&nd->root);
		nd->flags |= LOOKUP_JUMPED;
	}
	nd->inode = nd->path.dentry->d_inode;

	ret = link_path_walk(link, nd);
	return ret;
fail:
	path_put(&nd->path);
	return PTR_ERR(link);
}

static void path_put_conditional(struct path *path, struct nameidata *nd)
{
	dput(path->dentry);
	if (path->mnt != nd->path.mnt)
		mntput(path->mnt);
}

static inline void path_to_nameidata(const struct path *path,
					struct nameidata *nd)
{
	if (!(nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU)) {
		dput(nd->path.dentry);
		if (nd->path.mnt != path->mnt)
			mntput(nd->path.mnt);
	}
	nd->path.mnt = path->mnt;
	nd->path.dentry = path->dentry;
}

static inline void put_link(struct nameidata *nd, struct path *link, void *cookie)
{
	struct inode *inode = link->dentry->d_inode;
	if (!IS_ERR(cookie) && inode->i_op->put_link)
		inode->i_op->put_link(link->dentry, nd, cookie);
	path_put(link);
}

static __always_inline int
follow_link(struct path *link, struct nameidata *nd, void **p)
{
	int error;
	struct dentry *dentry = link->dentry;

	BUG_ON(nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU);

	if (link->mnt == nd->path.mnt)
		mntget(link->mnt);

	if (unlikely(current->total_link_count >= 40)) {
		*p = ERR_PTR(-ELOOP); /* no ->put_link(), please */
		path_put(&nd->path);
		return -ELOOP;
	}
	cond_resched();
	current->total_link_count++;

	touch_atime(link->mnt, dentry);
	nd_set_link(nd, NULL);

	error = security_inode_follow_link(link->dentry, nd);
	if (error) {
		*p = ERR_PTR(error); /* no ->put_link(), please */
		path_put(&nd->path);
		return error;
	}

	nd->last_type = LAST_BIND;
	*p = dentry->d_inode->i_op->follow_link(dentry, nd);
	error = PTR_ERR(*p);
	if (!IS_ERR(*p)) {
		char *s = nd_get_link(nd);
		error = 0;
		if (s)
			error = __vfs_follow_link(nd, s);
		else if (nd->last_type == LAST_BIND) {
			nd->flags |= LOOKUP_JUMPED;
			nd->inode = nd->path.dentry->d_inode;
			if (nd->inode->i_op->follow_link) {
				/* stepped on a _really_ weird one */
				path_put(&nd->path);
				error = -ELOOP;
			}
		}
	}
	return error;
}

static int follow_up_rcu(struct path *path)
{
	struct vfsmount *parent;
	struct dentry *mountpoint;

	parent = path->mnt->mnt_parent;
	if (parent == path->mnt)
		return 0;
	mountpoint = path->mnt->mnt_mountpoint;
	path->dentry = mountpoint;
	path->mnt = parent;
	return 1;
}

int follow_up(struct path *path)
{
	struct vfsmount *parent;
	struct dentry *mountpoint;

	br_read_lock(vfsmount_lock);
	parent = path->mnt->mnt_parent;
	if (parent == path->mnt) {
		br_read_unlock(vfsmount_lock);
		return 0;
	}
	mntget(parent);
	mountpoint = dget(path->mnt->mnt_mountpoint);
	br_read_unlock(vfsmount_lock);
	dput(path->dentry);
	path->dentry = mountpoint;
	mntput(path->mnt);
	path->mnt = parent;
	return 1;
}

/*
 * Perform an automount
 * - return -EISDIR to tell follow_managed() to stop and return the path we
 *   were called with.
 */
static int follow_automount(struct path *path, unsigned flags,
			    bool *need_mntput)
{
	struct vfsmount *mnt;
	int err;

	if (!path->dentry->d_op || !path->dentry->d_op->d_automount)
		return -EREMOTE;

	/* We don't want to mount if someone supplied AT_NO_AUTOMOUNT
	 * and this is the terminal part of the path.
	 */
	if ((flags & LOOKUP_NO_AUTOMOUNT) && !(flags & LOOKUP_PARENT))
		return -EISDIR; /* we actually want to stop here */

	/*
	 * We don't want to mount if someone's just doing a stat and they've
	 * set AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW - unless they're stat'ing a directory and
	 * appended a '/' to the name.
	 */
	if (!(flags & LOOKUP_FOLLOW)) {
		/* We do, however, want to mount if someone wants to open or
		 * create a file of any type under the mountpoint, wants to
		 * traverse through the mountpoint or wants to open the mounted
		 * directory.
		 * Also, autofs may mark negative dentries as being automount
		 * points.  These will need the attentions of the daemon to
		 * instantiate them before they can be used.
		 */
		if (!(flags & (LOOKUP_PARENT | LOOKUP_DIRECTORY |
			     LOOKUP_OPEN | LOOKUP_CREATE)) &&
		    path->dentry->d_inode)
			return -EISDIR;
	}
	current->total_link_count++;
	if (current->total_link_count >= 40)
		return -ELOOP;

	mnt = path->dentry->d_op->d_automount(path);
	if (IS_ERR(mnt)) {
		/*
		 * The filesystem is allowed to return -EISDIR here to indicate
		 * it doesn't want to automount.  For instance, autofs would do
		 * this so that its userspace daemon can mount on this dentry.
		 *
		 * However, we can only permit this if it's a terminal point in
		 * the path being looked up; if it wasn't then the remainder of
		 * the path is inaccessible and we should say so.
		 */
		if (PTR_ERR(mnt) == -EISDIR && (flags & LOOKUP_PARENT))
			return -EREMOTE;
		return PTR_ERR(mnt);
	}

	if (!mnt) /* mount collision */
		return 0;

	if (!*need_mntput) {
		/* lock_mount() may release path->mnt on error */
		mntget(path->mnt);
		*need_mntput = true;
	}
	err = finish_automount(mnt, path);

	switch (err) {
	case -EBUSY:
		/* Someone else made a mount here whilst we were busy */
		return 0;
	case 0:
		path_put(path);
		path->mnt = mnt;
		path->dentry = dget(mnt->mnt_root);
		return 0;
	default:
		return err;
	}

}

/*
 * Handle a dentry that is managed in some way.
 * - Flagged for transit management (autofs)
 * - Flagged as mountpoint
 * - Flagged as automount point
 *
 * This may only be called in refwalk mode.
 *
 * Serialization is taken care of in namespace.c
 */
static int follow_managed(struct path *path, unsigned flags)
{
	struct vfsmount *mnt = path->mnt; /* held by caller, must be left alone */
	unsigned managed;
	bool need_mntput = false;
	int ret = 0;

	/* Given that we're not holding a lock here, we retain the value in a
	 * local variable for each dentry as we look at it so that we don't see
	 * the components of that value change under us */
	while (managed = ACCESS_ONCE(path->dentry->d_flags),
	       managed &= DCACHE_MANAGED_DENTRY,
	       unlikely(managed != 0)) {
		/* Allow the filesystem to manage the transit without i_mutex
		 * being held. */
		if (managed & DCACHE_MANAGE_TRANSIT) {
			BUG_ON(!path->dentry->d_op);
			BUG_ON(!path->dentry->d_op->d_manage);
			ret = path->dentry->d_op->d_manage(path->dentry, false);
			if (ret < 0)
				break;
		}

		/* Transit to a mounted filesystem. */
		if (managed & DCACHE_MOUNTED) {
			struct vfsmount *mounted = lookup_mnt(path);
			if (mounted) {
				dput(path->dentry);
				if (need_mntput)
					mntput(path->mnt);
				path->mnt = mounted;
				path->dentry = dget(mounted->mnt_root);
				need_mntput = true;
				continue;
			}

			/* Something is mounted on this dentry in another
			 * namespace and/or whatever was mounted there in this
			 * namespace got unmounted before we managed to get the
			 * vfsmount_lock */
		}

		/* Handle an automount point */
		if (managed & DCACHE_NEED_AUTOMOUNT) {
			ret = follow_automount(path, flags, &need_mntput);
			if (ret < 0)
				break;
			continue;
		}

		/* We didn't change the current path point */
		break;
	}

	if (need_mntput && path->mnt == mnt)
		mntput(path->mnt);
	if (ret == -EISDIR)
		ret = 0;
	return ret;
}

int follow_down_one(struct path *path)
{
	struct vfsmount *mounted;

	mounted = lookup_mnt(path);
	if (mounted) {
		dput(path->dentry);
		mntput(path->mnt);
		path->mnt = mounted;
		path->dentry = dget(mounted->mnt_root);
		return 1;
	}
	return 0;
}

static inline bool managed_dentry_might_block(struct dentry *dentry)
{
	return (dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_MANAGE_TRANSIT &&
		dentry->d_op->d_manage(dentry, true) < 0);
}

/*
 * Try to skip to top of mountpoint pile in rcuwalk mode.  Fail if
 * we meet a managed dentry that would need blocking.
 */
static bool __follow_mount_rcu(struct nameidata *nd, struct path *path,
			       struct inode **inode)
{
	for (;;) {
		struct vfsmount *mounted;
		/*
		 * Don't forget we might have a non-mountpoint managed dentry
		 * that wants to block transit.
		 */
		if (unlikely(managed_dentry_might_block(path->dentry)))
			return false;

		if (!d_mountpoint(path->dentry))
			break;

		mounted = __lookup_mnt(path->mnt, path->dentry, 1);
		if (!mounted)
			break;
		path->mnt = mounted;
		path->dentry = mounted->mnt_root;
		nd->seq = read_seqcount_begin(&path->dentry->d_seq);
		/*
		 * Update the inode too. We don't need to re-check the
		 * dentry sequence number here after this d_inode read,
		 * because a mount-point is always pinned.
		 */
		*inode = path->dentry->d_inode;
	}
	return true;
}

static void follow_mount_rcu(struct nameidata *nd)
{
	while (d_mountpoint(nd->path.dentry)) {
		struct vfsmount *mounted;
		mounted = __lookup_mnt(nd->path.mnt, nd->path.dentry, 1);
		if (!mounted)
			break;
		nd->path.mnt = mounted;
		nd->path.dentry = mounted->mnt_root;
		nd->seq = read_seqcount_begin(&nd->path.dentry->d_seq);
	}
}

static int follow_dotdot_rcu(struct nameidata *nd)
{
	set_root_rcu(nd);

	while (1) {
		if (nd->path.dentry == nd->root.dentry &&
		    nd->path.mnt == nd->root.mnt) {
			break;
		}
		if (nd->path.dentry != nd->path.mnt->mnt_root) {
			struct dentry *old = nd->path.dentry;
			struct dentry *parent = old->d_parent;
			unsigned seq;

			seq = read_seqcount_begin(&parent->d_seq);
			if (read_seqcount_retry(&old->d_seq, nd->seq))
				goto failed;
			nd->path.dentry = parent;
			nd->seq = seq;
			break;
		}
		if (!follow_up_rcu(&nd->path))
			break;
		nd->seq = read_seqcount_begin(&nd->path.dentry->d_seq);
	}
	follow_mount_rcu(nd);
	nd->inode = nd->path.dentry->d_inode;
	return 0;

failed:
	nd->flags &= ~LOOKUP_RCU;
	if (!(nd->flags & LOOKUP_ROOT))
		nd->root.mnt = NULL;
	rcu_read_unlock();
	br_read_unlock(vfsmount_lock);
	return -ECHILD;
}

/*
 * Follow down to the covering mount currently visible to userspace.  At each
 * point, the filesystem owning that dentry may be queried as to whether the
 * caller is permitted to proceed or not.
 */
int follow_down(struct path *path)
{
	unsigned managed;
	int ret;

	while (managed = ACCESS_ONCE(path->dentry->d_flags),
	       unlikely(managed & DCACHE_MANAGED_DENTRY)) {
		/* Allow the filesystem to manage the transit without i_mutex
		 * being held.
		 *
		 * We indicate to the filesystem if someone is trying to mount
		 * something here.  This gives autofs the chance to deny anyone
		 * other than its daemon the right to mount on its
		 * superstructure.
		 *
		 * The filesystem may sleep at this point.
		 */
		if (managed & DCACHE_MANAGE_TRANSIT) {
			BUG_ON(!path->dentry->d_op);
			BUG_ON(!path->dentry->d_op->d_manage);
			ret = path->dentry->d_op->d_manage(
				path->dentry, false);
			if (ret < 0)
				return ret == -EISDIR ? 0 : ret;
		}

		/* Transit to a mounted filesystem. */
		if (managed & DCACHE_MOUNTED) {
			struct vfsmount *mounted = lookup_mnt(path);
			if (!mounted)
				break;
			dput(path->dentry);
			mntput(path->mnt);
			path->mnt = mounted;
			path->dentry = dget(mounted->mnt_root);
			continue;
		}

		/* Don't handle automount points here */
		break;
	}
	return 0;
}

/*
 * Skip to top of mountpoint pile in refwalk mode for follow_dotdot()
 */
static void follow_mount(struct path *path)
{
	while (d_mountpoint(path->dentry)) {
		struct vfsmount *mounted = lookup_mnt(path);
		if (!mounted)
			break;
		dput(path->dentry);
		mntput(path->mnt);
		path->mnt = mounted;
		path->dentry = dget(mounted->mnt_root);
	}
}

static void follow_dotdot(struct nameidata *nd)
{
	set_root(nd);

	while(1) {
		struct dentry *old = nd->path.dentry;

		if (nd->path.dentry == nd->root.dentry &&
		    nd->path.mnt == nd->root.mnt) {
			break;
		}
		if (nd->path.dentry != nd->path.mnt->mnt_root) {
			/* rare case of legitimate dget_parent()... */
			nd->path.dentry = dget_parent(nd->path.dentry);
			dput(old);
			break;
		}
		if (!follow_up(&nd->path))
			break;
	}
	follow_mount(&nd->path);
	nd->inode = nd->path.dentry->d_inode;
}

/*
 * Allocate a dentry with name and parent, and perform a parent
 * directory ->lookup on it. Returns the new dentry, or ERR_PTR
 * on error. parent->d_inode->i_mutex must be held. d_lookup must
 * have verified that no child exists while under i_mutex.
 */
static struct dentry *d_alloc_and_lookup(struct dentry *parent,
				struct qstr *name, struct nameidata *nd)
{
	struct inode *inode = parent->d_inode;
	struct dentry *dentry;
	struct dentry *old;

	/* Don't create child dentry for a dead directory. */
	if (unlikely(IS_DEADDIR(inode)))
		return ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);

	dentry = d_alloc(parent, name);
	if (unlikely(!dentry))
		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

	old = inode->i_op->lookup(inode, dentry, nd);
	if (unlikely(old)) {
		dput(dentry);
		dentry = old;
	}
	return dentry;
}

/*
 * We already have a dentry, but require a lookup to be performed on the parent
 * directory to fill in d_inode. Returns the new dentry, or ERR_PTR on error.
 * parent->d_inode->i_mutex must be held. d_lookup must have verified that no
 * child exists while under i_mutex.
 */
static struct dentry *d_inode_lookup(struct dentry *parent, struct dentry *dentry,
				     struct nameidata *nd)
{
	struct inode *inode = parent->d_inode;
	struct dentry *old;

	/* Don't create child dentry for a dead directory. */
	if (unlikely(IS_DEADDIR(inode)))
		return ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);

	old = inode->i_op->lookup(inode, dentry, nd);
	if (unlikely(old)) {
		dput(dentry);
		dentry = old;
	}
	return dentry;
}

/*
 *  It's more convoluted than I'd like it to be, but... it's still fairly
 *  small and for now I'd prefer to have fast path as straight as possible.
 *  It _is_ time-critical.
 */
static int do_lookup(struct nameidata *nd, struct qstr *name,
			struct path *path, struct inode **inode)
{
	struct vfsmount *mnt = nd->path.mnt;
	struct dentry *dentry, *parent = nd->path.dentry;
	int need_reval = 1;
	int status = 1;
	int err;

	/*
	 * Rename seqlock is not required here because in the off chance
	 * of a false negative due to a concurrent rename, we're going to
	 * do the non-racy lookup, below.
	 */
	if (nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU) {
		unsigned seq;
		*inode = nd->inode;
		dentry = __d_lookup_rcu(parent, name, &seq, inode);
		if (!dentry)
			goto unlazy;

		/* Memory barrier in read_seqcount_begin of child is enough */
		if (__read_seqcount_retry(&parent->d_seq, nd->seq))
			return -ECHILD;
		nd->seq = seq;

		if (unlikely(dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_OP_REVALIDATE)) {
			status = d_revalidate(dentry, nd);
			if (unlikely(status <= 0)) {
				if (status != -ECHILD)
					need_reval = 0;
				goto unlazy;
			}
		}
		if (unlikely(d_need_lookup(dentry)))
			goto unlazy;
		path->mnt = mnt;
		path->dentry = dentry;
		if (unlikely(!__follow_mount_rcu(nd, path, inode)))
			goto unlazy;
		if (unlikely(path->dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_NEED_AUTOMOUNT))
			goto unlazy;
		return 0;
unlazy:
		if (unlazy_walk(nd, dentry))
			return -ECHILD;
	} else {
		dentry = __d_lookup(parent, name);
	}

	if (dentry && unlikely(d_need_lookup(dentry))) {
		dput(dentry);
		dentry = NULL;
	}
retry:
	if (unlikely(!dentry)) {
		struct inode *dir = parent->d_inode;
		BUG_ON(nd->inode != dir);

		mutex_lock(&dir->i_mutex);
		dentry = d_lookup(parent, name);
		if (likely(!dentry)) {
			dentry = d_alloc_and_lookup(parent, name, nd);
			if (IS_ERR(dentry)) {
				mutex_unlock(&dir->i_mutex);
				return PTR_ERR(dentry);
			}
			/* known good */
			need_reval = 0;
			status = 1;
		} else if (unlikely(d_need_lookup(dentry))) {
			dentry = d_inode_lookup(parent, dentry, nd);
			if (IS_ERR(dentry)) {
				mutex_unlock(&dir->i_mutex);
				return PTR_ERR(dentry);
			}
			/* known good */
			need_reval = 0;
			status = 1;
		}
		mutex_unlock(&dir->i_mutex);
	}
	if (unlikely(dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_OP_REVALIDATE) && need_reval)
		status = d_revalidate(dentry, nd);
	if (unlikely(status <= 0)) {
		if (status < 0) {
			dput(dentry);
			return status;
		}
		if (!d_invalidate(dentry)) {
			dput(dentry);
			dentry = NULL;
			need_reval = 1;
			goto retry;
		}
	}

	path->mnt = mnt;
	path->dentry = dentry;
	err = follow_managed(path, nd->flags);
	if (unlikely(err < 0)) {
		path_put_conditional(path, nd);
		return err;
	}
	*inode = path->dentry->d_inode;
	return 0;
}

static inline int may_lookup(struct nameidata *nd)
{
	if (nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU) {
		int err = inode_permission(nd->inode, MAY_EXEC|MAY_NOT_BLOCK);
		if (err != -ECHILD)
			return err;
		if (unlazy_walk(nd, NULL))
			return -ECHILD;
	}
	return inode_permission(nd->inode, MAY_EXEC);
}

static inline int handle_dots(struct nameidata *nd, int type)
{
	if (type == LAST_DOTDOT) {
		if (nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU) {
			if (follow_dotdot_rcu(nd))
				return -ECHILD;
		} else
			follow_dotdot(nd);
	}
	return 0;
}

static void terminate_walk(struct nameidata *nd)
{
	if (!(nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU)) {
		path_put(&nd->path);
	} else {
		nd->flags &= ~LOOKUP_RCU;
		if (!(nd->flags & LOOKUP_ROOT))
			nd->root.mnt = NULL;
		rcu_read_unlock();
		br_read_unlock(vfsmount_lock);
	}
}

static inline int walk_component(struct nameidata *nd, struct path *path,
		struct qstr *name, int type, int follow)
{
	struct inode *inode;
	int err;
	/*
	 * "." and ".." are special - ".." especially so because it has
	 * to be able to know about the current root directory and
	 * parent relationships.
	 */
	if (unlikely(type != LAST_NORM))
		return handle_dots(nd, type);
	err = do_lookup(nd, name, path, &inode);
	if (unlikely(err)) {
		terminate_walk(nd);
		return err;
	}
	if (!inode) {
		path_to_nameidata(path, nd);
		terminate_walk(nd);
		return -ENOENT;
	}
	if (unlikely(inode->i_op->follow_link) && follow) {
		if (nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU) {
			if (unlikely(unlazy_walk(nd, path->dentry))) {
				terminate_walk(nd);
				return -ECHILD;
			}
		}
		BUG_ON(inode != path->dentry->d_inode);
		return 1;
	}
	path_to_nameidata(path, nd);
	nd->inode = inode;
	return 0;
}

/*
 * This limits recursive symlink follows to 8, while
 * limiting consecutive symlinks to 40.
 *
 * Without that kind of total limit, nasty chains of consecutive
 * symlinks can cause almost arbitrarily long lookups.
 */
static inline int nested_symlink(struct path *path, struct nameidata *nd)
{
	int res;

	if (unlikely(current->link_count >= MAX_NESTED_LINKS)) {
		path_put_conditional(path, nd);
		path_put(&nd->path);
		return -ELOOP;
	}
	BUG_ON(nd->depth >= MAX_NESTED_LINKS);

	nd->depth++;
	current->link_count++;

	do {
		struct path link = *path;
		void *cookie;

		res = follow_link(&link, nd, &cookie);
		if (!res)
			res = walk_component(nd, path, &nd->last,
					     nd->last_type, LOOKUP_FOLLOW);
		put_link(nd, &link, cookie);
	} while (res > 0);

	current->link_count--;
	nd->depth--;
	return res;
}

/*
 * Name resolution.
 * This is the basic name resolution function, turning a pathname into
 * the final dentry. We expect 'base' to be positive and a directory.
 *
 * Returns 0 and nd will have valid dentry and mnt on success.
 * Returns error and drops reference to input namei data on failure.
 */
static int link_path_walk(const char *name, struct nameidata *nd)
{
	struct path next;
	int err;
	
	while (*name=='/')
		name++;
	if (!*name)
		return 0;

	/* At this point we know we have a real path component. */
	for(;;) {
		unsigned long hash;
		struct qstr this;
		unsigned int c;
		int type;

		err = may_lookup(nd);
 		if (err)
			break;

		this.name = name;
		c = *(const unsigned char *)name;

		hash = init_name_hash();
		do {
			name++;
			hash = partial_name_hash(c, hash);
			c = *(const unsigned char *)name;
		} while (c && (c != '/'));
		this.len = name - (const char *) this.name;
		this.hash = end_name_hash(hash);

		type = LAST_NORM;
		if (this.name[0] == '.') switch (this.len) {
			case 2:
				if (this.name[1] == '.') {
					type = LAST_DOTDOT;
					nd->flags |= LOOKUP_JUMPED;
				}
				break;
			case 1:
				type = LAST_DOT;
		}
		if (likely(type == LAST_NORM)) {
			struct dentry *parent = nd->path.dentry;
			nd->flags &= ~LOOKUP_JUMPED;
			if (unlikely(parent->d_flags & DCACHE_OP_HASH)) {
				err = parent->d_op->d_hash(parent, nd->inode,
							   &this);
				if (err < 0)
					break;
			}
		}

		/* remove trailing slashes? */
		if (!c)
			goto last_component;
		while (*++name == '/');
		if (!*name)
			goto last_component;

		err = walk_component(nd, &next, &this, type, LOOKUP_FOLLOW);
		if (err < 0)
			return err;

		if (err) {
			err = nested_symlink(&next, nd);
			if (err)
				return err;
		}
		err = -ENOTDIR; 
		if (!nd->inode->i_op->lookup)
			break;
		continue;
		/* here ends the main loop */

last_component:
		nd->last = this;
		nd->last_type = type;
		return 0;
	}
	terminate_walk(nd);
	return err;
}

static int path_init(int dfd, const char *name, unsigned int flags,
		     struct nameidata *nd, struct file **fp)
{
	int retval = 0;
	int fput_needed;
	struct file *file;

	nd->last_type = LAST_ROOT; /* if there are only slashes... */
	nd->flags = flags | LOOKUP_JUMPED;
	nd->depth = 0;
	if (flags & LOOKUP_ROOT) {
		struct inode *inode = nd->root.dentry->d_inode;
		if (*name) {
			if (!inode->i_op->lookup)
				return -ENOTDIR;
			retval = inode_permission(inode, MAY_EXEC);
			if (retval)
				return retval;
		}
		nd->path = nd->root;
		nd->inode = inode;
		if (flags & LOOKUP_RCU) {
			br_read_lock(vfsmount_lock);
			rcu_read_lock();
			nd->seq = __read_seqcount_begin(&nd->path.dentry->d_seq);
		} else {
			path_get(&nd->path);
		}
		return 0;
	}

	nd->root.mnt = NULL;

	if (*name=='/') {
		if (flags & LOOKUP_RCU) {
			br_read_lock(vfsmount_lock);
			rcu_read_lock();
			set_root_rcu(nd);
		} else {
			set_root(nd);
			path_get(&nd->root);
		}
		nd->path = nd->root;
	} else if (dfd == AT_FDCWD) {
		if (flags & LOOKUP_RCU) {
			struct fs_struct *fs = current->fs;
			unsigned seq;

			br_read_lock(vfsmount_lock);
			rcu_read_lock();

			do {
				seq = read_seqcount_begin(&fs->seq);
				nd->path = fs->pwd;
				nd->seq = __read_seqcount_begin(&nd->path.dentry->d_seq);
			} while (read_seqcount_retry(&fs->seq, seq));
		} else {
			get_fs_pwd(current->fs, &nd->path);
		}
	} else {
		struct dentry *dentry;

		file = fget_raw_light(dfd, &fput_needed);
		retval = -EBADF;
		if (!file)
			goto out_fail;

		dentry = file->f_path.dentry;

		if (*name) {
			retval = -ENOTDIR;
			if (!S_ISDIR(dentry->d_inode->i_mode))
				goto fput_fail;

			retval = inode_permission(dentry->d_inode, MAY_EXEC);
			if (retval)
				goto fput_fail;
		}

		nd->path = file->f_path;
		if (flags & LOOKUP_RCU) {
			if (fput_needed)
				*fp = file;
			nd->seq = __read_seqcount_begin(&nd->path.dentry->d_seq);
			br_read_lock(vfsmount_lock);
			rcu_read_lock();
		} else {
			path_get(&file->f_path);
			fput_light(file, fput_needed);
		}
	}

	nd->inode = nd->path.dentry->d_inode;
	return 0;

fput_fail:
	fput_light(file, fput_needed);
out_fail:
	return retval;
}

static inline int lookup_last(struct nameidata *nd, struct path *path)
{
	if (nd->last_type == LAST_NORM && nd->last.name[nd->last.len])
		nd->flags |= LOOKUP_FOLLOW | LOOKUP_DIRECTORY;

	nd->flags &= ~LOOKUP_PARENT;
	return walk_component(nd, path, &nd->last, nd->last_type,
					nd->flags & LOOKUP_FOLLOW);
}

/* Returns 0 and nd will be valid on success; Retuns error, otherwise. */
static int path_lookupat(int dfd, const char *name,
				unsigned int flags, struct nameidata *nd)
{
	struct file *base = NULL;
	struct path path;
	int err;

	/*
	 * Path walking is largely split up into 2 different synchronisation
	 * schemes, rcu-walk and ref-walk (explained in
	 * Documentation/filesystems/path-lookup.txt). These share much of the
	 * path walk code, but some things particularly setup, cleanup, and
	 * following mounts are sufficiently divergent that functions are
	 * duplicated. Typically there is a function foo(), and its RCU
	 * analogue, foo_rcu().
	 *
	 * -ECHILD is the error number of choice (just to avoid clashes) that
	 * is returned if some aspect of an rcu-walk fails. Such an error must
	 * be handled by restarting a traditional ref-walk (which will always
	 * be able to complete).
	 */
	err = path_init(dfd, name, flags | LOOKUP_PARENT, nd, &base);

	if (unlikely(err))
		return err;

	current->total_link_count = 0;
	err = link_path_walk(name, nd);

	if (!err && !(flags & LOOKUP_PARENT)) {
		err = lookup_last(nd, &path);
		while (err > 0) {
			void *cookie;
			struct path link = path;
			nd->flags |= LOOKUP_PARENT;
			err = follow_link(&link, nd, &cookie);
			if (!err)
				err = lookup_last(nd, &path);
			put_link(nd, &link, cookie);
		}
	}

	if (!err)
		err = complete_walk(nd);

	if (!err && nd->flags & LOOKUP_DIRECTORY) {
		if (!nd->inode->i_op->lookup) {
			path_put(&nd->path);
			err = -ENOTDIR;
		}
	}

	if (base)
		fput(base);

	if (nd->root.mnt && !(nd->flags & LOOKUP_ROOT)) {
		path_put(&nd->root);
		nd->root.mnt = NULL;
	}
	return err;
}

static int do_path_lookup(int dfd, const char *name,
				unsigned int flags, struct nameidata *nd)
{
	int retval = path_lookupat(dfd, name, flags | LOOKUP_RCU, nd);
	if (unlikely(retval == -ECHILD))
		retval = path_lookupat(dfd, name, flags, nd);
	if (unlikely(retval == -ESTALE))
		retval = path_lookupat(dfd, name, flags | LOOKUP_REVAL, nd);

	if (likely(!retval)) {
		if (unlikely(!audit_dummy_context())) {
			if (nd->path.dentry && nd->inode)
				audit_inode(name, nd->path.dentry);
		}
	}
	return retval;
}

int kern_path_parent(const char *name, struct nameidata *nd)
{
	return do_path_lookup(AT_FDCWD, name, LOOKUP_PARENT, nd);
}

int kern_path(const char *name, unsigned int flags, struct path *path)
{
	struct nameidata nd;
	int res = do_path_lookup(AT_FDCWD, name, flags, &nd);
	if (!res)
		*path = nd.path;
	return res;
}

/**
 * vfs_path_lookup - lookup a file path relative to a dentry-vfsmount pair
 * @dentry:  pointer to dentry of the base directory
 * @mnt: pointer to vfs mount of the base directory
 * @name: pointer to file name
 * @flags: lookup flags
 * @path: pointer to struct path to fill
 */
int vfs_path_lookup(struct dentry *dentry, struct vfsmount *mnt,
		    const char *name, unsigned int flags,
		    struct path *path)
{
	struct nameidata nd;
	int err;
	nd.root.dentry = dentry;
	nd.root.mnt = mnt;
	BUG_ON(flags & LOOKUP_PARENT);
	/* the first argument of do_path_lookup() is ignored with LOOKUP_ROOT */
	err = do_path_lookup(AT_FDCWD, name, flags | LOOKUP_ROOT, &nd);
	if (!err)
		*path = nd.path;
	return err;
}

static struct dentry *__lookup_hash(struct qstr *name,
		struct dentry *base, struct nameidata *nd)
{
	struct inode *inode = base->d_inode;
	struct dentry *dentry;
	int err;

	err = inode_permission(inode, MAY_EXEC);
	if (err)
		return ERR_PTR(err);

	/*
	 * Don't bother with __d_lookup: callers are for creat as
	 * well as unlink, so a lot of the time it would cost
	 * a double lookup.
	 */
	dentry = d_lookup(base, name);

	if (dentry && d_need_lookup(dentry)) {
		/*
		 * __lookup_hash is called with the parent dir's i_mutex already
		 * held, so we are good to go here.
		 */
		dentry = d_inode_lookup(base, dentry, nd);
		if (IS_ERR(dentry))
			return dentry;
	}

	if (dentry && (dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_OP_REVALIDATE)) {
		int status = d_revalidate(dentry, nd);
		if (unlikely(status <= 0)) {
			/*
			 * The dentry failed validation.
			 * If d_revalidate returned 0 attempt to invalidate
			 * the dentry otherwise d_revalidate is asking us
			 * to return a fail status.
			 */
			if (status < 0) {
				dput(dentry);
				return ERR_PTR(status);
			} else if (!d_invalidate(dentry)) {
				dput(dentry);
				dentry = NULL;
			}
		}
	}

	if (!dentry)
		dentry = d_alloc_and_lookup(base, name, nd);

	return dentry;
}

/*
 * Restricted form of lookup. Doesn't follow links, single-component only,
 * needs parent already locked. Doesn't follow mounts.
 * SMP-safe.
 */
static struct dentry *lookup_hash(struct nameidata *nd)
{
	return __lookup_hash(&nd->last, nd->path.dentry, nd);
}

/**
 * lookup_one_len - filesystem helper to lookup single pathname component
 * @name:	pathname component to lookup
 * @base:	base directory to lookup from
 * @len:	maximum length @len should be interpreted to
 *
 * Note that this routine is purely a helper for filesystem usage and should
 * not be called by generic code.  Also note that by using this function the
 * nameidata argument is passed to the filesystem methods and a filesystem
 * using this helper needs to be prepared for that.
 */
struct dentry *lookup_one_len(const char *name, struct dentry *base, int len)
{
	struct qstr this;
	unsigned long hash;
	unsigned int c;

	WARN_ON_ONCE(!mutex_is_locked(&base->d_inode->i_mutex));

	this.name = name;
	this.len = len;
	if (!len)
		return ERR_PTR(-EACCES);

	hash = init_name_hash();
	while (len--) {
		c = *(const unsigned char *)name++;
		if (c == '/' || c == '\0')
			return ERR_PTR(-EACCES);
		hash = partial_name_hash(c, hash);
	}
	this.hash = end_name_hash(hash);
	/*
	 * See if the low-level filesystem might want
	 * to use its own hash..
	 */
	if (base->d_flags & DCACHE_OP_HASH) {
		int err = base->d_op->d_hash(base, base->d_inode, &this);
		if (err < 0)
			return ERR_PTR(err);
	}

	return __lookup_hash(&this, base, NULL);
}

int user_path_at(int dfd, const char __user *name, unsigned flags,
		 struct path *path)
{
	struct nameidata nd;
	char *tmp = getname_flags(name, flags);
	int err = PTR_ERR(tmp);
	if (!IS_ERR(tmp)) {

		BUG_ON(flags & LOOKUP_PARENT);

		err = do_path_lookup(dfd, tmp, flags, &nd);
		putname(tmp);
		if (!err)
			*path = nd.path;
	}
	return err;
}

static int user_path_parent(int dfd, const char __user *path,
			struct nameidata *nd, char **name)
{
	char *s = getname(path);
	int error;

	if (IS_ERR(s))
		return PTR_ERR(s);

	error = do_path_lookup(dfd, s, LOOKUP_PARENT, nd);
	if (error)
		putname(s);
	else
		*name = s;

	return error;
}

/*
 * It's inline, so penalty for filesystems that don't use sticky bit is
 * minimal.
 */
static inline int check_sticky(struct inode *dir, struct inode *inode)
{
	uid_t fsuid = current_fsuid();

	if (!(dir->i_mode & S_ISVTX))
		return 0;
	if (current_user_ns() != inode_userns(inode))
		goto other_userns;
	if (inode->i_uid == fsuid)
		return 0;
	if (dir->i_uid == fsuid)
		return 0;

other_userns:
	return !ns_capable(inode_userns(inode), CAP_FOWNER);
}

/*
 *	Check whether we can remove a link victim from directory dir, check
 *  whether the type of victim is right.
 *  1. We can't do it if dir is read-only (done in permission())
 *  2. We should have write and exec permissions on dir
 *  3. We can't remove anything from append-only dir
 *  4. We can't do anything with immutable dir (done in permission())
 *  5. If the sticky bit on dir is set we should either
 *	a. be owner of dir, or
 *	b. be owner of victim, or
 *	c. have CAP_FOWNER capability
 *  6. If the victim is append-only or immutable we can't do antyhing with
 *     links pointing to it.
 *  7. If we were asked to remove a directory and victim isn't one - ENOTDIR.
 *  8. If we were asked to remove a non-directory and victim isn't one - EISDIR.
 *  9. We can't remove a root or mountpoint.
 * 10. We don't allow removal of NFS sillyrenamed files; it's handled by
 *     nfs_async_unlink().
 */
static int may_delete(struct inode *dir,struct dentry *victim,int isdir)
{
	int error;

	if (!victim->d_inode)
		return -ENOENT;

	BUG_ON(victim->d_parent->d_inode != dir);
	audit_inode_child(victim, dir);

	error = inode_permission(dir, MAY_WRITE | MAY_EXEC);
	if (error)
		return error;
	if (IS_APPEND(dir))
		return -EPERM;
	if (check_sticky(dir, victim->d_inode)||IS_APPEND(victim->d_inode)||
	    IS_IMMUTABLE(victim->d_inode) || IS_SWAPFILE(victim->d_inode))
		return -EPERM;
	if (isdir) {
		if (!S_ISDIR(victim->d_inode->i_mode))
			return -ENOTDIR;
		if (IS_ROOT(victim))
			return -EBUSY;
	} else if (S_ISDIR(victim->d_inode->i_mode))
		return -EISDIR;
	if (IS_DEADDIR(dir))
		return -ENOENT;
	if (victim->d_flags & DCACHE_NFSFS_RENAMED)
		return -EBUSY;
	return 0;
}

/*	Check whether we can create an object with dentry child in directory
 *  dir.
 *  1. We can't do it if child already exists (open has special treatment for
 *     this case, but since we are inlined it's OK)
 *  2. We can't do it if dir is read-only (done in permission())
 *  3. We should have write and exec permissions on dir
 *  4. We can't do it if dir is immutable (done in permission())
 */
static inline int may_create(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *child)
{
	if (child->d_inode)
		return -EEXIST;
	if (IS_DEADDIR(dir))
		return -ENOENT;
	return inode_permission(dir, MAY_WRITE | MAY_EXEC);
}

/*
 * p1 and p2 should be directories on the same fs.
 */
struct dentry *lock_rename(struct dentry *p1, struct dentry *p2)
{
	struct dentry *p;

	if (p1 == p2) {
		mutex_lock_nested(&p1->d_inode->i_mutex, I_MUTEX_PARENT);
		return NULL;
	}

	mutex_lock(&p1->d_inode->i_sb->s_vfs_rename_mutex);

	p = d_ancestor(p2, p1);
	if (p) {
		mutex_lock_nested(&p2->d_inode->i_mutex, I_MUTEX_PARENT);
		mutex_lock_nested(&p1->d_inode->i_mutex, I_MUTEX_CHILD);
		return p;
	}

	p = d_ancestor(p1, p2);
	if (p) {
		mutex_lock_nested(&p1->d_inode->i_mutex, I_MUTEX_PARENT);
		mutex_lock_nested(&p2->d_inode->i_mutex, I_MUTEX_CHILD);
		return p;
	}

	mutex_lock_nested(&p1->d_inode->i_mutex, I_MUTEX_PARENT);
	mutex_lock_nested(&p2->d_inode->i_mutex, I_MUTEX_CHILD);
	return NULL;
}

void unlock_rename(struct dentry *p1, struct dentry *p2)
{
	mutex_unlock(&p1->d_inode->i_mutex);
	if (p1 != p2) {
		mutex_unlock(&p2->d_inode->i_mutex);
		mutex_unlock(&p1->d_inode->i_sb->s_vfs_rename_mutex);
	}
}

int vfs_create(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode,
		struct nameidata *nd)
{
	int error = may_create(dir, dentry);

	if (error)
		return error;

	if (!dir->i_op->create)
		return -EACCES;	/* shouldn't it be ENOSYS? */
	mode &= S_IALLUGO;
	mode |= S_IFREG;
	error = security_inode_create(dir, dentry, mode);
	if (error)
		return error;
	error = dir->i_op->create(dir, dentry, mode, nd);
	if (!error)
		fsnotify_create(dir, dentry);
	return error;
}

static int may_open(struct path *path, int acc_mode, int flag)
{
	struct dentry *dentry = path->dentry;
	struct inode *inode = dentry->d_inode;
	int error;

	/* O_PATH? */
	if (!acc_mode)
		return 0;

	if (!inode)
		return -ENOENT;

	switch (inode->i_mode & S_IFMT) {
	case S_IFLNK:
		return -ELOOP;
	case S_IFDIR:
		if (acc_mode & MAY_WRITE)
			return -EISDIR;
		break;
	case S_IFBLK:
	case S_IFCHR:
		if (path->mnt->mnt_flags & MNT_NODEV)
			return -EACCES;
		/*FALLTHRU*/
	case S_IFIFO:
	case S_IFSOCK:
		flag &= ~O_TRUNC;
		break;
	}

	error = inode_permission(inode, acc_mode);
	if (error)
		return error;

	/*
	 * An append-only file must be opened in append mode for writing.
	 */
	if (IS_APPEND(inode)) {
		if  ((flag & O_ACCMODE) != O_RDONLY && !(flag & O_APPEND))
			return -EPERM;
		if (flag & O_TRUNC)
			return -EPERM;
	}

	/* O_NOATIME can only be set by the owner or superuser */
	if (flag & O_NOATIME && !inode_owner_or_capable(inode))
		return -EPERM;

	/*
	 * Ensure there are no outstanding leases on the file.
	 */
	return break_lease(inode, flag);
}

static int handle_truncate(struct file *filp)
{
	struct path *path = &filp->f_path;
	struct inode *inode = path->dentry->d_inode;
	int error = get_write_access(inode);
	if (error)
		return error;
	/*
	 * Refuse to truncate files with mandatory locks held on them.
	 */
	error = locks_verify_locked(inode);
	if (!error)
		error = security_path_truncate(path);
	if (!error) {
		error = do_truncate(path->dentry, 0,
				    ATTR_MTIME|ATTR_CTIME|ATTR_OPEN,
				    filp);
	}
	put_write_access(inode);
	return error;
}

static inline int open_to_namei_flags(int flag)
{
	if ((flag & O_ACCMODE) == 3)
		flag--;
	return flag;
}

/*
 * Handle the last step of open()
 */
static struct file *do_last(struct nameidata *nd, struct path *path,
			    const struct open_flags *op, const char *pathname)
{
	struct dentry *dir = nd->path.dentry;
	struct dentry *dentry;
	int open_flag = op->open_flag;
	int will_truncate = open_flag & O_TRUNC;
	int want_write = 0;
	int acc_mode = op->acc_mode;
	struct file *filp;
	int error;

	nd->flags &= ~LOOKUP_PARENT;
	nd->flags |= op->intent;

	switch (nd->last_type) {
	case LAST_DOTDOT:
	case LAST_DOT:
		error = handle_dots(nd, nd->last_type);
		if (error)
			return ERR_PTR(error);
		/* fallthrough */
	case LAST_ROOT:
		error = complete_walk(nd);
		if (error)
			return ERR_PTR(error);
		audit_inode(pathname, nd->path.dentry);
		if (open_flag & O_CREAT) {
			error = -EISDIR;
			goto exit;
		}
		goto ok;
	case LAST_BIND:
		error = complete_walk(nd);
		if (error)
			return ERR_PTR(error);
		audit_inode(pathname, dir);
		goto ok;
	}

	if (!(open_flag & O_CREAT)) {
		int symlink_ok = 0;
		if (nd->last.name[nd->last.len])
			nd->flags |= LOOKUP_FOLLOW | LOOKUP_DIRECTORY;
		if (open_flag & O_PATH && !(nd->flags & LOOKUP_FOLLOW))
			symlink_ok = 1;
		/* we _can_ be in RCU mode here */
		error = walk_component(nd, path, &nd->last, LAST_NORM,
					!symlink_ok);
		if (error < 0)
			return ERR_PTR(error);
		if (error) /* symlink */
			return NULL;
		/* sayonara */
		error = complete_walk(nd);
		if (error)
			return ERR_PTR(-ECHILD);

		error = -ENOTDIR;
		if (nd->flags & LOOKUP_DIRECTORY) {
			if (!nd->inode->i_op->lookup)
				goto exit;
		}
		audit_inode(pathname, nd->path.dentry);
		goto ok;
	}

	/* create side of things */
	error = complete_walk(nd);
	if (error)
		return ERR_PTR(error);

	audit_inode(pathname, dir);
	error = -EISDIR;
	/* trailing slashes? */
	if (nd->last.name[nd->last.len])
		goto exit;

	mutex_lock(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex);

	dentry = lookup_hash(nd);
	error = PTR_ERR(dentry);
	if (IS_ERR(dentry)) {
		mutex_unlock(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex);
		goto exit;
	}

	path->dentry = dentry;
	path->mnt = nd->path.mnt;

	/* Negative dentry, just create the file */
	if (!dentry->d_inode) {
		int mode = op->mode;
		if (!IS_POSIXACL(dir->d_inode))
			mode &= ~current_umask();
		/*
		 * This write is needed to ensure that a
		 * rw->ro transition does not occur between
		 * the time when the file is created and when
		 * a permanent write count is taken through
		 * the 'struct file' in nameidata_to_filp().
		 */
		error = mnt_want_write(nd->path.mnt);
		if (error)
			goto exit_mutex_unlock;
		want_write = 1;
		/* Don't check for write permission, don't truncate */
		open_flag &= ~O_TRUNC;
		will_truncate = 0;
		acc_mode = MAY_OPEN;
		error = security_path_mknod(&nd->path, dentry, mode, 0);
		if (error)
			goto exit_mutex_unlock;
		error = vfs_create(dir->d_inode, dentry, mode, nd);
		if (error)
			goto exit_mutex_unlock;
		mutex_unlock(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex);
		dput(nd->path.dentry);
		nd->path.dentry = dentry;
		goto common;
	}

	/*
	 * It already exists.
	 */
	mutex_unlock(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex);
	audit_inode(pathname, path->dentry);

	error = -EEXIST;
	if (open_flag & O_EXCL)
		goto exit_dput;

	error = follow_managed(path, nd->flags);
	if (error < 0)
		goto exit_dput;

	error = -ENOENT;
	if (!path->dentry->d_inode)
		goto exit_dput;

	if (path->dentry->d_inode->i_op->follow_link)
		return NULL;

	path_to_nameidata(path, nd);
	nd->inode = path->dentry->d_inode;
	error = -EISDIR;
	if (S_ISDIR(nd->inode->i_mode))
		goto exit;
ok:
	if (!S_ISREG(nd->inode->i_mode))
		will_truncate = 0;

	if (will_truncate) {
		error = mnt_want_write(nd->path.mnt);
		if (error)
			goto exit;
		want_write = 1;
	}
common:
	error = may_open(&nd->path, acc_mode, open_flag);
	if (error)
		goto exit;
	filp = nameidata_to_filp(nd);
	if (!IS_ERR(filp)) {
		error = ima_file_check(filp, op->acc_mode);
		if (error) {
			fput(filp);
			filp = ERR_PTR(error);
		}
	}
	if (!IS_ERR(filp)) {
		if (will_truncate) {
			error = handle_truncate(filp);
			if (error) {
				fput(filp);
				filp = ERR_PTR(error);
			}
		}
	}
out:
	if (want_write)
		mnt_drop_write(nd->path.mnt);
	path_put(&nd->path);
	return filp;

exit_mutex_unlock:
	mutex_unlock(&dir->d_inode->i_mutex);
exit_dput:
	path_put_conditional(path, nd);
exit:
	filp = ERR_PTR(error);
	goto out;
}

static struct file *path_openat(int dfd, const char *pathname,
		struct nameidata *nd, const struct open_flags *op, int flags)
{
	struct file *base = NULL;
	struct file *filp;
	struct path path;
	int error;

	filp = get_empty_filp();
	if (!filp)
		return ERR_PTR(-ENFILE);

	filp->f_flags = op->open_flag;
	nd->intent.open.file = filp;
	nd->intent.open.flags = open_to_namei_flags(op->open_flag);
	nd->intent.open.create_mode = op->mode;

	error = path_init(dfd, pathname, flags | LOOKUP_PARENT, nd, &base);
	if (unlikely(error))
		goto out_filp;

	current->total_link_count = 0;
	error = link_path_walk(pathname, nd);
	if (unlikely(error))
		goto out_filp;

	filp = do_last(nd, &path, op, pathname);
	while (unlikely(!filp)) { /* trailing symlink */
		struct path link = path;
		void *cookie;
		if (!(nd->flags & LOOKUP_FOLLOW)) {
			path_put_conditional(&path, nd);
			path_put(&nd->path);
			filp = ERR_PTR(-ELOOP);
			break;
		}
		nd->flags |= LOOKUP_PARENT;
		nd->flags &= ~(LOOKUP_OPEN|LOOKUP_CREATE|LOOKUP_EXCL);
		error = follow_link(&link, nd, &cookie);
		if (unlikely(error))